Neurodevelopmental trajectory and modifiers of 16p11.2 microdeletion: A follow-up study of four Chinese children carriers

Classifying and evaluating fetuses with multicystic dysplastic kidney in etiologic studies

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is one of the most common fetal malformations, but its etiology remains unclear. Identification of the molecular etiology could provide a basis for prenatal diagnosis, consultation, and prognosis evaluation for MCDK fetuses. We used chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) to conduct genetic tests on MCDK fetuses and explore their genetic etiology. A total of 108 MCDK fetuses with or without other extrarenal abnormalities were selected. Karyotype analysis of 108 MCDK fetuses showed an abnormal karyotype in 4 (3.7%, 4/108) of the fetuses. However, CMA detected 15 abnormal copy number variations (CNVs) (14 pathogenic CNVs, and one variant of unknown significance [VUS] CNVs), in addition to four cases that were consistent with the results of karyotype analysis. Out of the 14 pathogenic CNVs cases, three were of 17q12 microdeletion, two of 22q11.21 microdeletion, 22q11.21 microduplication uniparental disomy (UPD), and one case of 4q31.3q32.2 microdeletion, 7q11.23 microduplication, 15q11.2 microdeletion, 16p11.2 microdeletion, and 17p12 microdeletion. Of the 89 MCDK fetuses with normal karyotype analysis and CMA, 15 were tested by WES. Two (13.3%, 2/15) fetuses were identified by WES as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) 1 and BBS2. Combined application of CMA-WES to detect MCDK fetuses can significantly improve the detection rate of genetic etiology, providing a basis for consultation, and prognosis evaluation.