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Gowans LJJ, Comnick CL, Mossey PA, Eshete MA, Adeyemo WL, Naicker T, Awotoye WA, Petrin A, Adeleke C, Donkor P, Busch TD, James O, Ogunlewe MO, Li M, Olotu J, Hassan M, Adeniyan OA, Obiri-Yeboah S, Arthur FKN, Agbenorku P, Oti AA, Olatosi O, Adamson OO, Fashina AA, Zeng E, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Butali A. Genome-Wide Scan for Parent-of-Origin Effects in a sub-Saharan African Cohort With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate (CL/P). Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022; 59:841-851. [PMID: 34382870 PMCID: PMC9884465 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211036316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (NSCL/P) have multifactorial etiology where genetic factors, gene-environment interactions, stochastic factors, gene-gene interactions, and parent-of-origin effects (POEs) play cardinal roles. POEs arise when the parental origin of alleles differentially impacts the phenotype of the offspring. The aim of this study was to identify POEs that can increase risk for NSCL/P in humans using a genome-wide dataset. METHODS The samples (174 case-parent trios from Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria) included in this study were from the African only genome wide association studies (GWAS) that was published in 2019. Genotyping of individual DNA using over 2 million multiethnic and African ancestry-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms from the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array v2 15070954 A2 (genome build GRCh37/hg19) was done at the Center for Inherited Diseases Research. After quality control checks, PLINK was employed to carry out POE analysis employing the pooled subphenotypes of NSCL/P. RESULTS We observed possible hints of POEs at a cluster of genes at a 1 mega base pair window at the major histocompatibility complex class 1 locus on chromosome 6, as well as at other loci encompassing candidate genes such as ASB18, ANKEF1, AGAP1, GABRD, HHAT, CCT7, DNMT3A, EPHA7, FOXO3, lncRNAs, microRNA, antisense RNAs, ZNRD1, ZFAT, and ZBTB16. CONCLUSION Findings from our study suggest that some loci may increase the risk for NSCL/P through POEs. Additional studies are required to confirm these suggestive loci in NSCL/P etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJJ Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - CL Comnick
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - PA Mossey
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - MA Eshete
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - WL Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Naicker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, South Africa
| | - WA Awotoye
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - A Petrin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - C Adeleke
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - P Donkor
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - TD Busch
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - O James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - MO Ogunlewe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - J Olotu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - M Hassan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - OA Adeniyan
- NHS Foundation Trust (Queens Hospital, Belvedere Road, Burton-On-Trent), Staffordshire, UK
| | - S Obiri-Yeboah
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - FKN Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Agbenorku
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - AA Oti
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - O Olatosi
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - OO Adamson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - AA Fashina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - ML Marazita
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - AA Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JC Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - A Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
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2
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Liu L, Wang L, Ni W, Pan Y, Chen Y, Xie Q, Liu Y, Ren A. Rare earth elements in umbilical cord and risk for orofacial clefts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111284. [PMID: 32942100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Questions remain about the effects of rare earth elements (REEs) on reproductive health, and no study has explored in utero exposure to REEs and risk of orofacial clefts (OFCs). We recruited subjects from a case-control study conducted in Shanxi Province, China. Concentrations of fifteen REEs were quantified in umbilical cord samples by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry measurements. We employed logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models to estimate the association between REEs exposures and OFCs. Of 226 subjects included in our study, 34 were cleft lip only, 44 were cleft lip with cleft palate and 6 were cleft palate only. In the logistic regression model, concentrations above the median of all subjects were associated with an increased OFCs risk of 2.35-fold (95% CI: 1.22, 4.53) for Lanthanum and 2.12-fold for Neodymium (95% CI: 1.10, 4.10) adjusting for maternal age, BMI, gestational weeks, sex of infants and passive smoking. In WQS model, a quartile increase in the index resulting in an increase of 3.10 (95% CI: 1.38, 6.96) in the odds of OFC. Lanthanum and Neodymium were suggested to be important factors. The results were largely consistent for OFC subtypes. In conclusion, in utero exposure to mixtures of REEs increased the risk of OFCs. Lanthanum and Neodymium were likely to be important factors in the development of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Wenli Ni
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yaquan Pan
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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3
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Butali A, Mossey PA, Adeyemo WL, Eshete MA, Gowans LJJ, Busch TD, Jain D, Yu W, Huan L, Laurie CA, Laurie CC, Nelson S, Li M, Sanchez-Lara PA, Magee WP, Magee KS, Auslander A, Brindopke F, Kay DM, Caggana M, Romitti PA, Mills JL, Audu R, Onwuamah C, Oseni GO, Owais A, James O, Olaitan PB, Aregbesola BS, Braimah RO, Oginni FO, Oladele AO, Bello SA, Rhodes J, Shiang R, Donkor P, Obiri-Yeboah S, Arthur FKN, Twumasi P, Agbenorku P, Plange-Rhule G, Oti AA, Ogunlewe OM, Oladega AA, Adekunle AA, Erinoso AO, Adamson OO, Elufowoju AA, Ayelomi OI, Hailu T, Hailu A, Demissie Y, Derebew M, Eliason S, Romero-Bustillous M, Lo C, Park J, Desai S, Mohammed M, Abate F, Abdur-Rahman LO, Anand D, Saadi I, Oladugba AV, Lachke SA, Amendt BA, Rotimi CN, Marazita ML, Cornell RA, Murray JC, Adeyemo AA. Genomic analyses in African populations identify novel risk loci for cleft palate. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1038-1051. [PMID: 30452639 PMCID: PMC6400042 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts are common developmental disorders that pose significant clinical, economical and psychological problems. We conducted genome-wide association analyses for cleft palate only (CPO) and cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) with ~17 million markers in sub-Saharan Africans. After replication and combined analyses, we identified novel loci for CPO at or near genome-wide significance on chromosomes 2 (near CTNNA2) and 19 (near SULT2A1). In situ hybridization of Sult2a1 in mice showed expression of SULT2A1 in mesenchymal cells in palate, palatal rugae and palatal epithelium in the fused palate. The previously reported 8q24 was the most significant locus for CL/P in our study, and we replicated several previously reported loci including PAX7 and VAX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Azeez Butali, Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA. Tel:+319 3358980; Fax: 319-384-1169; ; or Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel: (301) 594-7501; Fax: (301) 451-5426;
| | - Peter A Mossey
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mekonen A Eshete
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lord J J Gowans
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Tamara D Busch
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Analysis Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Liu Huan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST, Ministry of Science and Technology) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cecelia A Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Analysis Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Analysis Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Analysis Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William P Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Magee
- Operation Smile, 3641 Faculty Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frederick Brindopke
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Kay
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michele Caggana
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - James L Mills
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosemary Audu
- Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chika Onwuamah
- Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu O Oseni
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Arwa Owais
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Olutayo James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Peter B Olaitan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde S Aregbesola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ramat O Braimah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Fadekemi O Oginni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji O Oladele
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Jennifer Rhodes
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rita Shiang
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Peter Donkor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | | | | | - Peter Twumasi
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Pius Agbenorku
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | | | | | - Olugbenga M Ogunlewe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Afisu A Oladega
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adegbayi A Adekunle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akinwunmi O Erinoso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olatunbosun O Adamson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abosede A Elufowoju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluwanifemi I Ayelomi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Taiye Hailu
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiye Hailu
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Demissie
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Miliard Derebew
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Steve Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Lo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - James Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Shaan Desai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Muiawa Mohammed
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Firke Abate
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lukman O Abdur-Rahman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Deepti Anand
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Irfaan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA
| | | | - Salil A Lachke
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, and Clinical and Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Adebowale A Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Azeez Butali, Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA. Tel:+319 3358980; Fax: 319-384-1169; ; or Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel: (301) 594-7501; Fax: (301) 451-5426;
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4
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Oseni GO, Jain D, Mossey PA, Busch TD, Gowans LJJ, Eshete MA, Adeyemo WL, Laurie CA, Laurie CC, Owais A, Olaitan PB, Aregbesola BS, Oginni FO, Bello SA, Donkor P, Audu R, Onwuamah C, Obiri-Yeboah S, Plange-Rhule G, Ogunlewe OM, James O, Halilu T, Abate F, Abdur-Rahman LO, Oladugba AV, Marazita ML, Murray JC, Adeyemo AA, Butali A. Identification of paternal uniparental disomy on chromosome 22 and a de novo deletion on chromosome 18 in individuals with orofacial clefts. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:924-932. [PMID: 30141273 PMCID: PMC6305633 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orofacial clefts are the most common malformations of the head and neck region. Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of these traits. Methods We recently conducted genotyping of individuals from the African population using the multiethnic genotyping array (MEGA) to identify common genetic variation associated with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. The data cleaning of this dataset allowed for screening of annotated sex versus genetic sex, confirmation of identify by descent and identification of large chromosomal anomalies. Results We identified the first reported orofacial cleft case associated with paternal uniparental disomy (patUPD) on chromosome 22. We also identified a de novo deletion on chromosome 18. In addition to chromosomal anomalies, we identified cases with molecular karyotypes suggesting Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome and Triple X syndrome. Conclusion Observations from our study support the need for genetic testing when clinically indicated in order to exclude chromosomal anomalies associated with clefting. The identification of these chromosomal anomalies and sex aneuploidies is important in genetic counseling for families that are at risk. Clinicians should share any identified genetic findings and place them in context for the families during routine clinical visits and evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu O Oseni
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter A Mossey
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tamara D Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lord J J Gowans
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mekonen A Eshete
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Cecelia A Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, Genetic Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Arwa Owais
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter B Olaitan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde S Aregbesola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Fadekemi O Oginni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Peter Donkor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rosemary Audu
- Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chika Onwuamah
- Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olugbenga M Ogunlewe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olutayo James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Taiye Halilu
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Firke Abate
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lukman O Abdur-Rahman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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