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Gabaldon-Albero A, Mayo S, Martinez F. NR4A2 as a Novel Target Gene for Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review of Related Disorders and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5198. [PMID: 38791237 PMCID: PMC11120677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The NR4A2 gene encodes an orphan transcription factor of the steroid-thyroid hormone-retinoid receptor superfamily. This review focuses on the clinical findings associated with the pathogenic variants so far reported, including three unreported cases. Also, its role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, is examined, as well as a brief exploration on recent proposals to develop novel therapies for these neurological diseases based on small molecules that could modulate NR4A2 transcriptional activity. The main characteristic shared by all patients is mild to severe developmental delay/intellectual disability. Moderate to severe disorder of the expressive and receptive language is present in at least 42%, while neuro-psychiatric issues were reported in 53% of patients. Movement disorders, including dystonia, chorea or ataxia, are described in 37% patients, although probably underestimated because of its frequent onset in late adolescence-young adulthood. Finally, epilepsy was surprisingly present in 42% of patients, being drug-resistant in three of them. The age at onset varied widely, from five months to twenty-six years, as did the classification of epilepsy, which ranged from focal epilepsy to infantile spasms or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Accordingly, we propose that NR4A2 should be considered as a first-tier target gene for the genetic diagnosis of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gabaldon-Albero
- Translational Research Group in Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sonia Mayo
- Genetics and Inheritance Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Translational Research Group in Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Zech M, Winkelmann J. Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics in rare movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:114-126. [PMID: 38172289 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ability to sequence entire exomes and genomes has revolutionized molecular testing in rare movement disorders, and genomic sequencing is becoming an integral part of routine diagnostic workflows for these heterogeneous conditions. However, interpretation of the extensive genomic variant information that is being generated presents substantial challenges. In this Perspective, we outline multidimensional strategies for genetic diagnosis in patients with rare movement disorders. We examine bioinformatics tools and computational metrics that have been developed to facilitate accurate prioritization of disease-causing variants. Additionally, we highlight community-driven data-sharing and case-matchmaking platforms, which are designed to foster the discovery of new genotype-phenotype relationships. Finally, we consider how multiomic data integration might optimize diagnostic success by combining genomic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and/or proteomic profiling to enable a more holistic evaluation of variant effects. Together, the approaches that we discuss offer pathways to the improved understanding of the genetic basis of rare movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany.
- DZPG, Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Munich, Germany.
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Skiteva O, Yao N, Mantas I, Zhang X, Perlmann T, Svenningsson P, Chergui K. Aberrant somatic calcium channel function in cNurr1 and LRRK2-G2019S mice. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37029193 PMCID: PMC10082048 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), axons of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) degenerate before their cell bodies. Calcium influx during pacemaker firing might contribute to neuronal loss, but it is not known if dysfunctions of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) occur in DA neurons somata and axon terminals. We investigated T-type and L-type VGCCs in SNc-DA neurons of two mouse models of PD: mice with a deletion of the Nurr1 gene in DA neurons from an adult age (cNurr1 mice), and mice bearing the G2019S mutation in the gene coding for LRRK2 (G2019S mice). Adult cNurr1 mice displayed motor and DA deficits, while middle-aged G2019S mice did not. The number and morphology of SNc-DA neurons, most of their intrinsic membrane properties and pacemaker firing were unaltered in cNurr1 and G2019S mice compared to their control and wild-type littermates. L-type VGCCs contributed to the pacemaker firing of SNc-DA neurons in G2019S mice, but not in control, wild-type, and cNurr1 mice. In cNurr1 mice, but not G2019S mice, the contribution of T-type VGCCs to the pacemaker firing of SNc-DA neurons was reduced, and somatic dopamine-D2 autoreceptors desensitized more. Altered contribution of L-type and T-type VGCCs to the pacemaker firing was not observed in the presence of a LRRK2 kinase inhibitor in G2019S mice, and in the presence of a flavonoid with antioxidant activity in G2019S and cNurr1 mice. The role of L-type and T-type VGCCs in controlling dopamine release from axon terminals in the striatum was unaltered in cNurr1 and G2019S mice. Our findings uncover opposite changes, linked to oxidative stress, in the function of two VGCCs in DA neurons somata, but not axon terminals, in two different experimental PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Skiteva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karima Chergui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Spagnoli C, Fusco C, Pisani F. Pediatric-Onset Epilepsy and Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies Followed by Early-Onset Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043796. [PMID: 36835207 PMCID: PMC9965035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic early-onset Parkinsonism is unique due to frequent co-occurrence of hyperkinetic movement disorder(s) (MD), or additional neurological of systemic findings, including epilepsy in up to 10-15% of cases. Based on both the classification of Parkinsonism in children proposed by Leuzzi and coworkers and the 2017 ILAE epilepsies classification, we performed a literature review in PubMed. A few discrete presentations can be identified: Parkinsonism as a late manifestation of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DE-EE), with multiple, refractory seizure types and severely abnormal EEG characteristics, with or without preceding hyperkinetic MD; Parkinsonism in the context of syndromic conditions with unspecific reduced seizure threshold in infancy and childhood; neurodegenerative conditions with brain iron accumulation, in which childhood DE-EE is followed by neurodegeneration; and finally, monogenic juvenile Parkinsonism, in which a subset of patients with intellectual disability or developmental delay (ID/DD) develop hypokinetic MD between 10 and 30 years of age, following unspecific, usually well-controlled, childhood epilepsy. This emerging group of genetic conditions leading to epilepsy or DE-EE in childhood followed by juvenile Parkinsonism highlights the need for careful long-term follow-up, especially in the context of ID/DD, in order to readily identify individuals at increased risk of later Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296033
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Abu-hadid O, Jimenez-Shahed J. An overview of the pharmacotherapeutics for dystonia: advances over the past decade. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1927-1940. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2147823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Abu-hadid
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
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Song X, Xu W, Xiao M, Lu Y, Lan X, Tang X, Xu N, Yu G, Zhang H, Wu S. Two novel heterozygous truncating variants in NR4A2 identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorder and brief literature review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:956429. [PMID: 35992907 PMCID: PMC9383035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.956429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the nuclear receptor superfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) cause an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder with or without seizures. Here, we described two patients presenting with developmental delay, language impairment, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Trio-based whole exome sequencing revealed two novel heterozygous variants, c.1541-2A > C and c.915C > A, in NR4A2. Both variants were identified as de novo and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In vitro functional analyses were performed to assess their effects on expression of mRNA or protein. The canonical splicing variant c.1541-2A > C caused aberrant splicing, leading to the retention of intron 7 and a truncated protein due to an early termination codon within intron 7 with decreased protein expression, while the variant c.915C > A was shown to result in a shorter protein with increased expression level unexpectedly. The clinical and genetic characteristics of the previously published patients were briefly reviewed for highlighting the potential link between mutations and phenotypes. Our research further confirms that NR4A2 is a disease-causing gene of neurodevelopmental disorders and suggests alterations in different domains of NR4A2 cause various severity of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Song
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuhen Xu
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Xiao
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Lan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanjie Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjun Yu
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Zhang,
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shengnan Wu,
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Di Fonzo A, Albanese A, Jinnah HH. The apparent paradox of phenotypic diversity and shared mechanisms across dystonia syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:502-509. [PMID: 35856917 PMCID: PMC9309988 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe here how such mechanisms shared by different genetic forms can give rise to motor performance dysfunctions with a clinical aspect of dystonia. RECENT FINDINGS The continuing discoveries of genetic causes for dystonia syndromes are transforming our view of these disorders. They share unexpectedly common underlying mechanisms, including dysregulation in neurotransmitter signaling, gene transcription, and quality control machinery. The field has further expanded to include forms recently associated with endolysosomal dysfunction. SUMMARY The discovery of biological pathways shared between different monogenic dystonias is an important conceptual advance in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms, with a significant impact on the pathophysiological understanding of clinical phenomenology. The functional relationship between dystonia genes could revolutionize current dystonia classification systems, classifying patients with different monogenic forms based on common pathways. The most promising effect of these advances is on future mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Hyder H. Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30322, USA
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