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Van Roey VL, Irvine WF. Optimal Diagnostic and Treatment Practices for Facial Dysostosis Syndromes: A Clinical Consensus Statement Among European Experts. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:1315-1324. [PMID: 38801252 PMCID: PMC11198962 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Facial dysostosis syndromes (FDS) are rare congenital conditions impacting facial development, often leading to diverse craniofacial abnormalities. This study addresses the scarcity of evidence on these syndromes about optimal diagnostic and treatment practices. To overcome this scarcity, European experts from ERN CRANIO collaborated to develop a clinical consensus statement through the Delphi consensus method. A systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted until February 2023. The quality of evidence was evaluated using various tools depending on the study design. Statements were subsequently formed based on literature and expert opinion, followed by a Delphi process with expert health care providers and patient representatives. In total, 92 experts from various specialties and three patient representatives were involved in the Delphi process. Over 3 voting rounds, consensus was achieved on 92 (46.9%), 58 (59.2%), and 19 (70.4%) statements, respectively. These statements cover the topics of general care; craniofacial reconstruction; the eyes and lacrimal system; upper airway management; genetics; hearing; speech; growth, feeding, and swallowing; dental treatment and orthodontics; extracranial anomalies; and psychology and cognition. The current clinical consensus statement provides valuable insights into optimal diagnostic and treatment practices and identifies key research opportunities for FDS. This consensus statement represents a significant advancement in FDS care, underlining the commitment of health care professionals to improve the understanding and management of these rare syndromes in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L. Van Roey
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network for Rare and/or Complex Craniofacial Anomalies and Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn F.E. Irvine
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine and Methodology, Qualicura Healthcare Support Agency, Breda, The Netherlands
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Zhou C, Duan P, He H, Song J, Hu M, Liu Y, Liu Y, Guo J, Jin F, Cao Y, Jiang L, Ye Q, Zhu M, Jiang B, Ruan W, Yuan X, Li H, Zou R, Tian Y, Gao L, Shu R, Chen J, Liu R, Zou S, Li X. Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:32. [PMID: 38627388 PMCID: PMC11021504 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malocclusion, identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of three major oral diseases, profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions, facial esthetics, and long-term development of ~260 million children in China. Beyond its physical manifestations, malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children. Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition, by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth. Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development, ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase. From an economic and societal standpoint, the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated, underlining its profound practical and social importance. This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children, emphasizing critical need for early treatment. It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics, proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment, serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peipei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Department of Orthodontics & Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences & Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University & College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Orthodontic & Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital for Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University & National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & National Clinic Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of & School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases & College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University & Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulou Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University & Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhuang D, Sun S, Hu Z, Xie M, Zhang Y, Yan L, Pan J, Li H. Two novel pathogenic variants in the TCOF1 found in two Chinese cases of Treacher Collins syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2405. [PMID: 38444283 PMCID: PMC10915472 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treacher Collins Ι syndrome (TCS1, OMIM:154500) is an autosomal dominant disease with a series of clinical manifestations such as craniofacial dysplasia including eye and ear abnormalities, small jaw deformity, cleft lip, as well as repeated respiratory tract infection and conductive hearing loss. Two cases of Treacher Collins syndrome with TCOF1(OMIM:606847) gene variations were reported in the article, with clinical characteristics, gene variants and the etiology. METHODS The clinical data of two patients with Treacher Collins syndrome caused by TCOF1 gene variation were retrospectively analyzed. The whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to detect the pathogenic variants of TCOF1 gene in the patients, and the verification of variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Proband 1 presented with bilateral craniofacial deformities, conductive hearing loss and recurrent respiratory tract infection. Proband 2 showed bilateral craniofacial malformations with cleft palate, which harbored similar manifestations in her family. She died soon after birth due to dyspnea and feeding difficulties. WES identified two novel pathogenic variants of TCOF1 gene in two probands, each with one variant. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the heterozygous variation NM_001371623.1: c.877del (p. Ala293Profs*34) of TCOF1 gene was detected in Proband 1, which was evaluated as a likely pathogenic (LP) and de novo variant. Another variant found in Proband 2 was NM_001135243.1: c.1660_1661del (p. D554Qfs*3) heterozygous variation, which was evaluated as a pathogenic variation and the variant inherited from the mother. To date, the two variants have not been reported before. CONCLUSION Our study found two novel pathogenic variants of TCOF1 gene and clarified the etiology of Treacher Collins syndrome. We also enriched the phenotypic spectrum of Treacher Collins syndrome and TCOF1 gene variation spectrum in the Chinese population, and provided the basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Yan Zhuang
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Shu‐Ni Sun
- Department of NeonatologyWomen and Children’ s Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Zhuo‐Jie Hu
- Department of Child Health CareWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Min Xie
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Yu‐Xin Zhang
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Lu‐Lu Yan
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Jie‐Wen Pan
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Hai‐bo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlWomen and Children's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
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李 勇, 池 文, 林 垦, 祖 金, 邵 华, 毛 志, 陈 泉, 马 静. [ TCOF1 Gene variation in Treacher Collins syndrome and evaluation of speech rehabilitation after bone bridge surgery]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2023; 37:748-754. [PMID: 37640998 PMCID: PMC10722122 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective:By analyzing the clinical phenotypic characteristics and gene sequences of two patients with Treacher Collins syndrome(TCS), the biological causes of the disease were determined. Then discuss the therapeutic effect of hearing intervention after bone bridge implantation. Methods:All clinical data of the two family members were collected, and the patients signed the informed consent. The peripheral blood of the proband and family members was extracted, DNA was extracted for whole exome sequencing, and Sanger sequencing was performed on the family members for the mutation site.TCOF1genetic mutations analysis was performed on the paitents. Then, the hearing threshold and speech recognition rate of family 2 proband were evaluated and compared under the sound field between bare ear and wearing bone bridge. Results:In the two pedigrees, the probands of both families presented with auricle deformity, zygomatic and mandibular hypoplasia, micrognathia, hypotropia of the eye fissure, and hypoplasia of the medial eyelashes. The proband of Family 1 also presents with specific features including right-sided narrow anterior nasal aperture and dental hypoplasia, which were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome. Genetic testing was conducted on both families, and two heterozygous mutations were identified in the TCOF1 gene: c. 1350_1351dupGG(p. A451Gfs*43) and c. 4362_4366del(p. K1457Efs*12), resulting in frameshift mutations in the amino acid sequence. Sanger sequencing validation of the TCOF1 gene in the parents of the proband in Family 1 did not detect any mutations. Proband 1 TCOF1 c. 1350_1351dupGG heterozygous variants have not been reported previously. The postoperative monosyllabic speech recognition rate of family 2 proband was 76%, the Categories of Auditory Performance(CAP) score was 6, and the Speech Intelligibility Rating(SIR) score was 4. Assessment using the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale(MAIS) showed notable improvement in the patient's auditory perception, comprehension, and usage of hearing aids. Evaluation using the Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory and quality of life assessment revealed significant improvements in the child's self care abilities, daily living and learning, social interactions, and psychological well being, as perceived by the parents. Conclusion:This study has elucidated the biological cause of Treacher Collins syndrome, enriched the spectrum of TCOF1 gene mutations in the Chinese population, and demonstrated that bone bridge implantation can improve the auditory and speech recognition rates in TCS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 勇桦 李
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 文月 池
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 垦 林
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 金艳 祖
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 华 邵
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 志勇 毛
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 泉东 陈
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
| | - 静 马
- 昆明市儿童医院(昆明医科大学附属儿童医院)耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(昆明,650228)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital[Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University], Kunming, 650228, China
- 昆明市儿童先天出生缺陷防控研究重点实验室Kunming Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Congenital Birth Defects of Children
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Ulhaq ZS, Nurputra DK, Soraya GV, Kurniawati S, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Tse WKF. A systematic review on Treacher Collins syndrome: Correlation between molecular genetic findings and clinical severity. Clin Genet 2023; 103:146-155. [PMID: 36203321 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS, OMIM: 154500) is a rare congenital craniofacial disorder that is caused by variants in the genes TCOF1, POLR1D, POLR1C, and POLR1B. Studies on the association between phenotypic variability and their relative variants are very limited. This systematic review summarized the 53 literatures from PubMed and Scopus to explore the potential TCS genotype-phenotype correlations with statistical analysis. Studies reporting both complete molecular genetics and clinical data were included. We identified that the molecular anomaly within TCOF1 (88.71%) accounted for most TCS cases. The only true hot spot for TCOF1 was detected in exon 24, with recurrent c.4369_4373delAAGAA variant is identified. While the hot spot for POLR1D, POLR1C, and POLR1B were identified in exons 3, 8, and 15, respectively. Our result suggested that the higher severity level was likely to be observed in Asian patients harboring TCOF1 variants rather than POLR1. Moreover, common 5-bp deletions tended to have a higher severity degree in comparison to any variants within exon 24 of TCOF1. In summary, this report suggested the relationship between genetic and clinical data in TCS. Our findings could be used as a reference for clinical diagnosis and further biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Batu, Indonesia
| | | | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Siti Kurniawati
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Lola Ayu Istifiani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lu M, Yang B, Chen Z, Jiang H, Pan B. Phenotype Analysis and Genetic Study of Chinese Patients With Treacher Collins Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:1038-1047. [PMID: 34397304 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211037509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to confirm the pathogenic variants, explore the genotype-phenotype correlation and characteristics of Chinese patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS). DESIGN Clinical details of 3 TCS family cases and 2 sporadic cases were collected and analyzed. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were conducted to detect causative variants. SETTING Tertiary clinical care. PATIENTS This study included 8 patients clinically diagnosed with TCS who were from 3 familial cases and 2 sporadic cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES When filtering the database, variants were saved as rare variants if their frequency were less than 0.005 in the 1000 Genomes Project Database, the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) browser, and the Novogene database, or they would be removed as common ones. The pathogenic variants identified were verified by polymerase chain reaction. The sequencing results were analyzed by Chromas 2.1 software. RESULTS Two novel pathogenic variants (NM_000356.3: c.537del and NM_000356.3: c.1965_1966dupGG) and 2 known pathogenic variants (NM_000356.3: c.1535del, NM_000356.3: c.4131_4135del) were identified within TCOF1 which are predicted to lead to premature termination codons resulting in a truncated protein. There was a known missense SNP (NM_015972.3: c.139G>A) within POLR1D. No phenotype-genotype correlation was observed. Instead, these 8 patients demonstrated the high genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of TCS. CONCLUSIONS This study expands on the pathogenic gene pool of Chinese patients with TCS. Besides the great variation among patients which is similar to international reports, Chinese patients have their own characteristics in clinical phenotype and pathogenesis mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Digital Plastic Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, 74698Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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