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Quattrone A, Latorre A, Magrinelli F, Mulroy E, Rajan R, Neo RJ, Quattrone A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1243-1252. [PMID: 37772299 PMCID: PMC10525069 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with movement disorders, voluntary movements can sometimes be accompanied by unintentional muscle contractions in other body regions. In this review, we discuss clinical and pathophysiological aspects of several motor phenomena including mirror movements, dystonic overflow, synkinesia, entrainment and mirror dystonia, focusing on their similarities and differences. These phenomena share some common clinical and pathophysiological features, which often leads to confusion in their definition. However, they differ in several aspects, such as the body part showing the undesired movement, the type of this movement (identical or not to the intentional movement), the underlying neurological condition, and the role of primary motor areas, descending pathways and inhibitory circuits involved, suggesting that these are distinct phenomena. We summarize the main features of these fascinating clinical signs aiming to improve the clinical recognition and standardize the terminology in research studies. We also suggest that the term "mirror dystonia" may be not appropriate to describe this peculiar phenomenon which may be closer to dystonic overflow rather than to the classical mirror movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of NeurologyUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of NeurologyAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New DelhiIndia
| | - Ray Jen Neo
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NeurologyHospital Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
| | - John C. Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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2
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Vucic S, Stanley Chen KH, Kiernan MC, Hallett M, Benninger DH, Di Lazzaro V, Rossini PM, Benussi A, Berardelli A, Currà A, Krieg SM, Lefaucheur JP, Long Lo Y, Macdonell RA, Massimini M, Rosanova M, Picht T, Stinear CM, Paulus W, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U, Chen R. Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 150:131-175. [PMID: 37068329 PMCID: PMC10192339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119(3):504-32) on clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neurological diseases. Most TMS measures rely on stimulation of motor cortex and recording of motor evoked potentials. Paired-pulse TMS techniques, incorporating conventional amplitude-based and threshold tracking, have established clinical utility in neurodegenerative, movement, episodic (epilepsy, migraines), chronic pain and functional diseases. Cortical hyperexcitability has emerged as a diagnostic aid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Single-pulse TMS measures are of utility in stroke, and myelopathy even in the absence of radiological changes. Short-latency afferent inhibition, related to central cholinergic transmission, is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. The triple stimulation technique (TST) may enhance diagnostic utility of conventional TMS measures to detect upper motor neuron involvement. The recording of motor evoked potentials can be used to perform functional mapping of the motor cortex or in preoperative assessment of eloquent brain regions before surgical resection of brain tumors. TMS exhibits utility in assessing lumbosacral/cervical nerve root function, especially in demyelinating neuropathies, and may be of utility in localizing the site of facial nerve palsies. TMS measures also have high sensitivity in detecting subclinical corticospinal lesions in multiple sclerosis. Abnormalities in central motor conduction time or TST correlate with motor impairment and disability in MS. Cerebellar stimulation may detect lesions in the cerebellum or cerebello-dentato-thalamo-motor cortical pathways. Combining TMS with electroencephalography, provides a novel method to measure parameters altered in neurological disorders, including cortical excitability, effective connectivity, and response complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Vucic
- Brain, Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney; and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David H Benninger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Department of Neurosci & Neurorehab IRCCS San Raffaele-Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Alfredo Fiorini Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Terracina, LT, Italy
| | - Sandro M Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, Créteil, France; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Yew Long Lo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Marcello Massimini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Picht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cluster of Excellence: "Matters of Activity. Image Space Material," Humboldt University, Berlin Simulation and Training Center (BeST), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathy M Stinear
- Department of Medicine Waipapa Taumata Rau, University of Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Chen
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology-University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
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3
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Fischer P, Piña-Fuentes D, Kassavetis P, Sadnicka A. Physiology of dystonia: Human studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:137-162. [PMID: 37482391 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss neurophysiological techniques that have been used in the study of dystonia. We examine traditional disease models such as inhibition and excessive plasticity and review the evidence that these play a causal role in pathophysiology. We then review the evidence for sensory and peripheral influences within pathophysiology and look at an emergent literature that tries to probe how oscillatory brain activity may be linked to dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fischer
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Piña-Fuentes
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Sadnicka
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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Exploring the connections between basal ganglia and cortex revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, evoked potential and deep brain stimulation in dystonia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:69-77. [PMID: 34922163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review the findings for motor cortical excitability, plasticity and evoked potentials in dystonia. Plasticity can be induced and assessed in cortical areas by non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the invasive technique of deep brain stimulation (DBS), which allows access to deep brain structures. Single-pulse TMS measures have been widely studied in dystonia and consistently showed reduced silent period duration. Paired pulse TMS measures showed reduced short and long interval intracortical inhibition, interhemispheric inhibition, long-latency afferent inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation in dystonia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the premotor cortex improved handwriting with prolongation of the silent period in focal hand dystonia patients. Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of the cerebellum or cTBS of the dorsal premotor cortex improved dystonia in some studies. Plasticity induction protocols in dystonia demonstrated excessive motor cortical plasticity with the reduction in cortico-motor topographic specificity. Bilateral DBS of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) improves dystonia, associated pain and functional disability. Local field potentials recordings in dystonia patients suggested that there is increased power in the low-frequency band (4-12 Hz) in the GPi. Cortical evoked potentials at peak latencies of 10 and 25 ms can be recorded with GPi stimulation in dystonia. Plasticity induction protocols based on the principles of spike timing dependent plasticity that involved repeated pairing of GPi-DBS and motor cortical TMS at latencies of cortical evoked potentials induced motor cortical plasticity. These studies expanded our knowledge of the pathophysiology of dystonia and how cortical excitability and plasticity are altered with different treatments such as DBS.
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Breveglieri R, Borgomaneri S, Filippini M, De Vitis M, Tessari A, Fattori P. Functional Connectivity at Rest between the Human Medial Posterior Parietal Cortex and the Primary Motor Cortex Detected by Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101357. [PMID: 34679421 PMCID: PMC8534070 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in the complex processes of visuomotor integration. Its connections to the dorsal premotor cortex, which in turn is connected to the primary motor cortex (M1), complete the fronto-parietal network that supports important cognitive functions in the planning and execution of goal-oriented movements. In this study, we wanted to investigate the time-course of the functional connectivity at rest between the medial PPC and the M1 using dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy humans. We stimulated the left M1 using a suprathreshold test stimulus to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the hand, and a subthreshold conditioning stimulus was applied over the left medial PPC at different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs). The conditioning stimulus affected the M1 excitability depending on the ISI, with inhibition at longer ISIs (12 and 15 ms). We suggest that these modulations may reflect the activation of different parieto-frontal pathways, with long latency inhibitions likely recruiting polisynaptic pathways, presumably through anterolateral PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.D.V.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-1209-1890; Fax: +39-05-1209-1737
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Filippini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.D.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Marina De Vitis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.D.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.D.V.); (P.F.)
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human—Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Georgescu Margarint EL, Georgescu IA, Zahiu CDM, Tirlea SA, Şteopoaie AR, Zǎgrean L, Popa D, Zǎgrean AM. Reduced Interhemispheric Coherence in Cerebellar Kainic Acid-Induced Lateralized Dystonia. Front Neurol 2020; 11:580540. [PMID: 33329321 PMCID: PMC7719699 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.580540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The execution of voluntary muscular activity is controlled by the primary motor cortex, together with the cerebellum and basal ganglia. The synchronization of neural activity in the intracortical network is crucial for the regulation of movements. In certain motor diseases, such as dystonia, this synchrony can be altered in any node of the cerebello-cortical network. Questions remain about how the cerebellum influences the motor cortex and interhemispheric communication. This research aims to study the interhemispheric cortical communication between the motor cortices during dystonia, a neurological movement syndrome consisting of sustained or repetitive involuntary muscle contractions. We pharmacologically induced lateralized dystonia to adult male albino mice by administering low doses of kainic acid on the left cerebellar hemisphere. Using electrocorticography and electromyography, we investigated the power spectral densities, cortico-muscular, and interhemispheric coherence between the right and left motor cortices, before and during dystonia, for five consecutive days. Mice displayed lateralized abnormal motor signs, a reduced general locomotor activity, and a high score of dystonia. The results showed a progressive interhemispheric coherence decrease in low-frequency bands (delta, theta, beta) during the first 3 days. The cortico-muscular coherence of the affected side had a significant increase in gamma bands on days 3 and 4. In conclusion, lateralized cerebellar dysfunction during dystonia was associated with a loss of connectivity in the motor cortices, suggesting a possible cortical compensation to the initial disturbances induced by cerebellar left hemisphere kainate activation by blocking the propagation of abnormal oscillations to the healthy hemisphere. However, the cerebellum is part of several overly complex circuits, therefore other mechanisms can still be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Antoaneta Georgescu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Denise Mihaela Zahiu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan-Alexandru Tirlea
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rǎzvan Şteopoaie
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leon Zǎgrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Popa
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ana-Maria Zǎgrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Latorre A, Rocchi L, Bhatia KP. Delineating the electrophysiological signature of dystonia. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1685-1692. [PMID: 32712678 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the concept of dystonia has dramatically changed, from being considered a motor neurosis, to a pure basal ganglia disorder, to finally reach the definition of a network disorder involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and sensorimotor cortex. This progress has been possible due to the collaboration between clinicians and scientists, and the development of increasingly sophisticated electrophysiological techniques able to non-invasively investigate pathophysiological mechanisms in humans. This review is a chronological excursus of the electrophysiological studies that laid the foundation for the understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia and delineated its electrophysiological signatures. Evidence for neurophysiological abnormalities is grouped according to the neural system involved, and a unifying theory, bringing together all the hypothesis and evidence provided to date, is proposed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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8
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Interhemispheric Inhibition Is Reduced in Response to Acute Muscle Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1091-1099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Desrochers P, Brunfeldt A, Sidiropoulos C, Kagerer F. Sensorimotor Control in Dystonia. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040079. [PMID: 30979073 PMCID: PMC6523253 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an overview of the sensorimotor impairments in dystonia, a syndrome characterized by sustained or intermittent aberrant movement patterns leading to abnormal movements and/or postures with or without a tremulous component. Dystonia can affect the entire body or specific body regions and results from a plethora of etiologies, including subtle changes in gray and white matter in several brain regions. Research over the last 25 years addressing topics of sensorimotor control has shown functional sensorimotor impairments related to sensorimotor integration, timing, oculomotor and head control, as well as upper and lower limb control. In the context of efforts to update the classification of dystonia, sensorimotor research is highly relevant for a better understanding of the underlying pathology, and potential mechanisms contributing to global and regional dysfunction within the central nervous system. This overview of relevant research regarding sensorimotor control in humans with idiopathic dystonia attempts to frame the dysfunction with respect to what is known regarding motor control in patients and healthy individuals. We also highlight promising avenues for the future study of neuromotor control that may help to further elucidate dystonia etiology, pathology, and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Desrochers
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Alexander Brunfeldt
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Christos Sidiropoulos
- Dept. of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Florian Kagerer
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Abstract
We review the motor cortical and basal ganglia involvement in two important movement disorders: Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia. Single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation studies showed altered excitability and cortical circuits in PD with decreased silent period, short interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, long afferent inhibition, interhemispheric inhibition, and cerebellar inhibition, and increased long interval intracortical inhibition and short interval intracortical facilitation. In dystonia, there is decreased silent period, short interval intracortical inhibition, long afferent inhibition, interhemispheric inhibition, and increased intracortical facilitation. Plasticity induction protocols revealed deficient plasticity in PD and normal and exaggerated plasticity in dystonia. In the basal ganglia, there is increased β (14-30Hz) rhythm in PD and characteristic 5-18Hz band synchronization in dystonia. These motor cortical circuits, cortical plasticity, and oscillation profiles of the basal ganglia are altered with medications and deep brain stimulation treatment. There is considerable variability in these measures related to interindividual variations, different disease characteristics, and methodological considerations. Nevertheless, these pathophysiologic studies have expanded our knowledge of cortical excitability, plasticity, and oscillations in PD and dystonia, improved our understanding of disease pathophysiology, and helped to develop new treatments for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Set-Related Inhibitory and Excitatory Inputs from the Dorsal Premotor Cortex to the Ipsilateral Motor Cortex Assessed by Dual-Coil Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topogr 2018; 31:795-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Fiori F, Chiappini E, Candidi M, Romei V, Borgomaneri S, Avenanti A. Long-latency interhemispheric interactions between motor-related areas and the primary motor cortex: a dual site TMS study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14936. [PMID: 29097700 PMCID: PMC5668244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is highly influenced by premotor/motor areas both within and across hemispheres. Dual site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS) has revealed interhemispheric interactions mainly at early latencies. Here, we used dsTMS to systematically investigate long-latency causal interactions between right-hemisphere motor areas and the left M1 (lM1). We stimulated lM1 using a suprathreshold test stimulus (TS) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the right hand. Either a suprathreshold or a subthreshold conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied over the right M1 (rM1), the right ventral premotor cortex (rPMv), the right dorsal premotor cortex (rPMd) or the supplementary motor area (SMA) prior to the TS at various CS-TS inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs: 40–150 ms). The CS strongly affected lM1 excitability depending on ISI, CS site and intensity. Inhibitory effects were observed independently of CS intensity when conditioning PMv, rM1 and SMA at a 40-ms ISI, with larger effects after PMv conditioning. Inhibition was observed with suprathreshold PMv and rM1 conditioning at a 150-ms ISI, while site-specific, intensity-dependent facilitation was detected at an 80-ms ISI. Thus, long-latency interhemispheric interactions, likely reflecting indirect cortico-cortical/cortico-subcortical pathways, cannot be reduced to nonspecific activation across motor structures. Instead, they reflect intensity-dependent, connection- and time-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiori
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Emilio Chiappini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Matteo Candidi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
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13
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Kishore A, Popa T, James P, Krishnan S, Robert S, Meunier S. Severity of Writer’s Cramp is Related to Faulty Motor Preparation. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3564-3577. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Traian Popa
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Praveen James
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Sunitha Robert
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Fiori F, Chiappini E, Soriano M, Paracampo R, Romei V, Borgomaneri S, Avenanti A. Long-latency modulation of motor cortex excitability by ipsilateral posterior inferior frontal gyrus and pre-supplementary motor area. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38396. [PMID: 27929075 PMCID: PMC5144072 DOI: 10.1038/srep38396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is strongly influenced by several frontal regions. Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS) has highlighted the timing of early (<40 ms) prefrontal/premotor influences over M1. Here we used dsTMS to investigate, for the first time, longer-latency causal interactions of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) with M1 at rest. A suprathreshold test stimulus (TS) was applied over M1 producing a motor-evoked potential (MEP) in the relaxed hand. Either a subthreshold or a suprathreshold conditioning stimulus (CS) was administered over ipsilateral pIFG/pre-SMA sites before the TS at different CS-TS inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs: 40-150 ms). Independently of intensity, CS over pIFG and pre-SMA (but not over a control site) inhibited MEPs at an ISI of 40 ms. The CS over pIFG produced a second peak of inhibition at an ISI of 150 ms. Additionally, facilitatory modulations were found at an ISI of 60 ms, with supra- but not subthreshold CS intensities. These findings suggest differential modulatory roles of pIFG and pre-SMA in M1 excitability. In particular, the pIFG -but not the pre-SMA- exerts intensity-dependent modulatory influences over M1 within the explored time window of 40-150 ms, evidencing fine-tuned control of M1 output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiori
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Chiappini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marco Soriano
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Paracampo
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, UK
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna 47521 Cesena, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
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15
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Abnormal interhemispheric inhibition in musician's dystonia - Trait or state? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 25:33-8. [PMID: 26923523 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A clustering of relatives with dystonia has been reported in families with musician's dystonia suggesting a genetic contribution to this disease. The aim of the present study was to determine whether interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation is impaired in healthy family members rendering it a suitable endophenotypic marker for musician's dystonia. METHODS Patients with musician's hand dystonia (n = 21), patients with sporadic writer's cramp (n = 15), their healthy family members (n = 27), healthy musicians (n = 12) and healthy non-musicians (n = 12) were included. An extended interview about the family history and musical activity was performed. IHI in both hemispheres was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation. RESULTS A stepwise regression analysis revealed musical activity (p = 0.001) and a family history of dystonia (p = 0.008) but not dystonia per se, age, handedness or gender as relevant factors modulating IHI. CONCLUSION These data support the notion of a genetic background of musician's hand dystonia and suggests that reduced IHI is a possible endophenotypic marker of this disorder.
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Reliability of negative BOLD in ipsilateral sensorimotor areas during unimanual task activity. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:245-54. [PMID: 24788334 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research using functional magnetic resonance imaging has for numerous years now reported the existence of a negative blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response. Based on accumulating evidence, this negative BOLD signal appears to represent an active inhibition of cortical areas in which it is found during task activity. This particularly important with respect to motor function given that it is fairly well-established that, in younger adults, the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex exhibits negative BOLD during unimanual movements in fMRI. This interhemispheric suppression of cortical activity may have useful implications for our understanding of both basic motor function and rehabilitation of injury or disease. However, to date, we are aware of no study that has tested the reliability of evoked negative BOLD in ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex in individuals across sessions. The current study employs a unimanual finger opposition task previously shown to evoke negative BOLD in ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex across three sessions. Reliability metrics across sessions indicates that both the magnitude and location of ipsilateral sensorimotor negative BOLD response is relatively stable over each of the three sessions. Moreover, the volume of negative BOLD in ipsilateral cortex was highly correlated with volume of positive BOLD activity in the contralateral primary motor cortex. These findings show that the negative BOLD signal can be reliably evoked in unimanual task paradigms, and that the signal dynamic could represent an active suppression of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex originating from the contralateral motor areas.
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18
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Tsang P, Bailey AZ, Nelson AJ. Rapid-rate paired associative stimulation over the primary somatosensory cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120731. [PMID: 25799422 PMCID: PMC4370473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid-rate paired associative stimulation (rPAS) involves repeat pairing of peripheral nerve stimulation and Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses at a 5 Hz frequency. RPAS over primary motor cortex (M1) operates with spike-timing dependent plasticity such that increases in corticospinal excitability occur when the nerve and TMS pulse temporally coincide in cortex. The present study investigates the effects of rPAS over primary somatosensory cortex (SI) which has not been performed to date. In a series of experiments, rPAS was delivered over SI and M1 at varying timing intervals between the nerve and TMS pulse based on the latency of the N20 somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) component within each participant (intervals for SI-rPAS: N20, N20-2.5 ms, N20 + 2.5 ms, intervals for M1-rPAS: N20, N20+5 ms). Changes in SI physiology were measured via SEPs (N20, P25, N20-P25) and SEP paired-pulse inhibition, and changes in M1 physiology were measured with motor evoked potentials and short-latency afferent inhibition. Measures were obtained before rPAS and at 5, 25 and 45 minutes following stimulation. Results indicate that paired-pulse inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition were reduced only when the SI-rPAS nerve-TMS timing interval was set to N20-2.5 ms. SI-rPAS over SI also led to remote effects on motor physiology over a wider range of nerve-TMS intervals (N20-2.5 ms – N20+2.5 ms) during which motor evoked potentials were increased. M1-rPAS increased motor evoked potentials and reduced short-latency afferent inhibition as previously reported. These data provide evidence that, similar to M1, rPAS over SI is spike-timing dependent and is capable of exerting changes in SI and M1 physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon Tsang
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aaron Z. Bailey
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aimee J. Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kukke SN, de Campos AC, Damiano D, Alter KE, Patronas N, Hallett M. Cortical activation and inter-hemispheric sensorimotor coherence in individuals with arm dystonia due to childhood stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1589-98. [PMID: 25499610 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystonia is a disabling motor disorder often without effective therapies. To better understand the genesis of dystonia after childhood stroke, we analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in this population. METHODS Resting spectral power of EEG signals over bilateral sensorimotor cortices (Powrest), resting inter-hemispheric sensorimotor coherence (Cohrest), and task-related changes in power (TRPow) and coherence (TRCoh) during wrist extension were analyzed in individuals with dystonia (age 20±3years) and healthy volunteers (age 17±5years). RESULTS Ipsilesional TRPow decrease was significantly lower in patients than controls during the more affected wrist task. Force deficits of the affected wrist correlated with reduced alpha TRPow decrease on the ipsilesional and not the contralesional hemisphere. Cohrest was significantly lower in patients than controls, and correlated with more severe dystonia and poorer hand function. Powrest and TRCoh were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The association between weakness and cortical activation during wrist extension highlights the importance of ipsilesional sensorimotor activation on function. Reduction of Cohrest in patients reflects a loss of inter-hemispheric connectivity that may result from structural changes and neuroplasticity, potentially contributing to the development of dystonia. SIGNIFICANCE Cortical and motor dysfunction are correlated in patients with childhood stroke and may in part explain the genesis of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana N Kukke
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Catholic University of America, USA; Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | - Diane Damiano
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, USA
| | - Katharine E Alter
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, USA; Mount Washington Pediatric Hospital, USA
| | - Nicholas Patronas
- Radiology Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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Perruchoud D, Murray MM, Lefebvre J, Ionta S. Focal dystonia and the Sensory-Motor Integrative Loop for Enacting (SMILE). Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:458. [PMID: 24999327 PMCID: PMC4064702 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing accurate movements requires preparation, execution, and monitoring mechanisms. The first two are coded by the motor system, the latter by the sensory system. To provide an adaptive neural basis to overt behaviors, motor and sensory information has to be properly integrated in a reciprocal feedback loop. Abnormalities in this sensory-motor loop are involved in movement disorders such as focal dystonia, a hyperkinetic alteration affecting only a specific body part and characterized by sensory and motor deficits in the absence of basic motor impairments. Despite the fundamental impact of sensory-motor integration mechanisms on daily life, the general principles of healthy and pathological anatomic–functional organization of sensory-motor integration remain to be clarified. Based on the available data from experimental psychology, neurophysiology, and neuroimaging, we propose a bio-computational model of sensory-motor integration: the Sensory-Motor Integrative Loop for Enacting (SMILE). Aiming at direct therapeutic implementations and with the final target of implementing novel intervention protocols for motor rehabilitation, our main goal is to provide the information necessary for further validating the SMILE model. By translating neuroscientific hypotheses into empirical investigations and clinically relevant questions, the prediction based on the SMILE model can be further extended to other pathological conditions characterized by impaired sensory-motor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perruchoud
- Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology, Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micah M Murray
- Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology, Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; The Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremie Lefebvre
- Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology, Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Ionta
- Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology, Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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