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Swede H, Ridwan SM, Strandberg J, Salner AL, Sporn JR, Kuo L, Ru K, Smilowitz HM. Baseline sLAG-3 levels in Caucasian and African-American breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024:10.1007/s10549-024-07455-y. [PMID: 39230627 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worse survival persists for African-Americans (AA) with breast cancer compared to other race/ethnic groups despite recent improvements for all. Unstudied in outcomes disparities to date is soluble LAG-3 (sLAG-3), cleaved from the LAG-3 immune checkpoint receptor which is a proposed target for deactivation in emerging immunotherapies due to its prominent immunosuppressive function in the tumoral microenvironment. A prior study has found that lower sLAG-3 baseline level was associated with poor outcomes. METHODS In a cross-sectional study of 95 patients with primary breast cancer (n = 58 Caucasian, n = 37 AA), we measured sLAG-3 (ELISA pg/ml) in pre-treatment blood samples using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney u-Test for independent samples, and, calculated Pearson r correlation coefficients of sLAG-3 with circulating cytokines by race. RESULTS Mean sLAG-3 level was lower in AA compared to Caucasian patients (1377.6 vs 3690.3, P = .002), and in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to those with non-TNBC malignancies (P = .02). When patients with TNBC tumors were excluded from analyses, the difference in sLAG-3 level between AA (n = 21) and Caucasian patients (n = 40) substantially remained (1937.4 vs 4182.4, P = .06). Among Caucasian patients, sLAG-3 was correlated with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 (r = .69, P < .001; r = .70, P < .001; and, r = .46, P = .01; respectively). For AA patients, sLAG-3 was correlated only with IL-6 (r = .37, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS We present the first report that African-American breast cancer patients might have comparatively low pre-treatment sLAG-3 levels, independent of TNBC status, along with reduced co-expression with circulating cytokines. The mechanistic and prognostic role of cleaved LAG-3, particularly in disparate outcomes, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Swede
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sharif M Ridwan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jillian Strandberg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Andrew L Salner
- Cancer Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Sporn
- Yale Smilow Cancer Program, Saint Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Lynn Kuo
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Karen Ru
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Henry M Smilowitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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2
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Gorgulho J, Roderburg C, Beier F, Bokemeyer C, Brümmendorf TH, Loosen SH, Luedde T. Soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3 (sLAG3) and CD4/CD8 ratio dynamics as predictive biomarkers in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade for solid malignancies. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1013-1022. [PMID: 38233492 PMCID: PMC10951205 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for biomarkers to identify suitable candidates for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy remains ongoing. We evaluate how soluble levels of the next generation immune checkpoint Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (sLAG-3) and its association with circulating T lymphocyte subsets could pose as a novel biomarker to predict outcome to ICI therapy. METHODS Circulating levels of sLAG3 were analyzed using multiplex immunoassay in n = 84 patients undergoing ICI therapy for advanced solid cancer, accompanied by flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Uni- and multivariate analysis shows that patients with higher sLAG3 concentrations before ICI therapy had a significantly impaired progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (HRPFS: 1.005 [95%CI: 1.000-1.009], p = 0.039; HROS: 1.006 [95%CI: 1.001-1.011], p = 0.015). The CD4/CD8 cell ratio and its dynamics during therapy were strong predictors of PFS and OS with patients with a decreasing ratio between baseline and after 1-2 cycles having an improved median OS compared to patients with increasing values (p = 0.012, HR: 3.32). An immunological score combining sLAG3 and the CD4/CD8 ratio showed the highest predictive potential (HROS: 10.3). CONCLUSION Pending prospective validation, sLAG3 and correlating circulating T-cell subsets can be used as a non-invasive predictive marker to predict outcome to ICI therapy to help identifying ideal ICI candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Gorgulho
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIOABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Beier
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIOABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIOABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven H Loosen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIOABCD), Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIOABCD), Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Soni R, Mathur K, Shah J. An update on new-age potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102208. [PMID: 38296162 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that deals with dopaminergic deficiency in Substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc) region of the brain. Dopaminergic deficiency manifests into motor dysfunction. Alpha-synuclein protein aggregation is the source for inception of the pathology. Motor symptoms include rigidity, akinesia, tremor and gait dysfunction. Pre-motor symptoms are also seen in early stage of the disease; however, they are not distinguishable. Lack of early diagnosis in PD pathology poses a major challenge for development of disease modifying therapeutics. Substantial neuronal loss has already been occurred before the clinical manifestations appear and hence, it becomes impossible to halt the disease progression. Current diagnostics are majorly based on the clinical symptoms and thus fail to detect early progression of the disease. Thus, there is need for early diagnosis of PD, for detection of the disease at its inception. This will facilitate the effective use of therapies that halt the progression and will make remission possible. Many novel biomarkers are being developed that include blood-based biomarker, CSF biomarker. Other than that, there are non-invasive techniques that can detect biomarkers. We aim to discuss potential role of these new age biomarkers and their association with PD pathogenesis in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Kirti Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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5
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Zych M, Roszczyk A, Dąbrowski F, Kniotek M, Zagożdżon R. Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss-A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:499. [PMID: 38203670 PMCID: PMC10779235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) serve as regulatory switches on immune-competent cells. Soluble ICPs consist of fragments derived from ICP molecules typically located on cell membranes. Research has demonstrated that they perform similar functions to their membrane-bound counterparts but are directly present in the bloodstream. Effective control of the maternal immune system is vital for a successful pregnancy due to genetic differences between the mother and fetus. Abnormalities in the immune response are widely acknowledged as the primary cause of spontaneous abortions. In our research, we introduce a novel approach to understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms underlying recurrent miscarriages and explore new possibilities for diagnosing and preventing pregnancy loss. The female participants in the study were divided into three groups: RSA (recurrent spontaneous abortion), pregnant, and non-pregnant women. The analysis of soluble forms of immune checkpoints and their ligands in the serum of the study groups was conducted using the Luminex method Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of (ICPs) were observed between physiological pregnancies and the RSA group. Among patients with RSA, we noted reduced concentrations of sGalectin-9, sTIM-3, and sCD155, along with elevated concentrations of LAG-3, sCD80, and sCD86 ICPs, in comparison to physiological pregnancies. Our study indicates that sGalectin-9, TIM-3, sLAG-3, sCD80, sCD86, sVISTA, sNectin-2, and sCD155 could potentially serve as biological markers of a healthy, physiological pregnancy. These findings suggest that changes in the concentrations of soluble immune checkpoints may have the potential to act as markers for early pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zych
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.R.); (R.Z.)
| | - Aleksander Roszczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.R.); (R.Z.)
| | - Filip Dąbrowski
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland;
- Club35, Polish Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists PTGiP, Cybernetyki7F/87, 02-677 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Starynkiewicza 1, 02-015 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Monika Kniotek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.R.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland; (M.Z.); (A.R.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland
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6
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Li Y, Ju M, Miao Y, Zhao L, Xing L, Wei M. Advancement of anti-LAG-3 in cancer therapy. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23236. [PMID: 37846808 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have effectively transformed the treatment of many cancers, particularly those highly devastating malignancies. With their widespread popularity, the drawbacks of immune checkpoint inhibitors are also recognized, such as drug resistance and immune-related systematic side effects. Thus, it never stops investigating novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is a well-established co-inhibitory receptor that performs negative regulation on immune responses. Recently, a novel FDA-approved LAG-3 blocking agent, together with nivolumab as a new combinational immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma, brought LAG-3 back into focus. Clinical data suggests that anti-LAG-3 agents can amplify the therapeutic response of other immune checkpoint inhibitors with manageable side effects. In this review, we elucidate the intercellular and intracellular mechanisms of LAG-3, clarify the current understanding of LAG-3 in the tumor microenvironment, identify present LAG-3-associated therapeutic agents, discuss current LAG-3-involving clinical trials, and eventually address future prospects for LAG-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Mingyi Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Precision Laboratory, Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin, P.R. China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Shenyang Kangwei Medical Laboratory Analysis Co. Ltd, Shenyang, P.R. China
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7
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Zhang W, Ding L, Chen H, Zhang M, Ma R, Zheng S, Gong J, Zhang Z, Xu H, Xu P, Zhang Y. Cntnap4 partial deficiency exacerbates α-synuclein pathology through astrocyte-microglia C3-C3aR pathway. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:285. [PMID: 37087484 PMCID: PMC10122675 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, which is characterized by dopaminergic (DA) neuron death and the aggregation of neurotoxic α-synuclein. Cntnap4, a risk gene of autism, has been implicated to participate in PD pathogenesis. Here we showed Cntnap4 lacking exacerbates α-synuclein pathology, nigrostriatal DA neuron degeneration and motor impairment, induced by injection of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated human α-synuclein overexpression (AAV-hα-Syn). This scenario was further validated in A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice injected with AAV-Cntnap4 shRNA. Mechanistically, α-synuclein derived from damaged DA neuron stimulates astrocytes to release complement C3, activating microglial C3a receptor (C3aR), which in turn triggers microglia to secrete complement C1q and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the astrocyte-microglia crosstalk further drives DA neuron death and motor dysfunction in PD. Furthermore, we showed that in vivo depletion of microglia and microglial targeted delivery of a novel C3aR antagonist (SB290157) rescue the aggravated α-synuclein pathology resulting from Cntnap4 lacking. Together, our results indicate that Cntnap4 plays a key role in α-synuclein pathogenesis by regulating glial crosstalk and may be a potential target for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Liuyan Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Runfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Junwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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Khan MA, Haider N, Singh T, Bandopadhyay R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Taha M, Ahmad J, Mishra A. Promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of Parkinson's disease: recent advancements and contemporary research. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:873-919. [PMID: 36807081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the progressive neurological diseases which affect around 10 million population worldwide. The clinical manifestation of motor symptoms in PD patients appears later when most dopaminergic neurons have degenerated. Thus, for better management of PD, the development of accurate biomarkers for the early prognosis of PD is imperative. The present work will discuss the potential biomarkers from various attributes covering biochemical, microRNA, and neuroimaging aspects (α-synuclein, DJ-1, UCH-L1, β-glucocerebrosidase, BDNF, etc.) for diagnosis, recent development in PD management, and major limitations with current and conventional anti-Parkinson therapy. This manuscript summarizes potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, based on available preclinical and clinical evidence, for better management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtada Taha
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Kamrup, Changsari, Assam, 781101, India.
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9
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García-Martín E, Pastor P, Gómez-Tabales J, Alonso-Navarro H, Alvarez I, Buongiorno M, Cerezo-Arias MDLO, Aguilar M, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Association between LAG3/CD4 gene variants and risk of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13847. [PMID: 36224715 PMCID: PMC9787747 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Several recent studies suggest a possible role of lymphocyte activation 3 (LAG3) protein. LAG3 can behave as an α-synuclein ligand, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid-soluble LAG3 levels have been proposed as a marker of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there is an association between 3 common single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the LAG3 gene and its closely related CD4 molecule gene and the risk of PD in a Caucasian Spanish population. Two of them have been previously associated with the risk of PD in Chinese females. METHODS We analysed genotypes and allele frequencies for CD4 rs1922452, CD4 951818 and LAG3 rs870849 SNVs, by using specifically designed TaqMan assays, in a cohort composed of 629 PD patients and 865 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS The frequencies of the CD4 rs1922452 A/A genotype, according to the dominant and recessive genetic models, and of the CD4 rs1922452/A allelic variant were significantly lower, and the frequencies of the CD4 rs951818 A/A genotype, according to the dominant genetic model, and of the CD4 rs951818/A allele, were significantly higher in PD patients than in controls. The differences were not significant after stratifying by sex. These two SNVs showed strong linkage. Regression models showed a lack of relation between the 3 SNVs studied and the age at onset of PD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a possible role of CD4 rs1922452 and CD4 rs951818 polymorphisms in the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mariateresa Buongiorno
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Aguilar
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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10
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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11
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Tian J, Liu Y, Zhang T, Yue L, Xiao Y, Guo C. LAG-3 is a promising inhibitory immune checkpoint for antitumor immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:289-296. [PMID: 35132925 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2039124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Engagement of LAG-3 by its ligands to trigger downstream signaling can inhibit immune responses and regulate the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. AREAS COVERED We used keywords to search for relevant publications in PubMed and information on websites. After systematic analysis, we discuss the biological characteristics of LAG-3 and its ligands, LAG-3 related signaling, its roles in the pathogenesis of tumors, and its blockages for the treatment of cancers, as well as current challenges and future directions of research. EXPERT OPINION Although the mechanisms underlying the action of LAG-3/ligand-related signaling in tumor development are not fully understood, advances in scientific research and LAG-3-based immunotherapies are promising. Further studies to explore its biological roles and molecular mechanisms may aid in developing new LAG-3- and ligand-based therapeutic drugs to benefit patients with different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - TengLong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Yue
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - YaNan Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital West Campus, Qingdao, China
| | - ChengYe Guo
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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12
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Burnell SEA, Capitani L, MacLachlan BJ, Mason GH, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. Seven mysteries of LAG-3: a multi-faceted immune receptor of increasing complexity. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 2:ltab025. [PMID: 35265944 PMCID: PMC8895726 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite three decades of research to its name and increasing interest in immunotherapies that target it, LAG-3 remains an elusive co-inhibitory receptor in comparison to the well-established PD-1 and CTLA-4. As such, LAG-3 targeting therapies have yet to achieve the clinical success of therapies targeting other checkpoints. This could, in part, be attributed to the many unanswered questions that remain regarding LAG-3 biology. Of these, we address: (i) the function of the many LAG-3-ligand interactions, (ii) the hurdles that remain to acquire a high-resolution structure of LAG-3, (iii) the under-studied LAG-3 signal transduction mechanism, (iv) the elusive soluble form of LAG-3, (v) the implications of the lack of (significant) phenotype of LAG-3 knockout mice, (vi) the reports of LAG-3 expression on the epithelium, and (vii) the conflicting reports of LAG-3 expression (and potential contributions to pathology) in the brain. These mysteries which surround LAG-3 highlight how the ever-evolving study of its biology continues to reveal ever-increasing complexity in its role as an immune receptor. Importantly, answering the questions which shroud LAG-3 in mystery will allow the maximum therapeutic benefit of LAG-3 targeting immunotherapies in cancer, autoimmunity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Emmenegger M, De Cecco E, Hruska‐Plochan M, Eninger T, Schneider MM, Barth M, Tantardini E, de Rossi P, Bacioglu M, Langston RG, Kaganovich A, Bengoa‐Vergniory N, Gonzalez‐Guerra A, Avar M, Heinzer D, Reimann R, Häsler LM, Herling TW, Matharu NS, Landeck N, Luk K, Melki R, Kahle PJ, Hornemann S, Knowles TPJ, Cookson MR, Polymenidou M, Jucker M, Aguzzi A. LAG3 is not expressed in human and murine neurons and does not modulate α-synucleinopathies. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14745. [PMID: 34309222 PMCID: PMC8422075 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the initial pathology of Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies is often confined to circumscribed brain regions, it can spread and progressively affect adjacent and distant brain locales. This process may be controlled by cellular receptors of α-synuclein fibrils, one of which was proposed to be the LAG3 immune checkpoint molecule. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of LAG3 in human and mouse brains. Using a variety of methods and model systems, we found no evidence for LAG3 expression by neurons. While we confirmed that LAG3 interacts with α-synuclein fibrils, the specificity of this interaction appears limited. Moreover, overexpression of LAG3 in cultured human neural cells did not cause any worsening of α-synuclein pathology ex vivo. The overall survival of A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice was unaffected by LAG3 depletion, and the seeded induction of α-synuclein lesions in hippocampal slice cultures was unaffected by LAG3 knockout. These data suggest that the proposed role of LAG3 in the spreading of α-synucleinopathies is not universally valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Timo Eninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Matthias M Schneider
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Melanie Barth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pierre de Rossi
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rebekah G Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nora Bengoa‐Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsOxford Parkinson’s Disease Center (OPDC)Oxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | | | - Merve Avar
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Heinzer
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Regina Reimann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Therese W Herling
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Naunehal S Matharu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease ResearchUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesCNRSInstitut François Jacob (MIRCen)CEAFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of NeurodegenerationHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | | | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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15
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Characteristics of the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with Parkinson's disease - the SFC BP multicentre study in China. J Hypertens 2021; 38:2270-2278. [PMID: 32649630 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular dysautonomia can be present at early, late and even prodromal stages of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and investigate the frequency of cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease without an abnormal BP history. METHODS Parkinson's disease patients without history of abnormal BP were consecutively enrolled from three Chinese centres, on whom office BP measurement, neurological evaluations and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring were performed. RESULTS Totally, 101 Parkinson's disease patients (42.6% women) with an average age of 66.6 ± 8.2 years were included in our cohort, and data analysis revealed that 26 (25.74%) patients suffered from orthostatic hypotension, among whom 18 (69.23%) were symptomatic. Patients with orthostatic hypotension compared with those without had significantly higher nocturnal SBP level, and more severe nonmotor symptoms, autonomic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Further, 54 out of 101 (53.47%) individuals had a reverse dipping pattern in SBP and/or DBP. Reverse dippers had more cases of orthostatic hypotension (P < 0.001), and more severe nonmotor symptoms. SBP dipping ratio of less than -2.98% generated 76.9% of sensitivity, 69.3% of specificity, 46.5% of positive predictive value (PPV), 89.7% of negative predictive value (NPV) and 77.4% of accuracy, while diastolic dipping ratio of less than -1.80% generated 76.9% of sensitivity, 70.7% specificity, 47.6% of PPV, 89.8% of NPV and 77.8% of accuracy for suspecting orthostatic hypotension. CONCLUSION Orthostatic hypotension can occur in one-fourth Parkinson's disease patients without abnormal BP history, and reverse dipping was present in more than half of patients with Parkinson's disease. Reverse dipping pattern was helpful to suspect orthostatic hypotension.
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16
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Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040086. [PMID: 32340360 PMCID: PMC7235703 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis and biomarker potential, aiming to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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17
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Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Bonvegna S, Cilia R. The gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: A culprit or a bystander? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:357-450. [PMID: 32247371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale metagenomics projects such as the Human Microbiome Project placed the gut microbiota under the spotlight of research on its role in health and in the pathogenesis several diseases, as it can be a target for novel therapeutical approaches. The emerging concept of a microbiota modulation of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored in several studies in animal models, as well as in human subjects. Particularly, research on changes in the composition of gut microbiota as a potential trigger for alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing interest. In the present review, we first provide the basis to the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in healthy subjects and the molecular basis of the gut-brain interaction, focusing on metabolic and neuroinflammatory factors that could trigger the alpha-synuclein conformational changes and aggregation. Then, we critically explored preclinical and clinical studies reporting on the changes in gut microbiota in PD, as compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiota and PD clinical features, discussing data consistently reported across studies, as well as the potential sources of inconsistencies. As a further step toward understanding the effects of gut microbiota on PD, we discussed the relationship between dysbiosis and response to dopamine replacement therapy, focusing on Levodopa metabolism. We conclude that further studies are needed to determine whether the gut microbiota changes observed so far in PD patients is the cause or, instead, it is merely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Regardless, studies so far strongly suggest that changes in microbiota appears to be impactful in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Thus, dysbiotic microbiota in PD could influence the disease course and response to medication, especially Levodopa. Future research will assess the impact of microbiota-directed therapeutic intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Guo W, Zhou M, Qiu J, Lin Y, Chen X, Huang S, Mo M, Liu H, Peng G, Zhu X, Xu P. Association of LAG3 genetic variation with an increased risk of PD in Chinese female population. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:270. [PMID: 31847878 PMCID: PMC6918662 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation and intercellular transmission contributes to pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the toxic fibrillary α-syn binds lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) receptor that mediates α-syn transmission. The deletion of LAG3 in animal models was shown to limit α-syn spreading and alleviate the pathological changes of dopaminergic neurons and animal behavioral deficits induced by α-syn aggregation. However, little is known about the genetic association of LAG3 variation with human PD development. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated LAG3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and examined the levels of soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) of CSF and serum from Chinese PD patients. METHODS We enrolled 646 PD patients and 536 healthy controls to conduct a case-control study. All the participants were genotyped using Sequenom iPLEX Assay and the partial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were assessed by Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence (MSD-ECL) immunoassay to measure sLAG3 concentration. RESULTS As a result, distributions of rs1922452-AA (1.975, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.311-2.888, p = 0.001) and rs951818-CC (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.369-3.010, p = 0.001) genotype frequencies were found higher in the female PD patients than controls, respectively, and a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated on the variants. The level of sLAG3 in CSF of PD patients was found to significantly differ from that of controls (51.56 ± 15.05 pg/ml vs 88.49 ± 62.96 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Meanwhile, the concentration of α-synuclein in CSF of patients was significantly lower than that of controls (939.9 ± 2900 pg/ml vs 2476 ± 4403 pg/ml, p < 0.0001) and the level of sLAG3 was detected to be positive correlation with that of α-synuclein in the control group (r = 0.597, p = 0.0042), but not in PD group (r = 0.111, p = 0.408). CONCLUSION In summary, our data suggested that LAG3 SNPs increase the PD risk of Chinese female population and the sLAG3 may be a potential biomarker predicted for PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiewen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shuxuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guoyou Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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19
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Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease: How Good Are They? Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:183-194. [PMID: 31646434 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with no cure in sight. Clinical challenges of the disease include the inability to make a definitive diagnosis at the early stages and difficulties in predicting the disease progression. The unmet demand to identify reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and management of the disease course of PD has attracted a lot of attention. However, only a few reported candidate biomarkers have been tried in clinical practice at the present time. Studies on PD biomarkers have often overemphasized the discovery of novel identity, whereas efforts to further evaluate such candidates are rare. Therefore, we update the new development of biomarker discovery in PD and discuss the standard process in the evaluation and assessment of the diagnostic or prognostic value of the identified potential PD biomarkers in this review article. Recent developments in combined biomarkers and the current status of clinical trials of biomarkers as outcome measures are also discussed. We believe that the combination of different biomarkers might enhance the specificity and sensitivity over a single measure that might not be sufficient for such a multiplex disease.
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20
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Wang HL, Lu CS, Yeh TH, Shen YM, Weng YH, Huang YZ, Chen RS, Liu YC, Cheng YC, Chang HC, Chen YL, Chen YJ, Lin YW, Hsu CC, Lin HL, Chiu CH, Chiu CC. Combined Assessment of Serum Alpha-Synuclein and Rab35 is a Better Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:488-495. [PMID: 31591837 PMCID: PMC6785464 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is essential to develop a reliable predictive serum biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) and up-regulated expression of Rab35 participate in the etiology of PD. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a useful predictive biomarker for PD. METHODS Serum levels of αSyn or Rab35 were determined in serum samples from 59 sporadic PD patients, 19 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, 20 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 60 normal controls (NC). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of αSyn or/and Rab35 in discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients. RESULTS The levels of αSyn and Rab35 were increased in PD patients. The serum level of Rab35 was positively correlated with that of αSyn in PD patients. Compared to analyzing αSyn or Rab35 alone, the combined analysis of αSyn and Rab35 produced a larger area under the ROC curve and performed better in discriminating PD patients from NC, MSA patients, or PSP patients. When age was dichotomized at 55, 60, 65, or 70 years, the combined assessment of αSyn and Rab35 for classifying PD was better in the group below the cutoff age than in the group above the cutoff age. CONCLUSIONS Combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a better biomarker for discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients, and is a useful predictive biomarker for younger sporadic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ming Shen
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Yi Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chuan Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Chen Chang
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Ling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia Chen Hsu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang Li Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi Han Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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