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Chen L, Deng Z, Zhao C. Nitrogen-Nitrogen Bond Formation Reactions Involved in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:559-570. [PMID: 33721494 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Construction of nitrogen-nitrogen bonds involves sophisticated biosynthetic mechanisms to overcome the difficulties inherent to the nucleophilic nitrogen atom of amine. Over the past decade, a multitude of reactions responsible for nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation in natural product biosynthesis have been uncovered. On the basis of the intrinsic properties of these reactions, this Review classifies these reactions into three categories: comproportionation, rearrangement, and radical recombination reactions. To expound the metallobiochemistry underlying nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation reactions, we discuss the enzymatic mechanisms in comparison to well characterized canonical heme-dependent enzymes, mononuclear nonheme iron-dependent enzymes, and nonheme di-iron enzymes. We also illuminate the intermediary properties of nitrogen oxide species NO2-, NO+, and N2O3 in nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation reactions with clues derived from inorganic nitrogen metabolism driven by anammox bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. These multidimentional discussions will provide further insights into the mechanistic proposals of nitrogen-nitrogen bond formation in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Kraus GA, Wang S. Annulations with Butenolides and Phthalides: New Entries to Isocoumarins, 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins, and Benzofurans. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of the anions of butenolides and substituted phthalides with sorbate esters and mono-epoxy sorbate esters furnish isocoumarins, 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins, and benzofurans. The yields range from 41% to 71%.
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3
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Wang S, Kraus GA. A Synthesis of Dihydro Eurotiumide B via a Tandem Butenolide Annulation/Reductive Thiolation Reaction. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16329-16332. [PMID: 31746605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydro eurotiumide B was prepared from a 5-phenylthiobutenolide via a tandem annulation/reductive thiolation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - George A Kraus
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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4
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Dennis DG, Okumura M, Sarlah D. Synthesis of (±)-Idarubicinone via Global Functionalization of Tetracene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10193-10198. [PMID: 31244190 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are archetypal representatives of the tetracyclic type II polyketide natural products that are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Although the synthesis of this class of compounds has been a subject of several investigations, all known approaches are based on annulations, relying on the union of properly prefunctionalized building blocks. Herein, we describe a conceptually different approach using a polynuclear arene as a starting template, ideally requiring only functional decorations to reach the desired target molecule. Specifically, tetracene was converted to (±)-idarubicinone, the aglycone of the FDA approved anthracycline idarubicin, through the judicious orchestration of Co- and Ru-catalyzed arene oxidation and arenophile-mediated dearomative hydroboration. Such a global functionalization strategy, the combination of site-selective arene and dearomative functionalization, provided the key anthracycline framework in five operations and enabled rapid and controlled access to (±)-idarubicinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Mikiko Okumura
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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5
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Chinta BS, Gandhi S, Baire B. Acid catalysed rearrangement of isobenzofurans to angularly fused phthalides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4715-4719. [PMID: 31032835 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00708c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An acid catalysed, cascade process for the construction of angularly fused polycyclic phthalides from isobenzofurans under transition metal free conditions has been reported. This process is very general for diverse gem-disubstituted isobenzofuran substrates. Control experiments supported the mechanism as the nucleophilic attack of the carboxylate onto the acid activated furan ring for the simultaneous ring closing-ring opening cascade followed by dehydration. This method serves as a greener alternative for the synthesis of angularly fused polycyclic phthalides.
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6
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Chang SM, Jain V, Chen TL, Patel AS, Pidugu HB, Lin YW, Wu MH, Huang JR, Wu HC, Shah A, Su TL, Lee TC. Design and Synthesis of 1,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolo[2,1-a]phthalazine Hybrids as Potent Anticancer Agents that Inhibit Angiogenesis and Induce DNA Interstrand Cross-links. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2404-2418. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anamik Shah
- Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, India
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7
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8
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Ando Y, Suzuki K. Photoredox Reactions of Quinones. Chemistry 2018; 24:15955-15964. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ando
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 O-okayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 O-okayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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9
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Revisiting unexploited antibiotics in search of new antibacterial drug candidates: the case of γ-actinorhodin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17419. [PMID: 29234001 PMCID: PMC5727142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the thousands of natural product antibiotics discovered to date, only a handful have been developed for the treatment of bacterial infection. The clinically unexploited majority likely include compounds with untapped potential as antibacterial drugs, and in view of the ever-growing unmet medical need for such agents, warrant systematic re-evaluation. Here we revisit the actinorhodins, a class that was first reported 70 years ago, but which remains poorly characterized. We show that γ-actinorhodin possesses many of the requisite properties of an antibacterial drug, displaying potent and selective bactericidal activity against key Gram-positive pathogens (including Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci), a mode of action distinct from that of other agents in clinical use, an extremely low potential for the development of resistance, and a degree of in vivo efficacy in an invertebrate model of infection. Our findings underscore the utility of revisiting unexploited antibiotics as a source of novel antibacterial drug candidates.
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Neumeyer M, Kopp J, Brückner R. Controlling the Substitution Pattern of Hexasubstituted Naphthalenes by Aryne/Siloxyfuran Diels-Alder Additions: Regio- and Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Arizonin C1 Analogs. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Neumeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Julia Kopp
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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11
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Naysmith BJ, Hume PA, Sperry J, Brimble MA. Pyranonaphthoquinones - isolation, biology and synthesis: an update. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:25-61. [PMID: 27759131 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2008 to 2015. A review on the isolation, biological activity and synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone natural products from 2008-2015 is providedThis review discusses the isolation, biological activity and synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone natural products, covering the years 2008-2015. The pyranonaphthoquinones are a group of metabolites sharing a common naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-5,10-dione ring system that have been isolated from a wide range of microorganisms, plants and insects. In addition to their synthetically challenging molecular structures, pyranonaphthoquinones exhibit a wide array of biological activity, including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer properties. The therapeutic potential of these compounds has led to a dynamic interplay between total synthesis and biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar J Naysmith
- School of Chemical Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Hume
- School of Chemical Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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12
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Silva TL, Ferreira FR, de Vasconcelos CC, da Silva RC, Lima DJDP, Costa PRR, Netto CD, Goulart MOF. Reactive Oxygen Species Release, Alkylating Ability, and DNA Interactions of a Pterocarpanquinone: A Test Case for Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaissa L. Silva
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970 Brazil
| | - Fabricia R. Ferreira
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970 Brazil
| | - Camila C. de Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970 Brazil
| | | | - Dimas José da P. Lima
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970 Brazil
| | - Paulo R. R. Costa
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco H; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP; 21941-590 Brazil
| | - Chaquip D. Netto
- Laboratório de Química, Campus Professor Aloísio Teixeira; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Macaé, RJ, CEP 27930-560 Brazil
| | - Marília O. F. Goulart
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970 Brazil
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13
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Kim HR, Park YK, Lee SH. Design, synthesis, and mode of action studies of a mitomycin tetramer inducing double activations with a single probe. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4023-4031. [PMID: 27377862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report design, synthesis, and mechanistic studies of a new mitomycin tetramer 9 along with a new mitomycin dimer 10. Mitomycin 9 is a tetramer connected by the disulfide linker 11, and easily undergoes disulfide cleavage to provide two dimeric structures 9r that each contains a single thiol probe for activations. So, tetramer 9 as a precursor of 9r was specifically targeted to undergo double activations with a single probe. A tetramer 9 was synthesized using 1 and key intermediate 11, and a dimer 10 was synthesized from 1 and diamine 12. Activation studies revealed that 9 underwent effective double activations with a single probe by nucleophiles while the reference 10 did not. Evaluations of DNA ISC formations showed that 9 generated substantial levels of DNA ISC by nucleophilic activation while the references 10 and 2 did not. The effectiveness of 9 in activation and formation of DNA ISC per probe was verified by comparing with dimers 5-8 of double activations with two probes. These findings highlighted the role of a single thiol in 9r and demonstrated the intended double activations with a single probe, which marks the first case in mitomycin studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Rae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssangmun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyeong Park
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssangmun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssangmun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Fernandes RA, Patil PH, Chaudhari DA. Dimeric Pyranonaphthoquinones: Isolation, Bioactivity, and Synthetic Approaches. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Pradnya H. Patil
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Dipali A. Chaudhari
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai Maharashtra India
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15
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Jiang JH, Boominathan SSK, Hu WP, Chen CY, Vandavasi JK, Lin YT, Wang JJ. Sequential, One-Pot Access to Arylated Benzoquinones/Naphthoquinones from Phenols/Naphthols. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Dengiz C, Prange C, Gawel P, Trapp N, Ruhlmann L, Boudon C, Diederich F. Push–pull chromophores by reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrahalo-1,4-benzoquinones with 4-(N,N-dialkylanilino)acetylenes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Theodossiou TA, Wälchli S, Olsen CE, Skarpen E, Berg K. Deciphering the Nongenomic, Mitochondrial Toxicity of Tamoxifens As Determined by Cell Metabolism and Redox Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:251-62. [PMID: 26569462 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is not only considered a very potent chemotherapeutic adjuvant for estrogen receptor positive breast cancers but also a very good chemo-preventive drug. Recently, there has been a rising amount of evidence for a nongenomic cytotoxicity of tamoxifen, even in estrogen receptor negative cells, which has greatly confounded researchers. Clinically, the side effects of tamoxifen can be very serious, ranging from liver steatosis to cirrhosis, tumorigenesis, or onset of porphyrias. Herein, we deciphered the nongenomic, mitochondrial cytotoxicity of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor positive MCF7 versus triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, employing the mitochondrial complex III quinoloxidizing-center inhibitor myxothiazol. We showed a role for hydroxyl-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, catalyzed by iron, stemming from the redox interactions of tamoxifen quinoid metabolites with complex III, resulting in Fenton-capable reduced quinones. The role of tamoxifen semiquinone species in mitochondrial toxicity was also shown together with evidence of mitochondrial DNA damage. Tamoxifen caused an overall metabolic (respiratory and glycolytic) rate decrease in the Pasteur type MCF cells, while in the Warburg type MDA-MB-231 cells the respiratory rate was not significantly affected and the glycolytiv rate was significantly boosted. The nongenomic cytotoxicity of tamoxifens was hence associated with the metabolic phenotype and redox activity of the cells, as in the present paradigm of Pasteur MCF7s versus Warburg MDA-MB-231 cells. Our present findings call for caution in the use of the drugs, especially as a chemopreventive and/or in cases of iron overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis Athanassios Theodossiou
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department
of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Department
for Cellular Therapy, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium
Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
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18
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Mulay SV, Bhowmik A, Fernandes RA. Synthetic Studies toward Actinorhodin and γ-Actinorhodin by using a Homo-coupling Strategy: Synthesis of Hemiactinorhodin and Hemi-γ-actinorhodin. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Wellington KW. Understanding cancer and the anticancer activities of naphthoquinones – a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthoquinone moieties are present in drugs such as doxorubicin which are used clinically to treat solid cancers.
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20
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Nandi S, Singha R, Ray JK. Palladium catalyzed intramolecular cascade type cyclizations: interesting Approach towards naphthoquinone derivatives having an O-containing heterocyclic skeleton. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Shan WG, Ying YM, Ma LF, Zhan ZJ. Drimane-Related Merosesquiterpenoids, a Promising Library of Metabolites for Drug Development. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63473-3.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Heapy AM, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Jamieson SMF, Guise CP, Sperry J, Hume PA, Rathwell K, Brimble MA. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of pyranonaphthoquinone natural product analogues under bioreductive conditions. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 21:7971-80. [PMID: 24436995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have synthesised a focused library of derivatives of natural products containing the pyranonaphthoquinone moiety including the first report of such a scaffold with an appended tetrazole functionality. Examples include kalafungin derivatives as well as analogues of nanaomycin and eleutherin. These compounds were assessed for cytotoxic activation by breast cancer cell lines engineered to express the prototypic human one- and two-electron quinone bioreductive enzymes, NADPH: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and NAD(P)H quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1; DT-diaphorase), respectively. Several compounds were observed to be cytotoxic at sub-micromolar level and a pattern of increased aerobic potency was observed in cells over expressing POR. A subset of analogues was assessed under anoxic conditions, where cytotoxicity was reduced, implicating redox cycling as a major mechanism of toxicity. The substrate specificity for reductive enzymes is relevant to the future design of bioreductive prodrugs to treat cancer.
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Brimble MA, Hassan NPS, Naysmith BJ, Sperry J. Toward an Asymmetric Synthesis of the Dimeric Pyranonaphthoquinone Antibiotic Crisamicin A. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7169-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Brimble
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds
Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o School of Biological
Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Najmah P. S. Hassan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds
Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o School of Biological
Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Briar J. Naysmith
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds
Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o School of Biological
Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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24
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Naysmith BJ, Furkert D, Brimble MA. Synthesis of highly substituted pyranonaphthalene spiroketals related to the griseusins using a Hauser–Kraus annulation strategy. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Santoso H, Casana MI, Donner CD. Exploring O-stannyl ketyl and acyl radical cyclizations for the synthesis of γ-lactone-fused benzopyrans and benzofurans. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:171-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Su TL, Lee TC, Kakadiya R. The development of bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole analogs as bifunctional DNA cross-linking agents and their chemotherapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:609-21. [PMID: 24095754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsann-Long Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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27
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Our various efforts toward the synthesis of a set of novel sugar hybrid scaffolds of several biologically active natural products such as taxol, steroids, β-lactams, and otteliones are presented. We have shown the application of the hybrid approach to design and rapidly generate a library of novel natural product-like compounds, which may have interesting biological features, using metathesis and/or cycloaddition reactions as key steps.
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29
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Naysmith BJ, Brimble MA. Synthesis of the griseusin B framework via a one-pot annulation-methylation-double deprotection-spirocyclization sequence. Org Lett 2013; 15:2006-9. [PMID: 23560611 DOI: 10.1021/ol400686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly convergent synthesis of the griseusin B scaffold is described. The key step involves an efficient one-pot Hauser-Kraus annulation-methylation-double deprotection-spirocyclization sequence that directly affords the target parent tetracyclic ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar J Naysmith
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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31
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Fernandes RA, Chavan VP, Mulay SV, Manchoju A. A Chiron Approach to the Total Synthesis of (−)-Juglomycin A, (+)-Kalafungin, (+)-Frenolicin B, and (+)-Deoxyfrenolicin. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10455-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3019939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Fernandes
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra,
India
| | - Vijay P. Chavan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra,
India
| | - Sandip V. Mulay
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra,
India
| | - Amarender Manchoju
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra,
India
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32
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Studies on activation mechanism of a mitomycin dimer, 7-N,7′-N′-(1″,2″-dithiepanyl-3″,7″-dimethylenyl)bismitomycin C. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1629-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Kumagai Y, Shimojo N. Possible mechanisms for induction of oxidative stress and suppression of systemic nitric oxide production caused by exposure to environmental chemicals. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:141-50. [PMID: 21432269 DOI: 10.1007/bf02897942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Accepted: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects evoked by exposure to environmental chemicals having electrophilic properties are often attributable to covalent attachment to intracellular macromolecules through sulfhydryl groups or enzyme-mediated redox cycling, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When huge amounts of ROS form they overwhelm antioxidant defenses resulting in the induction of oxidative stress. Nitric oxide (NO) which plays a crucial role in vascular tone, is formed by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Since a decrease in systemic NO production is implicated in the pathophysiological actions of vascular diseases, dysfunction of eNOS by environmental chemicals is associated with cardiopulmonary-related diseases and mortality. In this review, we introduce the mechanism-based toxicities (covalent attachment and redox cycling) of electrophiles. Therefore, this review will focus on the possible mechanisms for the induction of oxidative stress and impairment of NO production caused by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kumagai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 305-8575, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
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34
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Studies on synthesis and activation mechanism of mitomycin dimers connected by 1,2-dithiolane and diol linkers. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5720-9. [PMID: 22959767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthetic and mechanistic studies on a new cyclic disulfide mitomycin dimer, 7-N,7'-N'-(1″,2″-dithiolanyl-3″,5″-dimethylenyl)bismitomycin C (8), and a diol mitomycin dimer, 7-N,7'-N'-(2″,4″-dihydroxy-1″,5″-pentanediyl)bismitomycin C (9). Mitomycin 8 is a dimer connected by a 1,2-dithiolane (a five-membered cyclic disulfide) linker, and was specifically designed to undergo nucleophilic activation and double DNA alkylations leading to efficient production of DNA interstrand cross-link (DNA ISC) adducts. Disulfide cleavage in 8 would generate two thiol groups that could serve as probes to activate two mitomycin rings. At first, the target mitomycin 8 was synthesized using mitomycin A (1) and the key intermediate, cyclic disulfide (10), which was prepared through a seven-step synthetic sequence. Diol mitomycin 9 was also synthesized from 1 and diamine salt 13. Next, kinetic studies using solvolysis reaction revealed that the activation rates of 8 were much higher than those of 9 and mitomycin C (2) under nucleophilic conditions provided by Et(3)P presumably due to the presence of a cyclic disulfide unit in 8. These findings led us to propose a nucleophilic activation pathway for 8. Then, DNA ISC experiments further revealed that the levels of DNA ISC caused by 8 in the presence of Et(3)P were much higher (97%) than those by 9 (5%) and 2 (4%). More importantly, mitomycin 8 underwent much faster activation and produced slightly higher levels of DNA ISC than the previously reported mitomycins 5-7. Overall, we concluded that 8 was highly efficient for both nucleophilic activation and corresponding DNA ISC formation, and that this differentiation came from the crucial function of the cyclic disulfide unit in 8.
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35
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Design and synthesis of new mitomycin dimers containing a seven-membered cyclic disulfide and a diol linkers. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1413-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Chaniyara R, Tala S, Chen CW, Lee PC, Kakadiya R, Dong H, Marvania B, Chen CH, Chou TC, Lee TC, Shah A, Su TL. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of novel Benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Fernandes RA, Ingle AB, Chavan VP. Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-1-epi-ventiloquinone L and (+)-ventiloquinone L, the monomeric unit of cardinalin 3. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4462-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25453k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Buarque CD, Militão GC, Lima DJ, Costa-Lotufo LV, Pessoa C, de Moraes MO, Cunha-Junior EF, Torres-Santos EC, Netto CD, Costa PR. Pterocarpanquinones, aza-pterocarpanquinone and derivatives: Synthesis, antineoplasic activity on human malignant cell lines and antileishmanial activity on Leishmania amazonensis. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6885-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Park HJ, Kim JJ, Kim HR, Lee EK, Kim ES, Jeong CS, Moon A, Lee SH. Synthesis and mechanistic studies of a mitomycin dimer containing an eight-membered cyclic disulfide. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4004-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. Synthesis of Oxacycles Employing the Oxa‐Pictet–Spengler Reaction: Recent Developments and New Prospects. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. Larghi
- Institute of Chemistry of Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET‐UNR)and Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticaland Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531 (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina, Fax: +54‐341‐4370477, ext. 35
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Institute of Chemistry of Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET‐UNR)and Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticaland Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531 (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina, Fax: +54‐341‐4370477, ext. 35
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41
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Fernandes RA, Chavan VP, Mulay SV. A concise and improved synthesis of (+)-eleutherin, (+)-allo-eleutherin and a formal synthesis of (+)-nocardione B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandip V. Mulay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
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43
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Driebergen RJ, Moret EE, Janssen LHM, Beijnen JH, Holthuis JJM, Kelder SJP, Verboom W, Reinhoudt ND, Lelieveld P. Electrochemistry of potentially bioreductive alkylating quinones. Part 4. Qualitative and quantitative structure-activity relationships of aziridinylquinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Lawrence AJ, Hutchings MG, Kennedy AR, McDouall JJW. Benzodifurantrione: A Stable Phenylogous Enol. J Org Chem 2010; 75:690-701. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9022155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lawrence
- DyStarUK Ltd., School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Michael G. Hutchings
- DyStarUK Ltd., School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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45
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New pterocarpanquinones: synthesis, antineoplasic activity on cultured human malignant cell lines and TNF-alpha modulation in human PBMC cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1610-6. [PMID: 20117936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new pterocarpanquinone (5a) was synthesized through a palladium catalyzed oxyarylation reaction and was transformed, through electrophilic substitution reaction, into derivatives 5b-d. These compounds showed to be active against human leukemic cell lines and human lung cancer cell lines. Even multidrug resistant cells were sensitive to 5a, which presented low toxicity toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells and decreased the production of TNF-alpha by these cells. In the laboratory these pterocarpanquinones were reduced by sodium dithionite in the presence of thiophenol at physiological pH, as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoredutase-1 (NQO1) catalyzed two-electron reduction, and the resulting hydroquinone undergo structural rearrangements, leading to the formation of Michael acceptors, which were intercepted as adducts of thiophenol. These results suggest that these compounds could be activated by bioreduction.
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46
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Elkazaz S, Jones PB. Photochemical Hydroxylation of 1-Methyl-9,10-anthraquinones: Synthesis of 9′-Hydroxyaloesaponarin II. J Org Chem 2009; 75:412-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902247v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Elkazaz
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106
| | - Paul B. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106
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47
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Choi PJ, Rathwell DC, Brimble MA. Synthesis of 6,6-bisbenzannulated spiroketals related to the rubromycins using a double intramolecular hetero-Michael addition (DIHMA). Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Salaski EJ, Krishnamurthy G, Ding WD, Yu K, Insaf SS, Eid C, Shim J, Levin JI, Tabei K, Toral-Barza L, Zhang WG, McDonald LA, Honores E, Hanna C, Yamashita A, Johnson B, Li Z, Laakso L, Powell D, Mansour TS. Pyranonaphthoquinone lactones: a new class of AKT selective kinase inhibitors alkylate a regulatory loop cysteine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2181-4. [PMID: 19309081 DOI: 10.1021/jm900075g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring pyranonaphthoquinone (PNQ) antibiotic lactoquinomycin and related aglycones were found to be selective inhibitors of the serine-threonine kinase AKT. A set of synthetic PNQs were prepared and a minimum active feature set and preliminary SAR were determined. PNQ lactones inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cell lines containing constitutively activated AKT and show expected effects on cellular biomarkers. Biochemical data are presented supporting a proposed bioreductive alkylation mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Salaski
- Departments of Chemical & Screening Sciences and Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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49
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Lee SH. Disulfide and multisulfide antitumor agents and their modes of action. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:299-315. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Khdour O, Skibo EB. Quinone methide chemistry of prekinamycins: 13C-labeling, spectral global fitting and in vitro studies. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2140-54. [PMID: 19421453 DOI: 10.1039/b903844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we address the presence of the prekinamycin quinone methide using the techniques of spectral global fitting and the 13C-labeling of the reactive centre. Two-electron reduction of a prekinamycin affords a long-lived quinone methide species that was characterised spectrally. A correlation was made between the calculated DeltaE (kcal/mol) values for quinone methide tautomerisation and cytostatic activity to support the postulate that the quinone methide plays a role in prekinamycin biological activity. We also prepared a stable quinone methide of prekinamycin and studied its solution chemistry directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khdour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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