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Gupta HV, Lenka A, Dhamija RK, Fasano A. A video-atlas of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: terminology matters. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1389-1397. [PMID: 37987930 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Dyskinesia is a common complication of long-term levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which often worsens the quality of life. It is usually dose-dependent and emerges possibly due to pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors. Delineating the pattern of dyskinesia is crucial for determining the most effective therapeutic approach, a task that often presents challenges for numerous neurologists. This article comprehensively describes various patterns of dyskinesia in PD patients and features video demonstration of some of the common forms of dyskinesia. We have used a real case scenario as an example to lead the discussion on the phenomenology, distinguishing features, and management of various types of dyskinesia. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed using "dyskinesia" as a keyword. The prototype case with videos highlights the differentiating features of dyskinesia along with the treatment strategies. A wide range of descriptive rubrics have been used for certain dyskinesia which are described in detail in this article. The newer types of dyskinesia associated with continuous dopaminergic stimulation in patients with advanced PD and their implications have been described. As there are distinct ways of managing various types of dyskinesia, understanding the phenomenology and chronology of dyskinesia is vital for the optimal management of dyskinetic PD patients. We suggest that dyskinesia should be classified broadly into peak-dose dyskinesia (PDD), biphasic dyskinesia (BD), and OFF-period dystonia. The occurrence of low-dose dyskinesia and complex dyskinesia of continuous dopaminergic treatments should be known to specialists and will require additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh V Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, USA.
| | - Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajinder K Dhamija
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, Canada
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2
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Benítez-Castañeda A, Anaya-Martínez V, Espadas-Alvarez ADJ, Gutierrez-Váldez AL, Razgado-Hernández LF, Reyna-Velazquez PE, Quintero-Macias L, Martínez-Fong D, Florán-Garduño B, Aceves J. Transfection of the BDNF Gene in the Surviving Dopamine Neurons in Conjunction with Continuous Administration of Pramipexole Restores Normal Motor Behavior in a Bilateral Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 2024:3885451. [PMID: 38419644 PMCID: PMC10901579 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3885451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal innervation leads to atrophy and loss of dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The loss disrupts corticostriatal transmission, impairs motor behavior, and produces nonmotor symptoms. Nigral neurons express brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and dopamine D3 receptors, both protecting the dopamine neurons and the spines of MSNs. To restore motor and nonmotor symptoms to normality, we assessed a combined therapy in a bilateral rat Parkinson's model, with only 30% of surviving neurons. The preferential D3 agonist pramipexole (PPX) was infused for four ½ months via mini-osmotic pumps and one month after PPX initiation; the BDNF-gene was transfected into the surviving nigral cells using the nonviral transfection NTS-polyplex vector. Overexpression of the BDNF-gene associated with continuous PPX infusion restored motor coordination, balance, normal gait, and working memory. Recovery was also related to the restoration of the average number of dendritic spines of the striatal projection neurons and the number of TH-positive neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. These positive results could pave the way for further clinical research into this promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Benítez-Castañeda
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liz Quintero-Macias
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Florán-Garduño
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Aceves
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Chen D, Huang H, Saberi H, Sharma HS. Positive and negative cell therapy in randomized control trials for central nervous system diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:241-254. [PMID: 37783557 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurorestorative cell therapies have been tested to treat patients with nervous system diseases for over 20 years. Now it is still hard to answer which kinds of cells can really play a role on improving these patients' quality of life. Non-randomized clinical trials or studies could not provide strong evidences in answering this critical question. In this review, we summarized randomized clinical trials of cell therapies for central nervous diseases, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy (CP), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), brain trauma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. Most kinds of cell therapies demonstrated negative results for stoke, brain trauma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A few kinds of cell therapies showed neurorestorative effects in this level of evidence-based medicine, such as olfactory ensheating cells for chronic ischemic stroke. Some kinds of cells showed positive or negative effects from different teams in the same or different diseases. We analyzed the possible failed reasons of negative results and the cellular bio-propriety basis of positive results. Based on therapeutic results of randomized control trials and reasonable analysis, we recommend: (1) to further conduct trials for successful cell therapies with positive results to increase neurorestorative effects; (2) to avoid in repeating failed cell therapies with negative results in same diseases because it is nonsense for them to be done with similar treatment methods, such as cell dosage, transplanting way, time of window, etc. Furthermore, we strongly suggest not to do non-randomized clinical trials for cells that had shown negative results in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyun Huang
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Hooshang Saberi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang F, Sun Z, Peng D, Gianchandani S, Le W, Boltze J, Li S. Cell-therapy for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:601. [PMID: 37679754 PMCID: PMC10483810 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based strategies focusing on replacement or protection of dopaminergic neurons have been considered as a potential approach to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. However, despite promising preclinical results, clinical trials on cell-therapy for PD reported mixed outcomes and a thorough synthesis of these findings is lacking. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate cell-therapy for PD patients. METHODS We systematically identified all clinical trials investigating cell- or tissue-based therapies for PD published before July 2023. Out of those, studies reporting transplantation of homogenous cells (containing one cell type) were included in meta-analysis. The mean difference or standardized mean difference in quantitative neurological scale scores before and after cell-therapy was analyzed to evaluate treatment effects. RESULTS The systematic literature search revealed 106 articles. Eleven studies reporting data from 11 independent trials (210 patients) were eligible for meta-analysis. Disease severity and motor function evaluation indicated beneficial effects of homogenous cell-therapy in the 'off' state at 3-, 6-, 12-, or 24-month follow-ups, and for motor function even after 36 months. Most of the patients were levodopa responders (61.6-100% in different follow-ups). Cell-therapy was also effective in improving the daily living activities in the 'off' state of PD patients. Cells from diverse sources were used and multiple transplantation modes were applied. Autografts did not improve functional outcomes, while allografts exhibited beneficial effects. Encouragingly, both transplantation into basal ganglia and to areas outside the basal ganglia were effective to reduce disease severity. Some trials reported adverse events potentially related to the surgical procedure. One confirmed and four possible cases of graft-induced dyskinesia were reported in two trials included in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides preliminary evidence for the beneficial effects of homogenous cell-therapy for PD, potentially to the levodopa responders. Allogeneic cells were superior to autologous cells, and the effective transplantation sites are not limited to the basal ganglia. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022369760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhengwu Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Daoyong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shikha Gianchandani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Fan Y, Goh ELK, Chan JKY. Neural Cells for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Clinical Trials. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023; 12:510-526. [PMID: 37487111 PMCID: PMC10427968 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are an entire spectrum of clinical conditions that affect the central and peripheral nervous system. There is no cure currently, with treatment focusing mainly on slowing down progression or symptomatic relief. Cellular therapies with various cell types from different sources are being conducted as clinical trials for several ND diseases. They include neural, mesenchymal and hemopoietic stem cells, and neural cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we present the list of cellular therapies for ND comprising 33 trials that used neural stem progenitors, 8 that used differentiated neural cells ,and 109 trials that involved non-neural cells in the 7 ND. Encouraging results have been shown in a few early-phase clinical trials that require further investigations in a randomized setting. However, such definitive trials may not be possible given the relative cost of the trials, and in the setting of rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Huang H, Sanberg PR, Moviglia GA, Sharma A, Chen L, Chen D. Clinical results of neurorestorative cell therapies and therapeutic indications according to cellular bio-proprieties. Regen Ther 2023; 23:52-59. [PMID: 37122360 PMCID: PMC10130496 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies have been explored to treat patients with nervous diseases for over 20 years. Even though most kinds of cell therapies demonstrated neurorestorative effects in non-randomized clinical trials; the effects of the majority type cells could not be confirmed by randomized controlled trials. In this review, clinical therapeutic results of neurorestorative cell therapies according to cellular bio-proprieties or cellular functions were introduced. Currently it was demonstrated from analysis of this review that some indications of cell therapies were not appropriate, they might be reasons why their neurorestorative effects could not be proved by multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Theoretically if one kind of cell therapy has neurorestorative effects according to its cellular bio-proprieties, it should have appropriate indications. The cell therapies with special bio-properties is promising if the indication selections are appropriate, such as olfactory ensheathing cells for chronic ischemic stroke, and their neurorestorative effects can be confirmed by higher level clinical trials of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Huang
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing 100143, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, Florida, USA
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, LTM Medical College, LTMG Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Di Chen
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing 100143, China
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7
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Lane EL, Lelos MJ. Defining the unknowns for cell therapies in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276886. [PMID: 36165848 PMCID: PMC9555765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-in-human clinical trials have commenced to test the safety and efficacy of cell therapies for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Proof of concept that this neural repair strategy is efficacious is based on decades of preclinical studies and clinical trials using primary foetal cells, as well as a significant literature exploring more novel stem cell-derived products. Although several measures of efficacy have been explored, including the successful in vitro differentiation of stem cells to dopamine neurons and consistent alleviation of motor dysfunction in rodent models, many unknowns still remain regarding the long-term clinical implications of this treatment strategy. Here, we consider some of these outstanding questions, including our understanding of the interaction between anti-Parkinsonian medication and the neural transplant, the impact of the cell therapy on cognitive or neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD, the role of neuroinflammation in the therapeutic process and the development of graft-induced dyskinesias. We identify questions that are currently pertinent to the field that require further exploration, and pave the way for a more holistic understanding of this neural repair strategy for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Mariah J Lelos
- School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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8
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Optimizing maturity and dose of iPSC-derived dopamine progenitor cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:24. [PMID: 35449132 PMCID: PMC9023503 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of treating Parkinson’s disease with cell replacement therapy, differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are an ideal source of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) cells. We previously established a protocol for differentiating iPSC-derived post-mitotic mDA neurons capable of reversing 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism in rats. In the present study, we transitioned the iPSC starting material and defined an adapted differentiation protocol for further translation into a clinical cell transplantation therapy. We examined the effects of cellular maturity on survival and efficacy of the transplants by engrafting mDA progenitors (cryopreserved at 17 days of differentiation, D17), immature neurons (D24), and post-mitotic neurons (D37) into immunocompromised hemiparkinsonian rats. We found that D17 progenitors were markedly superior to immature D24 or mature D37 neurons in terms of survival, fiber outgrowth and effects on motor deficits. Intranigral engraftment to the ventral midbrain demonstrated that D17 cells had a greater capacity than D24 cells to innervate over long distance to forebrain structures, including the striatum. When D17 cells were assessed across a wide dose range (7,500-450,000 injected cells per striatum), there was a clear dose response with regards to numbers of surviving neurons, innervation, and functional recovery. Importantly, although these grafts were derived from iPSCs, we did not observe teratoma formation or significant outgrowth of other cells in any animal. These data support the concept that human iPSC-derived D17 mDA progenitors are suitable for clinical development with the aim of transplantation trials in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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Lane EL, Harrison DJ, Ramos‐Varas E, Hills R, Turner S, Lelos MJ. Spontaneous Graft-Induced Dyskinesias Are Independent of 5-HT Neurons and Levodopa Priming in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:613-619. [PMID: 34766658 PMCID: PMC9208367 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of graft-induced dyskinesias (GIDs) presents a major challenge in progressing cell transplantation as a therapy for Parkinson's disease. Current theories implicate the presence of grafted serotonin neurons, hotspots of dopamine release, neuroinflammation and established levodopa-induced dyskinesia. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanisms of GIDs. METHODS Neonatally desensitized, dopamine denervated rats received intrastriatal grafts of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into either ventral midbrain dopaminergic progenitor (vmDA) (n = 15) or ventral forebrain cells (n = 14). RESULTS Of the eight rats with surviving grafts, two vmDA rats developed chronic spontaneous GIDs, which were observed at 30 weeks post-transplantation. GIDs were inhibited by D2 -like receptor antagonists and not affected by 5-HT1A/1B/5-HT6 agonists/antagonists. Grafts in GID rats showed more microglial activation and lacked serotonin neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings argue against current thinking that rats do not develop spontaneous GID and that serotonin neurons are causative, rather indicating that GID can be induced in rats by hESC-derived dopamine grafts and, critically, can occur independently of both previous levodopa exposure and grafted serotonin neurons. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Harrison
- Brain Repair Group, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Elena Ramos‐Varas
- Brain Repair Group, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hills
- Brain Repair Group, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophie Turner
- Brain Repair Group, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Mariah J. Lelos
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
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Hansen CA, Miller DR, Annarumma S, Rusch CT, Ramirez-Zamora A, Khoshbouei H. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a historical review of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, and modern advancements in research and treatment. J Neurol 2022; 269:2892-2909. [PMID: 35039902 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-10963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have helped to determine the plausible underlying mechanism of levo-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia following L-DOPA treatment. However, our understanding of the mechanisms related to this phenomenon remains incomplete. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of treatment protocols used for assessing the occurrence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, L-DOPA absorption, distribution, drug/food interaction, and discuss current strategies and future directions. This review offers a historical perspective using L-DOPA in animal models of PD and the occurrence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa A Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Stephanie Annarumma
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carley T Rusch
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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11
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Burns TC, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Regenerative medicine for neurological diseases-will regenerative neurosurgery deliver? BMJ 2021; 373:n955. [PMID: 34162530 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aspires to transform the future practice of medicine by providing curative, rather than palliative, treatments. Healing the central nervous system (CNS) remains among regenerative medicine's most highly prized but formidable challenges. "Regenerative neurosurgery" provides access to the CNS or its surrounding structures to preserve or restore neurological function. Pioneering efforts over the past three decades have introduced cells, neurotrophins, and genes with putative regenerative capacity into the CNS to combat neurodegenerative, ischemic, and traumatic diseases. In this review we critically evaluate the rationale, paradigms, and translational progress of regenerative neurosurgery, harnessing access to the CNS to protect, rejuvenate, or replace cell types otherwise irreversibly compromised by neurological disease. We discuss the evidence surrounding fetal, somatic, and pluripotent stem cell derived implants to replace endogenous neuronal and glial cell types and provide trophic support. Neurotrophin based strategies via infusions and gene therapy highlight the motivation to preserve neuronal circuits, the complex fidelity of which cannot be readily recreated. We specifically highlight ongoing translational efforts in Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury, using these to illustrate the principles, challenges, and opportunities of regenerative neurosurgery. Risks of associated procedures and novel neurosurgical trials are discussed, together with the ethical challenges they pose. After decades of efforts to develop and refine necessary tools and methodologies, regenerative neurosurgery is well positioned to advance treatments for refractory neurological diseases. Strategic multidisciplinary efforts will be critical to harness complementary technologies and maximize mechanistic feedback, accelerating iterative progress toward cures for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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12
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Persistent dyskinesias in patients with fetal tissue transplantation for Parkinson disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 33893319 PMCID: PMC8065148 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplants are being developed for patients with Parkinson disease (PD) who have insufficient benefit with standard medical treatment. We describe the clinical features of five patients who developed persistent dyskinesias after fetal dopaminergic tissue transplantation. All had levodopa-induced dyskinesias preoperatively. We implanted fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic tissue into the putamina bilaterally in 34 patients with advanced PD. They were not immunosuppressed. Five of 34 patients (15%) developed troublesome choreic or dystonic dyskinesias that persisted despite lowering or discontinuing medications. Attempts to treat the involuntary movements with amantadine, clozapine, anticholinergics, dopamine depletors and other medicines had limited success. Metyrosine eliminated dyskinesias but led to the parkinsonian “off” state. Increasing the dose of levodopa worsened the dyskinesias. Three patients required placement of pallidal stimulators, bilaterally in two and unilaterally in one patient who had only contralateral dyskinesias. The two with the bilateral stimulators had improvement in dyskinesias. The patient with the unilateral pallidal stimulator had a substantial reduction of the dyskinesias, but attempts to treat residual “off” symptoms with levodopa were limited by worsening dyskinesias. Although the number of patients developing these persistent dyskinesias was small, these five patients had dramatic improvement after transplant. As a group, they had milder Parkinson signs at baseline and improved to the point of having minimal parkinsonism, with reduction or elimination of levodopa therapy prior to developing persistent dyskinesias. These involuntary movements establish the principle that fetal dopaminergic tissue transplants can mimic the effects of levodopa, not only in reducing bradykinesia, but also in provoking dyskinesias.
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13
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Genetic variants in levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 84:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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de Natale ER, Wilson H, Politis M. Serotonergic imaging in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:303-338. [PMID: 33785134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of monoaminergic central pathways such as the serotonergic. The degeneration of serotonergic signaling in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions is an early feature of PD and is associated with several motor and non-motor complications of the disease. Molecular imaging techniques with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have greatly contributed to the investigation of biological changes in vivo and to the understanding of the extent of serotonergic pathology in patients or individuals at risk for PD. Such discoveries provide with opportunities for the identification of new targets that can be used for the development of novel disease-modifying drugs or symptomatic treatments. Future studies of imaging serotonergic molecular targets will better clarify the importance of serotonergic pathology in PD, including progression of pathology, target-identification for pharmacotherapy, and relevance to endogenous synaptic serotonin levels. In this article, we review the current status and understanding of serotonergic imaging in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Olanow CW, Calabresi P, Obeso JA. Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation as a Treatment for Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Opportunities. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1731-1744. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.28215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York New York USA
- Clintrex Research Corporation Sarasota Florida USA
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
- Dipartimento Neuroscienze Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Jose A. Obeso
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Universidad CEU‐San Pablo Móstoles Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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16
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Muñoz A, Lopez-Lopez A, Labandeira CM, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Interactions Between the Serotonergic and Other Neurotransmitter Systems in the Basal Ganglia: Role in Parkinson's Disease and Adverse Effects of L-DOPA. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32581728 PMCID: PMC7289026 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, other non-dopaminergic neuronal systems such as the serotonergic system are also involved. Serotonergic dysfunction is associated with non-motor symptoms and complications, including anxiety, depression, dementia, and sleep disturbances. This pathology reduces patient quality of life. Interaction between the serotonergic and other neurotransmitters systems such as dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and GABA controls the activity of striatal neurons and are particularly interesting for understanding the pathophysiology of PD. Moreover, serotonergic dysfunction also causes motor symptoms. Interestingly, serotonergic neurons play an important role in the effects of L-DOPA in advanced PD stages. Serotonergic terminals can convert L-DOPA to dopamine, which mediates dopamine release as a "false" transmitter. The lack of any autoregulatory feedback control in serotonergic neurons to regulate L-DOPA-derived dopamine release contributes to the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). This mechanism may also be involved in the development of graft-induced dyskinesias (GID), possibly due to the inclusion of serotonin neurons in the grafted tissue. Consistent with this, the administration of serotonergic agonists suppressed LID. In this review article, we summarize the interactions between the serotonergic and other systems. We also discuss the role of the serotonergic system in LID and if therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this system may constitute an effective strategy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lopez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Labandeira
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Olanow CW, Savolainen M, Chu Y, Halliday GM, Kordower JH. Temporal evolution of microglia and α-synuclein accumulation following foetal grafting in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:1690-1700. [PMID: 31056668 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We observed Lewy pathology in healthy embryonic dopamine neurons implanted into the striatum of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. In the present study we examined the temporal relationship between the presence of inflammation with activated microglia and the emergence of α-synuclein pathology. Inflammation with activated microglia was observed in all grafts and at all time points examined between 18 months and 16 years as determined by both CD45 and TMEM119 staining. In contrast, α-synuclein was not detected at 18 months, only diffuse monomeric α-synuclein staining was observed at 4 years, and α-synuclein aggregates were not observed until 14-16 years after transplantation. Thus, there is evidence of inflammation and microglial activation in graft deposits long before the accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in implanted dopamine neurons. These observations raise the possibility that microglial activation contributes to the development of α-synuclein pathology, and supports the concept that microglia play an integral role in the propagation and spread of α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Clintrex Research Inc, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Mari Savolainen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Dubow
- Avadel Pharmaceuticals PLC, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - C. Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai Health System, New York City, NY, USA
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19
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Lane EL. L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease-a bittersweet pill. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:384-398. [PMID: 30118169 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. It has earned that title through its highly effective treatment of some of the motor symptoms in the early stages of the disease but it is a far from perfect drug. The inevitable long-term treatment that comes with this chronic neurodegenerative condition raises the risk significantly of the development of motor fluctuations including disabling L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Being unsurpassed as a therapy means that understanding the mechanisms of dyskinesia priming and induction is vital to the search for therapies to treat these side effects and allow optimal use of L-DOPA. However, L-DOPA use may also have consequences (positive or negative) for the development of other interventions, such as cell transplantation, which are designed to treat or repair the ailing brain. This review looks at the issues around the use of L-DOPA with a focus on its potential impact on advanced reparative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Cell reprogramming approaches in gene- and cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease. J Control Release 2018; 286:114-124. [PMID: 30026082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD multiple pathogenic mechanisms initiate and drive this neurodegenerative process, making the development of effective treatments challenging. To date, PD patients are primarily treated with dopaminergic drugs able to temporarily enhance DA levels, therefore relieving motor symptoms. However, the drawbacks of these therapies including the inability to alter disease progression are constantly supporting the search for alternative treatment approaches. Over the past years efforts have been put into the development of new therapeutic strategies based on the delivery of therapeutic genes using viral vectors or transplantation of DA neurons for cell-based DA replacement. Here, past achievements and recent advances in gene- and cell-based therapies for PD are outlined. We discuss how current gene and cell therapy strategies hold great promise for the treatment of PD and how the use of stem cells and recent developments in cellular reprogramming could contribute to open a new avenue in PD therapy.
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21
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Terryn J, Tricot T, Gajjar M, Verfaillie C. Recent advances in lineage differentiation from stem cells: hurdles and opportunities? F1000Res 2018; 7:220. [PMID: 29552337 PMCID: PMC5829467 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12596.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the property of long-term self-renewal and the potential to give rise to descendants of the three germ layers and hence all mature cells in the human body. Therefore, they hold the promise of offering insight not only into human development but also for human disease modeling and regenerative medicine. However, the generation of mature differentiated cells that closely resemble their
in vivo counterparts remains challenging. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics and computational modeling of gene regulatory networks are revealing a better understanding of lineage commitment and are driving modern genome editing approaches. Additional modification of the chemical microenvironment, as well as the use of bioengineering tools to recreate the cellular, extracellular matrix, and physical characteristics of the niche wherein progenitors and mature cells reside, is now being used to further improve the maturation and functionality of stem cell progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Terryn
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Tricot
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madhavsai Gajjar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Molecular Imaging of the Serotonergic System in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:173-210. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Pagano G, Niccolini F, Politis M. The serotonergic system in Parkinson's patients with dyskinesia: evidence from imaging studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:1217-1223. [PMID: 29264660 PMCID: PMC6060863 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of review is to review the current status of positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging of serotonergic system in Parkinson’s patients who experience levodopa-induced (LIDs) and graft-induced dyskinesias (GIDs). PET imaging studies have shown that Parkinson’s disease is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Parkinson’s patients who experienced LIDs and GIDs have an aberrant spreading of serotonergic terminals, which lead to an increased serotonergic/dopaminergic terminals ratio within the putamen. Serotonergic terminals convert exogenous levodopa into dopamine in a non-physiological manner and release an abnormal amount of dopamine without an auto-regulatory feedback. This results in higher swings in synaptic levels of dopamine, which leads to the development of LIDs and GIDs. The modulation of serotonergic terminals with 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors agonists partially reduced these motor complications. In vivo PET studies confirmed that abnormal spreading of serotonergic terminals within the putamen has a pivotal role in the development of LIDs and GIDs. However, glutamatergic, adenosinergic, opioid systems, and phosphodiesterases 10A may also play a role in the development of these motor complications. An integrative multimodal imaging approach combining PET and MRI imaging techniques is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs and GIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review was to review the imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET), findings in neurorestoration studies in movement disorders, with specific focus on neural transplantation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Recent Findings PET findings in PD transplantation studies have shown that graft survival as reflected by increases in dopaminergic PET markers does not necessarily correlate with clinical improvement. PD patients with more denervated ventral striatum and more imbalanced serotonin-to-dopamine ratio in the grafted neurons tended to have worse outcome. In HD transplantation studies, variable graft survival and clinical responses may be related to host inflammatory/immune responses to the grafts. Summary Information gleaned from imaging findings in previous neural transplantation studies has been used to refine study protocol and patient selection in future trials. This includes identifying suitable candidates for transplantation using imaging markers, employing multiple and/or novel PET tracers to better assess graft functions and inflammatory responses to grafts.
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25
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F Hernández L, Castela I, Ruiz-DeDiego I, Obeso JA, Moratalla R. Striatal activation by optogenetics induces dyskinesias in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:530-537. [PMID: 28256089 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term levodopa (l-dopa) treatment is associated with the development of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in the majority of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The etiopathogonesis and mechanisms underlying l-dopa-induced dyskinesias are not well understood. METHODS We used striatal optogenetic stimulation to induce dyskinesias in a hemiparkinsonian model of PD in rats. Striatal dopamine depletion was induced unilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the medial forebrain bundle. For the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus particles expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate striatal medium spiny neurons with a laser source. RESULTS Simultaneous optical activation of medium spiny neurons of the direct and indirect striatal pathways in the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion but l-dopa naïve rats induced involuntary movements similar to l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, labeled here as optodyskinesias. Noticeably, optodyskinesias were facilitated by l-dopa in animals that did not respond initially to the laser stimulation. In general, optodyskinesias lasted while the laser stimulus was applied, but in some instances remained ongoing for a few seconds after the laser was off. Postmortem tissue analysis revealed increased FosB expression, a molecular marker of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, primarily in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway in the dopamine-depleted hemisphere. CONCLUSION Selective optogenetic activation of the dorsolateral striatum elicits dyskinesias in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD. This effect was associated with a preferential activation of the direct striato-nigral pathway. These results potentially open new avenues in the understanding of mechanisms involved in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledia F Hernández
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Castela
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz-DeDiego
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Obeso
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Kordower JH, Goetz CG, Chu Y, Halliday GM, Nicholson DA, Musial TF, Marmion DJ, Stoessl AJ, Sossi V, Freeman TB, Olanow CW. Robust graft survival and normalized dopaminergic innervation do not obligate recovery in a Parkinson disease patient. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:46-57. [PMID: 27900791 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of dopamine cell replacement therapy in Parkinson disease (PD) is to provide clinical benefit mediated by graft survival with nigrostriatal reinnervation. We report a dichotomy between graft structure and clinical function in a patient dying 16 years following fetal nigral grafting. METHODS A 55-year-old levodopa-responsive woman with PD received bilateral putaminal fetal mesencephalic grafts as part of an NIH-sponsored double-blind sham-controlled trial. The patient never experienced clinical benefit, and her course was complicated by the development of graft-related dyskinesias. Fluorodopa positron emission tomography demonstrated significant increases postgrafting bilaterally. She experienced worsening of parkinsonism with severe dyskinesias, and underwent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation 8 years after grafting. She died 16 years after transplantation. RESULTS Postmortem analyses confirmed the diagnosis of PD and demonstrated >300,000 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive grafted cells per side with normalized striatal TH-immunoreactive fiber innervation and bidirectional synaptic connectivity. Twenty-seven percent and 17% of grafted neurons were serine 129-phosphorylated α-synuclein positive in the left and right putamen, respectively. INTERPRETATION These findings represent the largest number of surviving dopamine neurons and the densest and most widespread graft-mediated striatal dopamine reinnervation following a transplant procedure reported to date. Despite this, clinical recovery was not observed. Furthermore, the grafts were associated with a form of dyskinesias that resembled diphasic dyskinesia and persisted in the off-medication state. We hypothesize that the grafted cells produced a low level of dopamine sufficient to cause a levodopa-independent continuous form of diphasic dyskinesias, but insufficient to provide an antiparkinsonian benefit. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:46-57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.,Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel A Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Timothy F Musial
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - David J Marmion
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas B Freeman
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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27
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Aron Badin R, Vadori M, Vanhove B, Nerriere-Daguin V, Naveilhan P, Neveu I, Jan C, Lévèque X, Venturi E, Mermillod P, Van Camp N, Dollé F, Guillermier M, Denaro L, Manara R, Citton V, Simioni P, Zampieri P, D'avella D, Rubello D, Fante F, Boldrin M, De Benedictis GM, Cavicchioli L, Sgarabotto D, Plebani M, Stefani AL, Brachet P, Blancho G, Soulillou JP, Hantraye P, Cozzi E. Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: A Translational Approach to Assess the Role of Local and Systemic Immunosuppression. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2016-29. [PMID: 26749114 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases; however, many patients receiving intracerebral fetal allografts exhibit signs of immunization to donor antigens that could compromise the graft. In this context, we intracerebrally transplanted mesencephalic pig xenografts into primates to identify a suitable strategy to enable long-term cell survival, maturation, and differentiation. Parkinsonian primates received WT or CTLA4-Ig transgenic porcine xenografts and different durations of peripheral immunosuppression to test whether systemic plus graft-mediated local immunosuppression might avoid rejection. A striking recovery of spontaneous locomotion was observed in primates receiving systemic plus local immunosuppression for 6 mo. Recovery was associated with restoration of dopaminergic activity detected both by positron emission tomography imaging and histological examination. Local infiltration by T cells and CD80/86+ microglial cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase were observed only in CTLA4-Ig recipients. Results suggest that in this primate neurotransplantation model, peripheral immunosuppression is indispensable to achieve the long-term survival of porcine neuronal xenografts that is required to study the beneficial immunomodulatory effect of local blockade of T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aron Badin
- MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Padua, Italy
| | - B Vanhove
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - V Nerriere-Daguin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - P Naveilhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR913, Nantes, France
| | - I Neveu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR913, Nantes, France
| | - C Jan
- MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - X Lévèque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - E Venturi
- INRA Physio Reproduction Femelle CR de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - P Mermillod
- INRA Physio Reproduction Femelle CR de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Van Camp
- MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - F Dollé
- CEA, I²BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | | | - L Denaro
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R Manara
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - V Citton
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - P Simioni
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - P Zampieri
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D D'avella
- Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D Rubello
- Nuclear Medicine, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - F Fante
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Padua, Italy
| | - M Boldrin
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Padua, Italy
| | - G M De Benedictis
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - D Sgarabotto
- Transplant Infectious Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - M Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - A L Stefani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - P Brachet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - G Blancho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J P Soulillou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - P Hantraye
- MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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28
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Rylander Ottosson D, Lane E. Striatal Plasticity in L-DOPA- and Graft-Induced Dyskinesia; The Common Link? Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 26903804 PMCID: PMC4744851 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major symptoms of the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowness or loss of voluntary movement, yet frustratingly therapeutic strategies designed to restore movement can result in the development of excessive abnormal movements known as dyskinesia. These dyskinesias commonly develop as a result of pharmacotherapy in the form of L-DOPA administration, but have also been identified following deep brain stimulation (DBS) and intrastriatal cell transplantation. In the case of L-DOPA these movements can be treatment limiting, and whilst they are not long lasting or troubling following DBS, recognition of their development had a near devastating effect on the field of cell transplantation for PD.Understanding the relationship between these therapeutic approaches and the development of dyskinesia may improve our ability to restore function without disabling side effects. Interestingly, despite the fact that dopaminergic cell transplantation repairs many of the changes induced by the disease process and through L-DOPA treatment, there appears to be a relationship between the two. In rodent models of the disease, the severity of dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA prior to the transplantation procedure correlated with post-transplantation, graft-induced dyskinesia. A review of clinical data also suggested that the worse preoperational dyskinesia causes worsened graft-induced dyskinesia (GID). Understanding how these aberrant behaviors come about has been of keen interest to open up these therapeutic options more widely and one major underlying theory is the effects of these approaches on the plasticity of synapses within the basal ganglia. This review uniquely brings together developments in understanding the role of striatal synaptic plasticity in both L-DOPA and GID to guide and stimulate further investigations on the important striatal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Emma Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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Foetal Cell Transplantation for Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Graft-Induced Dyskinesia. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:563820. [PMID: 26881178 PMCID: PMC4736211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/563820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of dopamine- (DA-) rich foetal ventral mesencephalic cells emerged as a promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), as it allowed significant improvement of motor symptoms in several PD patients in open-label studies. However, double-blind clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The general agreement in the field is that the lack of standardization of tissue collection and preparation, together with the absence of postsurgical immunosuppression, played a key role in the failure of these studies. Moreover, a further complication that emerged in previous studies is the appearance of the so-called graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), in a subset of grafted patients, which resembles dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA but in the absence of medication. Preclinical evidence pointed to the serotonin neurons as possible players in the appearance of GID. In agreement, clinical investigations have shown that grafted tissue may contain a large number of serotonin neurons, in the order of half of the DA cells; moreover, the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone has been found to produce significant dampening of GID in grafted patients. In this paper, we will review the recent preclinical and clinical studies focusing on cell transplantation for PD and on the mechanisms underlying GID.
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Niccolini F, Rocchi L, Politis M. Molecular imaging of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2107-17. [PMID: 25681866 PMCID: PMC11113208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) occur in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) following years of levodopa treatment. The pathophysiology underlying LIDs in PD is poorly understood, and current treatments generate only minor benefits for the patients. Studies with positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging have demonstrated that in advanced PD patients, levodopa administration induces sharp increases in striatal dopamine levels, which correlate with LIDs severity. Fluctuations in striatal dopamine levels could be the result of the attenuated buffering ability in the dopaminergically denervated striatum. Lines of evidence from PET studies indicate that serotonergic terminals could also be responsible for the development of LIDs in PD by aberrantly processing exogenous levodopa and by releasing dopamine in a dysregulated manner from the serotonergic terminals. Additionally, other downstream mechanisms involving glutamatergic, cannabinoid, opioid, cholinergic, adenosinergic, and noradrenergic systems may contribute in the development of LIDs. In this article, we review the findings from preclinical, clinical, and molecular imaging studies, which have contributed to our understanding the pathophysiology of LIDs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
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31
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Drouin-Ouellet J. The potential of alternate sources of cells for neural grafting in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 4:297-307. [PMID: 25313986 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease have provided mixed clinical outcomes and one of the reasons underlying this is the use of primary fetal tissue as the source of grafted cells. An alternate source of cells, such as stem cells, could overcome many of the issues associated with primary fetal tissue and would help bring forward cell replacement therapy as a reliable and effective treatment for these two neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss which stem cells are likely to go to clinic in the next generation of cells, based on trials for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.
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32
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Politis M, Niccolini F. Serotonin in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2015; 277:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Cell based therapies in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurosci 2014; 18:76-83. [PMID: 25205926 PMCID: PMC4117039 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is characterized by bradykinesia, hypokinesia/ akinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability, caused by dopaminergic (DA) striatal denervation. The prevalence of PD increases from 50 years of age with steep rise after age 60 years. Current treatment of PD relies heavily on replacing lost dopamine either with its precursor L-dopa or dopamine agonists (ropinirole, pramipexole, bromocriptine, lisuride etc). Other pharmacological measures like catechol-O-methyltrasferase (COMT) inhibitors like entacopone, telcapone and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors like selegiline and rasagiline are also useful, while L-dopa remains the gold standard in the treatment of PD. Emerging therapies are focusing on cell based therapeutics derived from various sources.
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Wenzel K, Homann CN, Fabbrini G, Colosimo C. The role of subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:833-43. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.928202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Niccolini F, Loane C, Politis M. Dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: views from positron emission tomography studies. Eur J Neurol 2014; 21:694-9, e39-43. [PMID: 24471508 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) and graft-induced dyskinesias (GIDs) are serious and common complications of Parkinson's disease (PD) management following chronic treatment with levodopa or intrastriatal transplantation with dopamine-rich foetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, respectively. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging provides a powerful in vivo tool that has been employed over the past 20 years for the elucidation of mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs and GIDs in PD patients. PET used together with radioligands tagging molecular targets has allowed the functional investigation of several systems in the brain including the dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, noradrenergic and cholinergic systems. In this article the role of PET imaging in unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs and GIDs in PD patients is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Niccolini
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK; Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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36
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Lindvall O. Developing dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease-give up or move forward? Mov Disord 2013; 28:268-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Lund Stem Cell Center; University Hospital; Lund; Sweden
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37
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Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:943159. [PMID: 23125942 PMCID: PMC3483732 DOI: 10.1155/2012/943159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dyskinetic disorders are characterized by excess of motor activity that may interfere with normal movement control. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the chronic levodopa treatment induces dyskinetic movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). This paper analyzed the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, pharmacological treatments, and surgical procedures to treat hyperkinetic disorders. Surgery is currently the only treatment available for Parkinson's disease that may improve both parkinsonian motor syndrome and LID. However, this paper shows the different mechanisms involved are not well understood.
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Olanow CW, Isacson O. Stem cells for Parkinson's disease: Advancing science but protecting patients. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1475-7. [PMID: 23032987 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1 % of people over the age of 65. Neuropathological hallmarks of PD are prominent loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of intraneuronal protein inclusions termed Lewy bodies, composed mainly of α-synuclein (αSyn). Missense mutations in αSyn gene giving rise to production of degradation-resistant mutant proteins or multiplication of wild-type αSyn gene allele can cause rare inherited forms of PD. Therefore, the existence of abnormally high amount of αSyn protein is considered responsible for the DA neuronal death in PD. Normally, αSyn protein localizes to presynaptic terminals of neuronal cells, regulating the neurotransmitter release through the modulation of assembly of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex. On the other hand, of note, pathological examinations on the recipient patients of fetal nigral transplants provided a prion-like cell-to-cell transmission hypothesis for abnormal αSyn. The extracellular αSyn fibrils can internalize to the cells and enhance intracellular formation of protein inclusions, thereby reducing cell viability. These findings suggest that effective removal of abnormal species of αSyn in the extracellular space as well as intracellular compartments can be of therapeutic relevance. In this review, we will focus on αSyn-triggered neuronal cell death and provide possible disease-modifying therapies targeting abnormally accumulating αSyn.
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Farrell K, Barker RA. Stem cells and regenerative therapies for Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:79-92. [PMID: 30890881 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the mainstay of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is the pharmacological replacement of the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway using drugs such as dopamine agonists and levodopa. Whilst these drugs effectively ameliorate some of the motor features of PD, they do not improve many of the nonmotor features that arise secondary to pathology outside of this system, nor do they slow the progressive neurodegeneration that is a characteristic of the disease. Regenerative therapies for PD seek to fill this therapeutic gap, with cell transplantation being the most explored approach to date. A number of different cell sources have been used in this therapeutic approach, but to date, the most successful has been the use of fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue that contains within it the developing nigral dopaminergic cells. Cell transplantation for PD was pioneered in the 1980-1990s, with several successful open-label trials of fetal VM transplantation in patients with relatively advanced PD. Whilst these findings were not replicated in two subsequent double-blind sham-surgery controlled trials, there were reasons to explain this outside of the one drawn at the time that these therapies are ineffective. Indeed all these studies have provided evidence that following the transplantation of fetal VM tissue, dopaminergic cells can survive long term, produce dopamine, and bring about clinical improvements in younger patients over many years. The use of fetal tissue, irrespective of its true efficacy, will never become a widely available therapy for PD for a host of practical and ethical reasons, and thus much work has been put in recently to exploring the utility of stem cells as a source of nigral dopaminergic neurons. In this respect, the advent of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent cells has heralded a new era in cell therapy for PD, and several groups have now demonstrated that these cells can form dopaminergic neurons which improve functional deficits in animal models of PD. Whilst encouraging, problems with respect to the immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of these cells means that they will need to be used in the clinic cautiously. Other regenerative therapies in PD have been tried over the years and include the use of trophic factors. This has primarily involved glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and again has produced mixed clinical effects, and in order to try and resolve this, a new trial of intraputamenal GDNF is now being planned. In addition, a new trial for platelet derived growth factor as a treatment for PD has just completed recruitment, and PYM50028 (Cogane) an oral agent shown in animal models to reduce the effects of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) lesioning by the induction of growth factors is currently under investigation in a multicentre Phase II trial. Overall, there are a number of promising new regenerative therapies being developed and tested in PD, although the true long-term efficacy of any of these in large numbers of patients is still not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Farrell
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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41
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Understanding and prevention of "therapy-" induced dyskinesias. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:640815. [PMID: 22685687 PMCID: PMC3366244 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-dopa is the most effective, currently available treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but it leads to the development of involuntary movements known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the majority of patients after long-term use. Both gene and cell therapy approaches are the subject of multiple ongoing studies as potential ways of relieving symptoms of PD without the complication of dyskinesia. However, the spectre of dyskinesia in the absence of L-dopa, the so-called "off-phase" or graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), remains a major obstacle particularly in the further development of cell therapy in PD, but it is also a concern for proponents of gene therapy approaches. LID results from nonphysiological dopamine release, supersensitivity of dopamine receptors, and consequent abnormal signalling through mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Restoration of physiological circuitry within the basal ganglia loops is ultimately the aim of all cell and gene therapy approaches but each using distinctive strategies and accompanied by risks of exacerbation of LID or development of "off-phase"/GID. In this paper we discuss the details of what is understood regarding the development of dyskinesias with relevance to cell and gene therapy and potential strategies to minimize their occurrence.
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Piquet AL, Venkiteswaran K, Marupudi NI, Berk M, Subramanian T. The immunological challenges of cell transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:320-31. [PMID: 22521427 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic cell transplantation is an experimental therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). It has many potential theoretical advantages over current treatment strategies such as providing continuous local dopaminergic replenishment, eliminating motor fluctuations and medication-induced dyskinesias, slowing down disease progression or even reversing disease pathology in the host. Recent studies also show that dopaminergic cell transplants provide long-term neuromodulation in the basal ganglia that simulates the combined effects of oral dopaminergic therapy and surgical therapies like deep brain stimulation, the contemporary therapeutic approach to advanced PD. However, dopaminergic cell transplantation in PD as not been optimized and current experimental techniques have many drawbacks. In published experiments to date of attempted dopaminergic grafting in PD, the major challenges are unacceptable graft-induced dyskinesias or failure of such grafts to exceed the benefits afforded by sham surgery. A deleterious host immune response to the transplant has been implicated as a major putative cause for these adverse outcomes. This article focuses on recent advances in understanding the immunology of the transplantation in PD and possible methods to overcome adverse events such that we could translate cell replacement strategies into viable clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Piquet
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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Xia Y, Jiang C, Cao Z, Shi K, Wang Y. Co-transplantation of macaque autologous Schwann cells and human embryonic nerve stem cells in treatment of macaque Parkinson's disease. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:7-14. [PMID: 22182636 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effects of co-transplantation with Schwann cells (SCs) and human embryonic nerve stem cells (NSCs) on macaque Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Macaque autologous SCs and human embryonic NSCs were adopted for the treatment of macaque PD. RESULTS Six months after transplantation, positron emission computerized tomography showed that (18)F-FP-β-CIT was significantly concentrated in the injured striatum in the co-transplanted group. Immunohistochemical staining of transplanted area tissue showed migration of tyroxine hydroxylase positive cells from the transplant area to the surrounding area was significantly increased in the co-transplanted group. CONCLUSIONS Co-transplantation of SCs and NSCs could effectively cure PD in macaques. SCs harvested from the autologous peripheral nerves can avoid rejection and the ethics problems, so it is expected to be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou, China.
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44
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Steece-Collier K, Rademacher DJ, Soderstrom K. Anatomy of Graft-induced Dyskinesias: Circuit Remodeling in the Parkinsonian Striatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:15-30. [PMID: 22712056 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of researchers and clinicians interested in re-instituting cell based therapies for PD is to develop an effective and safe surgical approach to replace dopamine (DA) in individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Worldwide clinical trials involving transplantation of embryonic DA neurons into individuals with PD have been discontinued because of the often devastating post-surgical side-effect known as graft-induced dyskinesia (GID). There have been many review articles published in recent years on this subject. There has been a tendency to promote single factors in the cause of GID. In this review, we contrast the pros and cons of multiple factors that have been suggested from clinical and/or preclinical observations, as well as novel factors not yet studied that may be involved with GID. It is our intention to provide a platform that might be instrumental in examining how individual factors that correlate with GID and/or striatal pathology might interact to give rise to dysfunctional circuit remodeling and aberrant motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
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45
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Lévêque X, Nerrière-Daguin V, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Pig Neural Cells Derived from Foetal Mesencephalon as Cell Source for Intracerebral Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2012; 885:233-43. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-845-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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46
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Evans JR, Mason SL, Barker RA. Current status of clinical trials of neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Lane EL, Winkler C. l-DOPA- and graft-induced dyskinesia following transplantation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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48
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García J, Carlsson T, Döbrössy M, Nikkhah G, Winkler C. Extent of pre-operative L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia predicts the severity of graft-induced dyskinesia after fetal dopamine cell transplantation. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Alterman RL, Tagliati M, Olanow CW. Open-label surgical trials for Parkinson disease: time for reconsideration. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:5-8. [PMID: 21786295 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron L Alterman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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50
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Flabeau O, Meissner WG, Tison F. Multiple system atrophy: current and future approaches to management. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 3:249-63. [PMID: 21179616 DOI: 10.1177/1756285610375328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder without any effective treatment in slowing or stopping disease progression. It is characterized by poor levodopa responsive Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs and autonomic failure in any combination. Current therapeutic strategies are primarily based on dopamine replacement and improvement of autonomic failure. However, symptomatic management remains disappointing and no curative treatment is yet available. Recent experimental evidence has confirmed the key role of alpha-synuclein aggregation in the pathogenesis of MSA. Referring to this hypothesis, transgenic and toxic animal models have been developed to assess candidate drugs for MSA. The standardization of diagnosis criteria and assessment procedures will allow large multicentre clinical trials to be conducted. In this article we review the available symptomatic treatment, recent results of studies investigating potential neuroprotective drugs, and future approaches for the management in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Flabeau
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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