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Weisheit CE, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Inherited dystonias: clinical features and molecular pathways. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:241-254. [PMID: 29325615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed dramatic increases in understanding of the genetics of dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by involuntary twisting and abnormal posture. Hampered by a lack of overt neuropathology, researchers are investigating isolated monogenic causes to pinpoint common molecular mechanisms in this heterogeneous disease. Evidence from imaging, cellular, and murine work implicates deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission, transcriptional dysregulation, and selective vulnerability of distinct neuronal populations to disease mutations. Studies of genetic forms of dystonia are also illuminating the developmental dependence of disease symptoms that is typical of many forms of the disease. As understanding of monogenic forms of dystonia grows, a clearer picture will develop of the abnormal motor circuitry behind this relatively common phenomenology. This chapter focuses on the current data covering the etiology and epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of four monogenic forms of isolated dystonia: DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GCH1, and DYT-GNAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Weisheit
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Dos Santos CO, Masuho I, da Silva-Júnior FP, Barbosa ER, Silva SMCA, Borges V, Ferraz HB, Rocha MSG, Limongi JCP, Martemyanov KA, de Carvalho Aguiar P. Screening of GNAL variants in Brazilian patients with isolated dystonia reveals a novel mutation with partial loss of function. J Neurol 2016; 263:665-8. [PMID: 26810727 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
GNAL was identified as a cause of dystonia in patients from North America, Europe and Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of GNAL variants in Brazilian patients with dystonia. Ninety-one patients with isolated idiopathic dystonia, negative for THAP1 and TOR1A mutations, were screened for GNAL variants by Sanger sequencing. Functional characterization of the Gαolf protein variant was performed using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay. A novel heterozygous nonsynonymous variant (p. F133L) was identified in a patient with cervical and laryngeal dystonia since the third decade of life, with no family history. This variant was not identified in healthy Brazilian controls and was not described in 63,000 exomas of the ExAC database. The F133L mutant exhibited significantly elevated levels of basal BRET and severely diminished amplitude of response elicited by dopamine, that both indicate substantial functional impairment of Gαolf in transducing receptor signals, which could be involved in dystonia pathophysiology. GNAL mutations are not a common cause of dystonia in the Brazilian population and have a lower prevalence than THAP1 and TOR1A mutations. We present a novel variant that results in partial Gαolf loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein 627, Bloco A, 2SS IIEP, Sao Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Sonia Maria Cesar Azevedo Silva
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ballalai Ferraz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia de Carvalho Aguiar
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein 627, Bloco A, 2SS IIEP, Sao Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil.
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Ma LY, Wang L, Yang YM, Wan XH. Mutations in GNAL gene in 214 cases with isolated dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1367-8. [PMID: 26365774 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100075, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6# Tiantanxi Street, Beijing, 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100075, China
| | - Ying-Mai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100075, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100075, China.
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Abstract
Dystonia, a common and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorder, was recently defined as "a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both." Via the application of whole-exome sequencing, the genetic landscape of dystonia and closely related movement disorders is becoming exposed. In particular, several "novel" genetic causes have been causally associated with dystonia or dystonia-related disorders over the past 2 years. These genes include PRRT2 (DYT10), CIZ1 (DYT23), ANO3 (DYT24), GNAL (DYT25), and TUBB4A (DYT4). Despite these advances, major gaps remain in identifying the genetic origins for most cases of adult-onset isolated dystonia. Furthermore, model systems are needed to study the biology of PRRT2, CIZ1, ANO3, Gαolf, and TUBB4A in the context of dystonia. This review focuses on these recent additions to the family of dystonia genes, genotype-phenotype correlations, and possible cellular contributions of the encoded proteins to the development of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Link Building Suite 415, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,
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Balint B, Bhatia KP. Isolated and combined dystonia syndromes - an update on new genes and their phenotypes. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22:610-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Balint
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - K. P. Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
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