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Jawad SF, Altalbawy FMA, Hussein RM, Fadhil AA, Jawad MA, Zabibah RS, Taraki TY, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS. The strict regulation of HIF-1α by non-coding RNAs: new insight towards proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:5-27. [PMID: 37552389 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic environment is prominently witnessed in most solid tumors and is associated with the promotion of cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis of tumor cells. All the effects are mediated by the expression of a transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α transcriptionally modulates the expression of genes responsible for all the aforementioned functions. The stability of HIF-1α is regulated by many proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this article, we have critically discussed the crucial role of ncRNAs [such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)] in the regulation of stability and expression of HIF-1α. We have comprehensively discussed the molecular mechanisms and relationship of HIF-1α with each type of ncRNA in either promotion or repression of human cancers and therapeutic resistance. We have also elaborated on ncRNAs that are in clinical examination for the treatment of cancers. Overall, the majority of aspects concerning the relationship between HIF-1α and ncRNAs have been discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrean Farhan Jawad
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, University of Cairo, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Abdulhussain Fadhil
- College of Medical Technology, Medical Lab Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Abed Jawad
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Chakrabhavi Dhananjaya Mohan
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, India.
- FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India.
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Yu P, Ye J, Zhao S, Cai Y. lncRNAs are potential prognostic markers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 20:11. [PMID: 38213659 PMCID: PMC10777463 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the clinical characteristics or prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The findings presented in the present review may provide novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of NPC. For the analyses, medical databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane library were searched using specific search terms, search strategies and screening strategies. Endnote X9 document management software was then employed to extract documents from January, 2010 to May, 2023. Data were extracted following the prescribed standards. Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 12.0 data analysis software were used for data analysis. A total of 490 publications were analyzed for inclusion. In total, 29 publications, composed of 24 studies with upregulated lncRNAs and 5 studies with downregulated lncRNAs, were included in the final analysis. The analysis revealed that the upregulation of lncRNAs was significantly associated with T stage, N stage and clinical stage, as well as with the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with NPC (P<0.05). However, there was no significant association between the upregulated lncRNAs and sex, M stage or relapse-free survival (RFS) (P>0.05). On the other hand, the suppression of lncRNA expression was significantly associated with N stage, M stage, clinical stage and the OS of patients with NPC (P<0.05), but not with T stage and RFS (P>0.05). Taken together, the present review demonstrates that the up- and downregulation of different lncRNAs was associated with an advanced clinical stage and a shorter OS of patients with NPC. Therefore, lncRNAs may serve as potential prognostic factors in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541199, P.R. China
| | - Jiemei Ye
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 543002, P.R. China
| | - Shujian Zhao
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 543002, P.R. China
| | - Yonglin Cai
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 543002, P.R. China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuzhou Cancer Center, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 543002, P.R. China
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Shen Z, Yang Q, Luo L, Li T, Ke Z, Li T, Chen J, Meng X, Xiang H, Li C, Zhou Z, Chen P, Pan G. Non-coding RNAs identification and regulatory networks in pathogen-host interaction in the microsporidia congenital infection. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:420. [PMID: 37495972 PMCID: PMC10373312 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction networks between coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), covalently closed circular RNA (circRNA) and miRNA are significant to elucidate molecular processes of biological activities and interactions between host and pathogen. Congenital infection caused by vertical transmission of microsporidia N. bombycis can result in severe economic losses in the silkworm-feeding industry. However, little is known about ncRNAs that take place in the microsporidia congenital infection. Here we conducted whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq analyses to identify ncRNAs and regulatory networks for both N. bombycis and host including silkworm embryos and larvae during the microsporidia congenital infection. RESULTS A total of 4,171 mRNAs, 403 lncRNA, 62 circRNAs, and 284 miRNAs encoded by N. bombycis were identified, among which some differentially expressed genes formed cross-talk and are involved in N. bombycis proliferation and infection. For instance, a lncRNA/circRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network including 18 lncRNAs, one circRNA, and 20 miRNAs was constructed to describe 14 key parasites genes regulation, such as polar tube protein 3 (PTP3), ricin-B-lectin, spore wall protein 4 (SWP4), and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Regarding host silkworm upon N. bombycis congenital infection, a total of 14,889 mRNAs, 3,038 lncRNAs, 19,039 circRNAs, and 3,413 miRNAs were predicted based on silkworm genome with many differentially expressed coding and non-coding genes during distinct developmental stages. Different species of RNAs form interacting network to modulate silkworm biological processes, such as growth, metamorphosis and immune responses. Furthermore, a lncRNA/circRNA ceRNA network consisting of 140 lncRNAs, five circRNA, and seven miRNAs are constructed hypothetically to describe eight key host genes regulation, such as Toll-6, Serpin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Caspase-8. Notably, cross-species analyses indicate that parasite and host miRNAs play a vital role in pathogen-host interaction in the microsporidia congenital infection. CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive pan-transcriptome study inclusive of both N. bombycis and its host silkworm with a specific focus on the microsporidia congenital infection, and show that ncRNA-mediated regulation plays a vital role in the microsporidia congenital infection, which provides a new insight into understanding the basic biology of microsporidia and pathogen-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuojun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Tiansheng Street, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Meng W, Li Y, Chai B, Liu X, Ma Z. miR-199a: A Tumor Suppressor with Noncoding RNA Network and Therapeutic Candidate in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158518. [PMID: 35955652 PMCID: PMC9369015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. miR-199a, which has two mature molecules: miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p, plays an important biological role in the genesis and development of tumors. We collected recent research results on lung cancer and miR-199a from Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The biological functions of miR-199a in lung cancer are reviewed in detail, and its potential roles in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed. With miR-199a as the core point and a divergence outward, the interplay between miR-199a and other ncRNAs is reviewed, and a regulatory network covering various cancers is depicted, which can help us to better understand the mechanism of cancer occurrence and provide a means for developing novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, the current methods of diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer are reviewed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn: miR-199a inhibits the development of lung cancer, especially by inhibiting the proliferation, infiltration, and migration of lung cancer cells, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, increasing the apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and affecting the drug resistance of lung cancer cells. This review aims to provide new insights into lung cancer therapy and prevention.
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Zhao Y, Li P. Strategies of LncRNA DLX6-AS1 on Study and Therapeutics. Front Genet 2022; 13:871988. [PMID: 35719380 PMCID: PMC9198352 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.871988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed the vital regulatory roles of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 in various tumors at pre-transcriptional, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels, which makes it a potential prognosis factor and therapeutic target. In addition, the presence of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 in the exosomes of peripheral blood of patients with tumors may also contribute to it being a possible cancer-related biomarker. However, most literature studies are devoted to studying the effect of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 as a sponging molecule of miRNAs, the research of which is likely to get stuck into a dilemma. Literature studies published already have demonstrated an exciting cell malignant phenotype inhibition with the knockdown of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 in various tumor cell lines. With the comprehensive development of delivery systems, high-throughput sequencing, and aptamers, the problems of finding novel research methods and exploring the therapeutic options which are based on lncRNA DLX6-AS1 in vivo could come into a period to deal with. This review aims to summarize the research statuses of lncRNA DLX6-AS1, discuss other study methodologies and therapeutic strategies on it, which might be of help to the deep learning of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 and its application from basic to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Najafi S, Hussen BM, Ganjo AR, Taheri M, Samadian M. DLX6-AS1: A Long Non-coding RNA With Oncogenic Features. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:746443. [PMID: 35281110 PMCID: PMC8916230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.746443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of ncRNAs with characteristic size of more than 200 nucleotides. An increasing number of lncRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in many human diseases particularly cancer. However, their role in carcinogenesis is not precisely understood. DLX6-AS1 is an lncRNAs which has been unveiled to be up-regulated in various number of cancers. In different cell studies, DLX6-AS1 has shown oncogenic role via promoting oncogenic phenotype of cancer cell lines. Increase in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT while suppressing apoptosis in cancer cells are the effects of DLX6-AS1 in development and progression of cancer. In the majority of cell experiment, mediator miRNAs have been identified which are sponged and negatively regulated by DLX6-AS1, and they in turn regulate expression of a number of transcription factors, eventually affecting signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. These pathways form axes through which DLX6-AS1 promotes carcinogenicity of cancer cells. Xenograft animal studies, also have confirmed enhancing effect of DLX6-AS1 on tumor growth and metastasis. Clinical evaluations in cancerous patients have also shown increased expression of DLX6-AS1 in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissues. High DLX6-AS1 expression has shown positive association with advanced clinicopathological features in cancerous patients. Survival analyses have demonstrated correlation between high DLX6-AS1 expression and shorter survival. In cox regression analysis, DLX6-AS1 has been found as an independent prognostic factor for patients with various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aryan R. Ganjo
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, ; Mohammad Samadian,
| | - Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, ; Mohammad Samadian,
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Wang X, Nie P, Zhu D. LncRNA HOXA10-AS Activated by E2F1 Facilitates Proliferation and Migration of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Through Sponging miR-582-3p to Upregulate RAB31. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 36:348-359. [PMID: 35072529 DOI: 10.1177/19458924211064400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a kind of head and neck cancer with a characteristic regional distribution. Increasing evidence has illustrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert the regulatory function in tumor development. Nevertheless, the specific functions of lncRNA HOXA10 antisense RNA (HOXA10-AS) in NPC remain to be clarified. In this research, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detected HOXA10-AS expression in NPC cells. Cell counting kit-8, colony formation, and transwell assays were utilized to measure the proliferation and migration of NPC cells. Moreover, mechanism assays detected the interaction of different genes. Briefly, HOXA10-AS was highly expressed in NPC cells. HOXA10-AS down-regulation restrained NPC cell proliferation and migration. Further, HOXA10-AS could bind to miR-582-3p by acting as a competing endogenous RNA. Besides, Ras-related protein Rab-31 (RAB31) was proven as the target gene of miR-582-3p. Additionally, E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) acted as a transcription factor to activate HOXA10-AS expression. In the final rescue assays, we observed that the effect of HOXA10-AS depletion on NPC cell growth could be fully reversed by RAB31 overexpression or miR-582-3p inhibition. In short, our research proved that HOXA10-AS activated by E2F1 facilitated proliferation and migration of NPC cells through sponging miR-582-3p to upregulate RAB31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Peilan Nie
- Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in regulating the expression of genes and act as biomarkers in the initial development of different cancers. Increasing research studies have verified that dysregulation of lncRNAs occurs in various pathological processes including tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Among the different lncRNAs, DLX6-AS1 has been reported to act as an oncogene in the development and prognoses of different cancers, by affecting many different signalling pathways. This review summarises and analyses the recent research studies describing the biological functions of DLX6-AS1, its overall effect on signalling pathways and the molecular mechanisms underlying its action on the expression of genes in multiple human cancers. Our critical analysis suggests that different signalling pathways associated to this lncRNA may be used as a biomarker for diagnosis, or targets of treatment in cancers.
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Dong H, Huang C, Huang J. FBXL19‑AS1 promotes the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by acting as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miR‑431 and upregulate PBOV1. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:647. [PMID: 34278444 PMCID: PMC8299196 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to function as crucial regulators in the progression of various types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the role of the FBXL19‑AS1/microRNA (miR)‑431/prostate and breast cancer overexpressed 1 (PBOV1) axis in the progression of NPC. The expression levels of FBXL19‑AS1, miR‑431 and PBOV1 were assessed by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. The Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay was utilized to detect cell viability. Cell migration and invasion were determined using a Transwell assay. The associations between FBXL19‑AS1 and miR‑431 or miR‑431 and PBOV1 were verified via bioinformatics analysis, dual‑luciferase and RNA‑binding protein immunoprecipitation assays. It was demonstrated that the expression levels of FBXL19‑AS1 and PBOV1 were upregulated in NPC tissues and cells, whereas miR‑431 expression was downregulated. FBXL19‑AS1 directly interacted with miR‑431. FBXL19‑AS1 silencing inhibited the viability, migration and invasion of C666‑1 and SUNE1 cells, whereas these effects could be alleviated by suppressing miR‑431. miR‑431 could target the 3'‑untranslated region of PBOV1. Overexpression of PBOV1 neutralized the miR‑431‑mediated suppression of NPC progression. Moreover, FBXL19‑AS1 could regulate PBOV1 by sponging miR‑431 in NPC cells. In conclusion, the lncRNA FBXL19‑AS1 accelerated NPC progression via the miR‑431/PBOV1 axis, suggesting that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Dong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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Barreca MM, Zichittella C, Alessandro R, Conigliaro A. Hypoxia-Induced Non-Coding RNAs Controlling Cell Viability in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041857. [PMID: 33673376 PMCID: PMC7918432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a characteristic of the tumour microenvironment, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and therapeutic response. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α), are the master regulators in response to low oxygen partial pressure, modulating hypoxic gene expression and signalling transduction pathways. HIFs’ activation is sufficient to change the cell phenotype at multiple levels, by modulating several biological activities from metabolism to the cell cycle and providing the cell with new characteristics that make it more aggressive. In the past few decades, growing numbers of studies have revealed the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as molecular mediators in the establishment of hypoxic response, playing important roles in regulating hypoxic gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels. Here, we review recent findings on the different roles of hypoxia-induced ncRNAs in cancer focusing on the data that revealed their involvement in tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Barreca
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.B.); (C.Z.); (R.A.)
| | - Chiara Zichittella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.B.); (C.Z.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.B.); (C.Z.); (R.A.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Conigliaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.B.); (C.Z.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Xing B, Qiao XF, Qiu YH, Li X. TMPO-AS1 Regulates the Aggressiveness-Associated Traits of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Through Sponging miR-320a. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:415-425. [PMID: 33488123 PMCID: PMC7815083 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s285113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous evidence demonstrates that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TMPO antisense RNA 1 (TMPO-AS1) is involved in the aggressiveness of several cancers. Nevertheless, its functions in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are unclear. Methods qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the levels of TMPO-AS1 and miR-320a in NPC tissues. Furthermore, the growth and invasiveness of NPC cells were evaluated by colony formation and Transwell assays. The protein expression ofSRY-Box Transcription Factor 4 (SOX4) was observed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatic prediction and luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the interaction between miR-320a and TMPO-AS1. The transplanted model was employed to disclose the interference of TMPO-AS1 in the tumor growth of NPC cells in vivo. Results We found that TMPO-AS1 was distinctly upregulated in NPC. Downregulation of TMPO-AS1 restrained aggressiveness-associated traits in NPC cells. Nevertheless, upregulation of TMPO-AS1 yielded the opposite results. Further studies revealed that lncRNA TMPO-AS1 acts as a “sponge” for miR-320a, resulting in increased levels of SOX4 in NPC cells. Finally, TMPO-AS1 silencing suppressed tumor growth of NPC cells in vivo. Conclusion Collectively, these results reveal the presence of a novel TMPO-AS1/miR-320a/SOX4 pathway associated with NPC progression, suggesting that lncRNA TMPO-AS1 may be a potential therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Qiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Linhai City, Linhai, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Xue C, Lv L, Jiang J, Li L. Promising long noncoding RNA DLX6-AS1 in malignant tumors. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7682-7692. [PMID: 33437353 PMCID: PMC7791511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although its diagnosis and treatment have greatly improved in recent decades, cancer remains the major cause of death worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to find novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a new class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been found to play a salient role in human tumorigenesis and progression. Distal-less homeobox 6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6-AS1) is a novel lncRNA with aberrant expression in various cancers tissues and cell lines compared with nontumor tissues and normal cell lines. Importantly, DLX6-AS1 is closely associated with tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration. Patients with high DLX6-AS1 expression often had poorer prognosis than those with low expression. The oncogenicity of DLX6-AS1 mainly (indirectly or indirectly) interacts with targeting genes, and then regulates downstream genes and signaling pathways. Together with the findings of animal model studies, these data suggest that DLX6-AS1 may serve as a feasible predictor or therapeutic target in different cancers. Herein, we summarize the main findings concerning the function and molecular mechanisms of DLX6-AS1 to identify a molecular basis for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiangwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003, China
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Wang X, Zhao D, Xie H, Hu Y. Interplay of long non-coding RNAs and HIF-1α: A new dimension to understanding hypoxia-regulated tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:49-59. [PMID: 33217445 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a feature of the solid tumor microenvironment that is associated with poor clinical outcomes in multiple tumor types. Hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a master regulator of hypoxic adaption, has been demonstrated to modulate hypoxic gene expression profiling and signaling transduction networks, and is thus a potential therapeutic target. Despite hypoxic response signaling having being extensively studied, the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the hypoxic response has become a new focus of attention. Emerging evidence has documented complex interactions between HIF-1α and lncRNAs, which contribute to the acquisition of multiple hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the study of hypoxia and HIF-1α-regulated lncRNAs, and summarize the molecular mechanisms and functional outcomes of the interplay between lncRNAs and HIF-1α, which may provide important insights into cancer diagnosis and prognosis, enabling better control of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Provence, 150001, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Provence, 150001, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Provence, 150001, China; Shenzhen Graduate School of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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14
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Alizadeh A, Jebelli A, Baradaran B, Amini M, Oroojalian F, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hamblin MR. Crosstalk between long non-coding RNA DLX6-AS1, microRNAs and signaling pathways: A pivotal molecular mechanism in human cancers. Gene 2020; 769:145224. [PMID: 33059027 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of non-protein coding RNA, which have been found to play multiple roles in various molecular and cellular processes by epigenetic regulation of gene expression at post transcriptional levels. LncRNAs may act either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor gene in different cancers. Aberrant expression and dysregulation of lncRNAs has been correlated with cancer development and tumor growth via several different signaling pathways. Therefore, lncRNAs could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and as therapeutic targetes in many human cancers. Previous studies have reported that dysregulated expression of the lncRNA called DLX6-AS1 in various cancer types, such as lung, colorectal, bladder, ovarian, hepatocellular, pancreatic and gastric. DLX6-AS1 plays an important role in tumorigenesis by affecting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis. DLX6-AS1 exerts these regulatory effects by interfering with various microRNA axes and signaling pathways including, Wnt/βcatenin, Notch, P13/AKT/mTOR, and STAT3. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms by which DLX6-AS1 regulates tumor initiation and progression. Accordingly, DLX6-AS1 may act as a novel potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis or therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Alizadeh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Jebelli
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Aptameology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol. Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Jia P, Wei E, Liu H, Wu T, Wang H. Silencing of long non-coding RNA DLX6-AS1 weakens neuroblastoma progression by the miR-513c-5p/PLK4 axis. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2627-2636. [PMID: 33031637 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated the crucial roles of long noncoding RNAs in human cancers, including neuroblastoma (NB). DLX6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6-AS1) has been identified as an oncogenic driver in NB. However, the mechanisms of DLX6-AS1 in NB progression are not fully understood. Our data showed that DLX6-AS1 was significantly overexpressed in NB tissues and cells. Moreover, DLX6-AS1 silencing repressed NB cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro, as well as decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, DLX6-AS1 operated as a miR-513c-5p sponge. MiR-513c-5p mediated the regulation of DLX6-AS1 on NB cell malignant progression in vitro. PLK4 was a target of miR-513c-5p- and DLX6-AS1-controlled PLK4 expression via sponging miR-513c-5p. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of miR-513c-5p overexpression on NB cell malignant progression in vitro was reversed by PLK4 upregulation. Our findings identified a novel regulatory mechanism, the DLX6-AS1/miR-513c-5p/PLK4 axis, in NB progression, highlighting a strong rationale for developing DLX6-AS1 as a new target for NB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisheng Jia
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erhu Wei
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiqiong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao H, Xu Q. Long non-coding RNA DLX6-AS1 mediates proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of endometrial cancer cells by recruiting p300/E2F1 in DLX6 promoter region. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12572-12584. [PMID: 32951317 PMCID: PMC7686961 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer features abnormal growth of cells of the inner lining of the uterus with the potential to invade to other organs. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant expression of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) may facilitate cancer progression. The aim of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanisms of the lncRNA known as DLX6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6‐AS1) in endometrial cancer. Microarray‐based analysis was utilized to predict expression profile and possible function pattern of DLX6‐AS1 and DLX6 in endometrial cancer, and their expression was quantified in 78 clinically obtained endometrial cancer tissues and also in cell lines. We next assessed the effects of DLX6‐AS1 and DLX6 on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of endometrial cancer cells. A mouse xenograft model was established to confirm DLX6‐AS1 functions and explore its underlying regulatory mechanisms in vivo. DLX6‐AS1 and DLX6 were highly expressed in endometrial cancer tissues and cells, and their silencing weakened the proliferative and invasive abilities of endometrial cancer cells and tumours, while promoting apoptosis. Mechanistic investigations indicated that DLX6‐AS1 formed a triplex structure with DLX6 via interaction with p300/E2F1 acetyltransferase. Thus, we find that functional up‐regulation of DLX6‐AS1 can promote endometrial cancer progression via a novel triplex mechanism that may prove to be great clinical significance for future treatments of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
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Long-Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6030027. [PMID: 32640630 PMCID: PMC7549355 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is dangerous for oxygen-dependent cells, therefore, physiological adaption to cellular hypoxic conditions is essential. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main regulator of hypoxic metabolic adaption reducing oxygen consumption and is regulated by gradual von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent proteasomal degradation. Beyond physiology, hypoxia is frequently encountered within solid tumors and first drugs are in clinical trials to tackle this pathway in cancer. Besides hypoxia, cancer cells may promote HIF expression under normoxic conditions by altering various upstream regulators, cumulating in HIF upregulation and enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis, altogether promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial to discover potential future therapeutic targets to evolve cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length of over 200 nucleotides. They participate in cancer development and progression and might act as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive factors. Additionally, a growing body of evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in the hypoxic and normoxic regulation of HIF and its subunits HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive update and overview of lncRNAs as regulators of HIFs expression and activation and discusses and highlights potential involved pathways.
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Yang B, Jia L, Ren H, Jin C, Ren Q, Zhang H, Hu D, Zhang H, Hu L, Xie T. LncRNA DLX6-AS1 increases the expression of HIF-1α and promotes the malignant phenotypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via targeting MiR-199a-5p. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1017. [PMID: 31782911 PMCID: PMC6978402 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of long-chain noncoding growth stasis specific protein 6 antisense RNA1 (lncRNA DLX6-AS1) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and cells, and its regulatory effect on malignant phenotypes of NPC cells. METHODS The expressions of DLX6-AS1, miR-199a-5p, and HIF-1α mRNA in NPC issues and cells were detected by qRT-PCR. The proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of cells were monitored via MTT and transwell assay. The interactions between DLX6-AS1 and miR-199a-5p, miR-199a-5p and HIF-1α were verified by luciferase activity assay. Western blot was performed to determine the regulatory effect of DLX6-AS1 and miR-199a-5p on HIF-1α protein. RESULTS The expression of lncRNA DLX6-AS1 was up-regulated in NPC tissues and cells. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of NPC were enhanced by overexpressed DLX6-AS1 but inhibited by DLX6-AS1 knockdown. In addition, DLX6-AS1 can be used as a kind of ceRNA to regulate miR-199a-5p and, thereby modulating the expression of HIF-1α. CONCLUSION We found that DLX6-AS1 was a cancer-promoting lncRNA to facilitate the progression of NPC, and its underlying mechanism was suppressing miR-199a-5p expression. This study can provide novel clues for the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Nephrology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Caibao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qingrong Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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