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Wu C, Wu H, Zhou C, Guan X, Guo T, Wu J, Chen J, Wen J, Qin J, Tan S, Duanmu X, Yuan W, Zheng Q, Zhang B, Xu X, Zhang M. Neurovascular coupling alteration in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease: The underlying molecular mechanisms and levodopa's restoration effects. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106406. [PMID: 38199273 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit an imbalance between neuronal activity and perfusion, referred to as abnormal neurovascular coupling (NVC). Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism and how levodopa, the standard treatment in PD, regulates NVC is largely unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 52 drug-naïve PD patients and 49 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled. NVC was characterized in vivo by relating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF). Motor assessments and MRI scanning were conducted on drug-naïve patients before and after levodopa therapy (OFF/ON state). Regional NVC differences between patients and NCs were identified, followed by an assessment of the associated receptors/transporters. The influence of levodopa on NVC, CBF, and ALFF within these abnormal regions was analyzed. RESULTS Compared to NCs, OFF-state patients showed NVC dysfunction in significantly lower NVC in left precentral, postcentral, superior parietal cortex, and precuneus, along with higher NVC in left anterior cingulate cortex, right olfactory cortex, thalamus, caudate, and putamen (P-value <0.0006). The distribution of NVC differences correlated with the density of dopaminergic, serotonin, MU-opioid, and cholinergic receptors/transporters. Additionally, levodopa ameliorated abnormal NVC in most of these regions, where there were primarily ALFF changes with limited CBF modifications. CONCLUSION Patients exhibited NVC dysfunction primarily in the striato-thalamo-cortical circuit and motor control regions, which could be driven by dopaminergic and nondopaminergic systems, and levodopa therapy mainly restored abnormal NVC by modulating neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqing Wu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoting Wu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Guan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Qin
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Tan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Duanmu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijin Yuan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianshi Zheng
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Stanca S, Rossetti M, Bokulic Panichi L, Bongioanni P. The Cellular Dysfunction of the Brain-Blood Barrier from Endothelial Cells to Astrocytes: The Pathway towards Neurotransmitter Impairment in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1250. [PMID: 38279249 PMCID: PMC10816922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an articulated psychiatric syndrome characterized by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Our intention is to present a pathogenetic model combining SCZ alterations and the main cellular actors of the blood-brain barrier (BBB): endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes. The homeostasis of the BBB is preserved by the neurovascular unit which is constituted by ECs, astrocytes and microglia, neurons, and the extracellular matrix. The role of the BBB is strictly linked to its ability to preserve the biochemical integrity of brain parenchyma integrity. In SCZ, there is an increased BBB permeability, demonstrated by elevated levels of albumin and immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, and this is the result of an intrinsic endothelial impairment. Increased BBB permeability would lead to enhanced concentrations of neurotoxic and neuroactive molecules in the brain. The pathogenetic involvement of astrocytes in SCZ reverberates its consequences on BBB, together with the impact on its permeability and selectivity represented by the EC and pericyte damage occurring in the psychotic picture. Understanding the strict interaction between ECs and astrocytes, and its consequent impact on cognition, is diriment not only for comprehension of neurotransmitter dyshomeostasis in SCZ, but also for focusing on other potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stanca
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Rossetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leona Bokulic Panichi
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bongioanni
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Park DG, Kim MS, Shin IJ, Yoon JH. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves vascular endothelial function in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 116:105882. [PMID: 37844349 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular health (white matter change, vascular risk factor, angiogenesis, microvascular alteration) is associated with clinical progression or levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD. Vascular endothelial function is known to reflect the earliest vascular change. While DBS can improve motor and non-motor symptoms, the effect of DBS on vascular endothelial function is unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether DBS surgery could impact vascular endothelial function in PD. METHOD A total of 20 PD patients were recruited. Vascular endothelial function was evaluated with flow-mediated dilation (FMD). FMD was investigated before and after one year of DBS surgery. RESULTS FMD improved (6.01 ± 1.58 to 6.84 ± 1.57, p = 0.027). While the level of homocysteine slightly decreased (13.8 ± 4.1 to 13.0 ± 3.2, p = 0.05), there was no significant correlation between FMD changes and homocysteine levels (r = 0.42, p = 0.065). FMD change was associated with baseline age (r = -0.59, p = 0.006) but not with disease duration (p = 0.73), baseline UPDRS III (p = 0.81), change of UPDRS III and dyskinesia, and LEDD change (p = 0.94). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that only age (B = -0.139; p = 0.024) was significantly and inversely correlated with the change of FMD. CONCLUSIONS We found that STN-DBS improves vascular endothelial function in PD. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact pathogenesis and clinical implication of beneficial effects on vascular endothelial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Gueu Park
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ja Shin
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Dai L, Yuan B, Zhang B, Chen W, Yuan X, Liu X, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao X. Gas/Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Key Functional Substances Regulating Poll Gland Secretion in Male Camels during Seasonal Estrus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2024. [PMID: 37370534 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased poll gland secretion is a major characteristic and indicator of estrus in male Bactrian camels; however, research on these poll glands and their secretion is extremely rare. In this study, we determine the chemical composition of poll gland secretions and identify the key functional substances that regulate seasonal estrus in male camels. A GC/LC-MS dual platform was used to analyze ventral hair (control) and neck mane samples containing poll gland secretions from male Bactrian camels during estrus. Multidimensional and single-dimensional analyses were used to screen differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between groups. Functional prediction of enriched metabolites was performed using a Human Metabolome Database comparison and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, which were then compared with a behavioral analysis of male Bactrian camels in estrus. A total of 1172 DEMs and 34 differential metabolic pathways were identified. One metabolite group was found to relate to steroid synthesis and metabolism, and another metabolite group was associated with neural metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that steroids and neurochemicals jointly regulate estrous behavior in male Bactrian camels, thus providing theoretical insights into the development and function of poll glands in Bactrian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bohao Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xixue Yuan
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Espa E, Song L, Skovgård K, Fanni S, Cenci MA. Dopamine Agonist Cotreatment Alters Neuroplasticity and Pharmacology of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2023; 38:410-422. [PMID: 36656044 PMCID: PMC10114531 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current models of levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) are obtained by treating dopamine-depleted animals with L-dopa. However, patients with LID receive combination therapies that often include dopamine agonists. OBJECTIVE Using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats as a model, we aimed to establish whether an adjunct treatment with the D2/3 agonist ropinirole impacts on patterns of LID-related neuroplasticity and drug responses. METHODS Different regimens of L-dopa monotreatment and L-dopa-ropinirole cotreatment were compared using measures of hypokinesia and dyskinesia. Striatal expression of ∆FosB and angiogenesis markers were studied immunohistochemically. Antidyskinetic effects of different drug categories were investigated in parallel groups of rats receiving either L-dopa monotreatment or L-dopa combined with ropinirole. RESULTS We defined chronic regimens of L-dopa monotreatment and L-dopa-ropinirole cotreatment inducing overall similar abnormal involuntary movement scores. Compared with the monotreatment group, animals receiving the L-dopa-ropinirole combination exhibited an overall lower striatal expression of ∆FosB with a distinctive compartmental distribution. The expression of angiogenesis markers and blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability was markedly reduced after L-dopa-ropinirole cotreatment compared with L-dopa monotreatment. Moreover, significant group differences were detected upon examining the response to candidate antidyskinetic drugs. In particular, compounds modulating D1 receptor signaling had a stronger effect in the L-dopa-only group, whereas both amantadine and the selective NMDA antagonist MK801 produced a markedly larger antidyskinetic effect in L-dopa-ropinirole cotreated animals. CONCLUSIONS Cotreatment with ropinirole altered LID-related neuroplasticity and pharmacological response profiles. The impact of adjuvant dopamine agonist treatment should be taken into consideration when investigating LID mechanisms and candidate interventions in both clinical and experimental settings. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, XinhuaHospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Katrine Skovgård
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Silvia Fanni
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Wu Y, Lian P, Cao X, Xu Y. ONO-2506 Can Delay Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia in the Early Stage. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00068-4. [PMID: 36796751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common motor complication of levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, the role of astrocytes in LID has increasingly attracted attention. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of an astrocyte regulator (ONO-2506) on LID in a rat model and the potential underlying physiological mechanism. METHODS Unilateral LID rat models, established by administering 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle through stereotactic injection, were injected with ONO-2506 or saline into the striatum through brain catheterization and were administered L-DOPA to induce LID. Through a series of behavioral experiments, LID performance was observed. Relevant indicators were assessed through biochemical experiments. RESULTS In the LID model of 6-OHDA rats, ONO-2506 significantly delayed the development and reduced the degree of abnormal involuntary movement in the early stage of L-DOPA treatment and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) expression in the striatum compared to saline. However, there was no significant difference in the improvement in motor function between the ONO-2506 and saline groups. CONCLUSIONS ONO-2506 delays the emergence of L-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements in the early stage of L-DOPA administration, without affecting the anti-PD effect of L-DOPA. The delaying effect of ONO-2506 on LID may be linked to the increased expression of GLT-1 in the rat striatum. Interventions targeting astrocytes and glutamate transporters are potential therapeutic strategies to delay the development of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Piaopiao Lian
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Kim MS, Park DG, Gil YE, Shin IJ, Yoon JH. The effect of levodopa treatment on vascular endothelial function in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:2964-2968. [PMID: 36790545 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been increasing awareness that micro-vascular alteration or vascular inflammation has been associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD. Vascular endothelial function assessed by flow mediated dilation (FMD) is known to reflect early microvascular change. We compare the impact of levodopa or dopamine agonist treatment on the change of FMD in de novo PD patients. METHODS This retrospective study used a selected sample from registry. We identified de-novo PD patients who underwent FMD at baseline, and follow-up FMD after 1 year (± 2 month) of levodopa (n = 18) or dopamine agonist (n = 18) treatment. RESULTS FMD decreased after levodopa (8.60 ± 0.46 to 7.21 ± 0.4, p = 0.002) but there were no significant changes after DA treatment (8.33 ± 0.38 to 8.22 ± 0.33, p = 0.26). Homocysteine rose (11.52 ± 0.45 to 14.33 ± 0.68, p < 0.05) during levodopa treatment, but dopamine agonist had no effect (10.59 ± 0.38 to 11.38 ± 0.67, p = 0.184). Correlation analysis revealed that the changes in homocysteine level had non-significant correlation with FMD change (r = - 0.30, p = 0.06). FMD change was not associated with age (p = 0.47), disease duration (p = 0.81), baseline motor UPDRS (p = 0.43), motor UPDRS change (p = 0.64), levodopa equivalent dose change (p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS We found that 1-year levodopa treatment may adversely affect vascular endothelial function in de novo PD. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact pathogenesis and clinical implication of levodopa-induced endothelial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 San, Woncheon-dong, Yongtong-gu, World Cup ro, Suwon-si, Kyunggi-do, 442-749, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Gueu Park
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 San, Woncheon-dong, Yongtong-gu, World Cup ro, Suwon-si, Kyunggi-do, 442-749, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Gil
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 San, Woncheon-dong, Yongtong-gu, World Cup ro, Suwon-si, Kyunggi-do, 442-749, South Korea
| | - In Ja Shin
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 San, Woncheon-dong, Yongtong-gu, World Cup ro, Suwon-si, Kyunggi-do, 442-749, South Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 San, Woncheon-dong, Yongtong-gu, World Cup ro, Suwon-si, Kyunggi-do, 442-749, South Korea.
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Zhang X, Chen W, Wu Y, Zeng W, Yuan Y, Cheng C, Yang X, Wang J, Yang X, Xu Y, Lei H, Cao X, Xu Y. Histological Correlates of Neuroanatomical Changes in a Rat Model of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia Based on Voxel-Based Morphometry. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:759934. [PMID: 34776935 PMCID: PMC8581620 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.759934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term therapy with levodopa (L-DOPA) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often triggers motor complications termed as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). However, few studies have explored the pathogenesis of LID from the perspective of neuroanatomy. This study aimed to investigate macroscopic structural changes in a rat model of LID and the underlying histological mechanisms. First, we established the hemiparkinsonism rat model through stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, followed by administration of saline (PD) or L-DOPA to induce LID. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and behavioral evaluations were performed at different time points. Histological analysis was conducted to assess the correlations between MRI signal changes and cellular contributors. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed progressive bilateral volume reduction in the cortical and subcortical areas in PD rats compared with the sham rats. These changes were partially reversed by chronic L-DOPA administration; moreover, there was a significant volume increase mainly in the dorsolateral striatum, substantia nigra, and piriform cortex of the lesioned side compared with that of PD rats. At the striatal cellular level, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) astrocytes were significantly increased in the lesioned dorsolateral striatum of PD rats compared with the intact side and the sham group. Prolonged L-DOPA treatment further increased GFAP levels. Neither 6-OHDA damage nor L-DOPA treatment influenced the striatal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, there was a considerable increase in synapse-associated proteins (SYP, PSD95, and SAP97) in the lesioned striatum of LID rats relative to the PD rats. Golgi-Cox staining analysis of the dendritic spine morphology revealed an increased density of dendritic spines after chronic L-DOPA treatment. Taken together, our findings suggest that striatal volume changes in LID rats involve astrocyte activation, enrichment of synaptic ultrastructure and signaling proteins in the ipsilateral striatum. Meanwhile, the data highlight the enormous potential of structural MRI, especially VBM analysis, in determining the morphological phenotype of rodent models of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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