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Elliott AM, Adam S, du Souich C, Lehman A, Nelson TN, van Karnebeek C, Alderman E, Armstrong L, Aubertin G, Blood K, Boelman C, Boerkoel C, Bretherick K, Brown L, Chijiwa C, Clarke L, Couse M, Creighton S, Watts-Dickens A, Gibson WT, Gill H, Tarailo-Graovac M, Hamilton S, Heran H, Horvath G, Huang L, Hulait GK, Koehn D, Lee HK, Lewis S, Lopez E, Louie K, Niederhoffer K, Matthews A, Meagher K, Peng JJ, Patel MS, Race S, Richmond P, Rupps R, Salvarinova R, Seath K, Selby K, Steinraths M, Stockler S, Tang K, Tyson C, van Allen M, Wasserman W, Mwenifumbo J, Friedman JM. Genome-wide sequencing and the clinical diagnosis of genetic disease: The CAUSES study. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100108. [PMID: 35599849 PMCID: PMC9117924 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide sequencing (GWS) is a standard of care for diagnosis of suspected genetic disorders, but the proportion of patients found to have pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants ranges from less than 30% to more than 60% in reported studies. It has been suggested that the diagnostic rate can be improved by interpreting genomic variants in the context of each affected individual's full clinical picture and by regular follow-up and reinterpretation of GWS laboratory results. Trio exome sequencing was performed in 415 families and trio genome sequencing in 85 families in the CAUSES study. The variants observed were interpreted by a multidisciplinary team including laboratory geneticists, bioinformaticians, clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, pediatric subspecialists, and the referring physician, and independently by a clinical laboratory using standard American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria. Individuals were followed for an average of 5.1 years after testing, with clinical reassessment and reinterpretation of the GWS results as necessary. The multidisciplinary team established a diagnosis of genetic disease in 43.0% of the families at the time of initial GWS interpretation, and longitudinal follow-up and reinterpretation of GWS results produced new diagnoses in 17.2% of families whose initial GWS interpretation was uninformative or uncertain. Reinterpretation also resulted in rescinding a diagnosis in four families (1.9%). Of the families studied, 33.6% had ACMG pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants related to the clinical indication. Close collaboration among clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, laboratory geneticists, bioinformaticians, and individuals' primary physicians, with ongoing follow-up, reanalysis, and reinterpretation over time, can improve the clinical value of GWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shelin Adam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christèle du Souich
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanya N. Nelson
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clara van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Alderman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Linlea Armstrong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gudrun Aubertin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Blood
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cyrus Boelman
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cornelius Boerkoel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karla Bretherick
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chieko Chijiwa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lorne Clarke
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madeline Couse
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Creighton
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abby Watts-Dickens
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William T. Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harinder Gill
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sara Hamilton
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harindar Heran
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lijia Huang
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurdip K. Hulait
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Koehn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Lewis
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elena Lopez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kristal Louie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Niederhoffer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allison Matthews
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Meagher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Junran J. Peng
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Millan S. Patel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simone Race
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Phillip Richmond
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kimberly Seath
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathryn Selby
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Steinraths
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvia Stockler
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kaoru Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Tyson
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margot van Allen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wyeth Wasserman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jill Mwenifumbo
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan M. Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Easteal S, Arkell RM, Balboa RF, Bellingham SA, Brown AD, Calma T, Cook MC, Davis M, Dawkins HJS, Dinger ME, Dobbie MS, Farlow A, Gwynne KG, Hermes A, Hoy WE, Jenkins MR, Jiang SH, Kaplan W, Leslie S, Llamas B, Mann GJ, McMorran BJ, McWhirter RE, Meldrum CJ, Nagaraj SH, Newman SJ, Nunn JS, Ormond-Parker L, Orr NJ, Paliwal D, Patel HR, Pearson G, Pratt GR, Rambaldini B, Russell LW, Savarirayan R, Silcocks M, Skinner JC, Souilmi Y, Vinuesa CG, Baynam G. Equitable Expanded Carrier Screening Needs Indigenous Clinical and Population Genomic Data. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:175-182. [PMID: 32763188 PMCID: PMC7413856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded carrier screening (ECS) for recessive monogenic diseases requires prior knowledge of genomic variation, including DNA variants that cause disease. The composition of pathogenic variants differs greatly among human populations, but historically, research about monogenic diseases has focused mainly on people with European ancestry. By comparison, less is known about pathogenic DNA variants in people from other parts of the world. Consequently, inclusion of currently underrepresented Indigenous and other minority population groups in genomic research is essential to enable equitable outcomes in ECS and other areas of genomic medicine. Here, we discuss this issue in relation to the implementation of ECS in Australia, which is currently being evaluated as part of the national Government's Genomics Health Futures Mission. We argue that significant effort is required to build an evidence base and genomic reference data so that ECS can bring significant clinical benefit for many Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Australians. These efforts are essential steps to achieving the Australian Government's objectives and its commitment "to leveraging the benefits of genomics in the health system for all Australians." They require culturally safe, community-led research and community involvement embedded within national health and medical genomics programs to ensure that new knowledge is integrated into medicine and health services in ways that address the specific and articulated cultural and health needs of Indigenous people. Until this occurs, people who do not have European ancestry are at risk of being, in relative terms, further disadvantaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Easteal
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Renzo F Balboa
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Alex D Brown
- Aboriginal Health Equity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tom Calma
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT 2606, Australia
| | - Megan Davis
- UNSW Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hugh J S Dawkins
- HBF Health Limited, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Sir Walter Murdoch School of Policy and International Affairs, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Division of Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6008, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S Dobbie
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Ashley Farlow
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kylie G Gwynne
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Azure Hermes
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Wendy E Hoy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Simon H Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT 2606, Australia
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Informatics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Bastien Llamas
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological Sciences, The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Rebekah E McWhirter
- Centre for Law and Genetics, Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | | | - Shivashankar H Nagaraj
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Saul J Newman
- Biological Data Science Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jack S Nunn
- Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Lyndon Ormond-Parker
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil J Orr
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Devashi Paliwal
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Glenn Pearson
- Aboriginal Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Greg R Pratt
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Boe Rambaldini
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lynette W Russell
- Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Monash Indigenous Studies Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetic Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew Silcocks
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John C Skinner
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yassine Souilmi
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia; The Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6004, Australia; School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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