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Evolution of Flavors in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Shelf-Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030368. [PMID: 33671068 PMCID: PMC7997466 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. There are many properties related to this golden ingredient, from supreme organoleptic characteristics to benefits for human health. EVOO contains in its composition molecules capable of exerting bioactivities such as cardio protection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activity, among others, mainly caused by unsaturated fatty acids and certain minor compounds such as tocopherols or phenolic compounds. EVOO is considered the highest quality vegetable oil, which also implies a high sensory quality. The organoleptic properties related to the flavor of this valued product are also due to the presence of a series of compounds in its composition, mainly some carbonyl compounds found in the volatile fraction, although some minor compounds such as phenolic compounds also contribute. However, these properties are greatly affected by the incidence of certain factors, both intrinsic, such as the olive variety, and extrinsic, such as the growing conditions, so that each EVOO has a particular flavor. Furthermore, these flavors are susceptible to change under the influence of other factors throughout the oil's shelf-life, such as oxidation or temperature. This work offers a description of some of the most remarkable compounds responsible for EVOO's unique flavor and aroma, the factors affecting them, the mechanism that lead to the degradation of EVOO, and how flavors can be altered during the shelf-life of the oil, as well as several strategies suggested for the preservation of this flavor, on which the quality of the product also depends.
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Chironi S, Bacarella S, Altamore L, Columba P, Ingrassia M. Consumption of spices and ethnic contamination in the daily diet of Italians - consumers’ preferences and modification of eating habits. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC FOODS 2021; 8:6. [PMCID: PMC8179707 DOI: 10.1186/s42779-021-00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, consumers appear to have diversified characteristics with regard to food tastes and consumption habits. The globalization of markets and the migration phenomenon contributed to the modification of food preferences of consumers who gradually introduce into their eating habits foods and recipes typical of the tradition of foreign countries. In this scenario, also in Italy, it is going to increase the use of “foreign products” with the consequent fusion of traditional cuisine techniques and recipes with ingredients that are typical of foreign countries and cultures. Foods and ingredients originally consumed in Asian or South American countries are increasingly consumed by Italian people, who have notoriously a strong “food identity,” who generally follow the Mediterranean Diet, and who consume typical products of the country. More particularly, the use of “new” or “novel” spices compared to those traditionally used in the preparation of Italian food has grown in the last 10 years. This study is an exploratory survey on the consumption of spices in Sicily (Southern Italy), which is an Italian Region with a high level of immigrated people and a good level of social integration and progressive inclusion. The objective of this study is to know whether and how Sicilian consumers’ consumption preferences, use, and purchasing behaviors with regard to spices changed in the last few years. The results highlight an increasing use of novel spices for the preparation of the traditional recipes and a good appreciation by consumers. These results are interesting because they provide information about spices’ market development and food product marketing and internationalization. The survey gives interesting inputs for reflections about the relationship between food contaminations and social integration and insight into consumers’ preferences in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Chironi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 4, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Bacarella
- Department of Economics, Business and Statistics, Università degli Studi di Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Building 13, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Altamore
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 4, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Columba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 4, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marzia Ingrassia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 4, Palermo, Italy
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Massimo L, Laura D, Ginevra LB. Phytosterols and phytosterol oxides in Bronte’s Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) and in processed pistachio products. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yashin A, Yashin Y, Xia X, Nemzer B. Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E70. [PMID: 28914764 PMCID: PMC5618098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation of other compounds or neutralize free radicals. Spices and herbs are rich sources of antioxidants. They have been used in food and beverages to enhance flavor, aroma and color. Due to their excellent antioxidant activity, spices and herbs have also been used to treat some diseases. In this review article, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of spices and culinary herbs are presented. The content of flavonoids and total polyphenols in different spices and herbs are summarized. The applications of spices and their impacts on human health are briefly described. The extraction and analytical methods for determination of antioxidant capacity are concisely reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yashin
- International Analytical Center of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian, Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yakov Yashin
- International Analytical Center of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian, Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Department of Research & Development, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA.
| | - Boris Nemzer
- Department of Research & Development, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA.
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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İnce B, Bilgen F, Gündeşlioğlu AÖ, Dadacı M, Kozacıoğlu S. Use of Systemic Rosmarinus Officinalis to Enhance the Survival of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps. Balkan Med J 2016; 33:645-651. [PMID: 27994918 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.150981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin flaps are commonly used in soft-tissue reconstruction; however, necrosis can be a frequent complication. Several systemic and local agents have been used in attempts to improve skin flap survival, but none that can prevent flap necrosis have been identified. AIMS This study aims to determine whether the use of systemic Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis) extract can prevent flap necrosis and improve skin flap recovery. STUDY DESIGN Animal experimentation. METHODS Thirty-five Wistar albino rats were divided in five groups. A rectangular random-pattern flaps measuring 8×2 cm was elevated from the back of each rat. Group I was the control group. In Group II, 0.2 ml of R. officinalis oil was given orally 2h before surgery. R. officinalis oil was then applied orally twice a day for a week. In Group III, R. officinalis oil was given orally twice a day for one week before surgery. At the end of the week, 0.2 mL of R. officinalis oil was given orally 2 h before surgery. In Group IV, 0.2 mL of R. officinalis oil was injected subcutaneously 2 h before surgery. After the surgery, 0.2 mL R. officinalis oil was injected subcutaneously twice a day for one week. In Group V, 0.2 mL R. officinalis oil was injected subcutaneously twice a day for one week prior to surgery. At the end of the week, one last 0.2 mL R. officinalis oil injection was administered subcutaneously 2 h before surgery. After the surgery, 0.2 mL R. officinalis oil was injected subcutaneously twice a day for one week. RESULTS The mean percentage of viable surface area was significantly greater (p<0.05) in Groups II, III, IV, and V as compared to Group I. Mean vessel diameter was significantly greater (p<0.05) in Groups II, III, IV, and V as compared to Group I. CONCLUSION We have determined that, in addition to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, R. officinalis has vasodilatory effects that contribute to increased skin flap survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilsev İnce
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Bilgen
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Elbistan State Hospital, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Özlem Gündeşlioğlu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dadacı
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Kozacıoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Oxidation of β-sitosterol and campesterol in sunflower oil upon deep- and pan-frying of French fries. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6301-11. [PMID: 26396375 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fried foods, both deep-fried and pan-fried, are enjoyed by people worldwide. Frying is one of the main factors leading to formation of phytosterols (PS) oxidation products (POP) in vegetable oils. The aim of this study was to measure the oxidation of β-sitosterol (24α-ethyl-5-cholesten-3β-ol) and campesterol (24α-methyl-5-cholesten-3β-ol) in commercial sunflower oil (SFO) during deep- and pan-frying of French fries for different periods (30, 60, 120 and 240 min). The total amount of PS in SFO was 4732 μg/g, wherein the major PS were β-sitosterol and campesterol. The results of POP were confirmed by the GC-MS analysis that monitored the formation of oxides during frying. Upon frying, total PS content decreased whereas the highest decrease was measured after 240 min of frying. The oxidative stability (OS) of different sitosterol and campesterol during both frying methods was evaluated. In general, pan frying resulted in more PS oxidation than deep frying. β-Sitosterol oxides predominated while campesterol oxides were formed to a lesser extent. 7-Ketositosterol, followed by 7β-hydroxysitosterol, 5,6-epoxy derivatives and 7α-hydroxysitosterol were the main POP induced during frying. The proportion of 7-keto derivatives decreased during frying while the proportion of 7β-hydroxy derivatives increased. The formation of POP might be a limiting factor for frying in SFO for long periods.
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Alemany L, Barbera R, Alegría A, Laparra JM. Plant sterols from foods in inflammation and risk of cardiovascular disease: a real threat? Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:140-9. [PMID: 24747512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High dietary intakes of cholesterol together with sedentary habits have been identified as major contributors to atherosclerosis. The latter has long been considered a cholesterol storage disease; however, today atherosclerosis is considered a more complex disease in which both innate and adaptive immune-inflammatory mechanisms as well as bacteria play a major role, in addition to interactions between the arterial wall and blood components. This scenario has promoted nutritional recommendations to enrich different type of foods with plant sterols (PS) because of their cholesterol-lowering effects. In addition to cholesterol, PS can also be oxidized during food processing or storage, and the oxidized derivatives, known as phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), can make an important contribution to the negative effects of both cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation oxides (COPs) in relation to inflammatory disease onset and the development of atherosclerosis. Most current research efforts have focused on COPs, and evaluations of the particular role and physiopathological implications of specific POPs have been only inferential. Appreciation of the inflammatory role described for both COPs and POPs derived from foods also provides additional reasons for safety studies after long-term consumption of PS. The balance and relevance for health of all these effects deserves further studies in humans. This review summarizes current knowledge about the presence of sterol oxidation products (SOPs) in foods and their potential role in inflammatory process and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alemany
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Barbera
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Laparra
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Ince B, Yildirim AM, Okur MI, Dadaci M, Yoruk E. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis on the survivability of random-patterned skin flaps: an experimental study. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2014; 49:83-7. [PMID: 24702647 DOI: 10.3109/2000656x.2014.907172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Improving survival of skin flaps used in soft-tissue reconstruction is clinically an important goal, and several systemic and local agents have been used for this purpose. However, a substance that prevents the flap necrosis has not yet been defined. This study aimed to investigate whether a Rosmarinus officinalis extract could improve the skin flap survival. In this study, 21 Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Rectangular 8 × 2 cm random-pattern flaps were elevated from the back of the rats. Group I was considered the control group. In Group II, a 0.5-cc of Rosmarinus officinalis oil was applied with an ear bud to the flap area 30 minutes before the flap elevation. After suturing the flaps to their location, the oil was administered twice a day for a week. In Group III, 0.5 cc of the oil was applied twice a day to the area that was elevated for a week until surgery. At the end of the week, the flaps were sutured to their location, and wiped postoperatively twice a day for a week with the oil. Mean percentage of these areas was found to be 29.81%, 58.99%, and 67.68% in Group I, Group II, and Group III, respectively. The mean percentage of the flap survival areas and vessel diameters were significantly greater in the Groups II and III than in the control group (p < 0.05). The results revealed that the topical use of the Rosmarinus officinalis extract can increase the flap survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilsev Ince
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Meram Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery , Konya , Turkey
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Yang G, An HJ. β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside isolated from the bark of Sorbus commixta ameliorates pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 36:70-7. [PMID: 24328676 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.866956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The bark of Sorbus commixta has been used in Asian traditional medicine for treatment of cough, asthma, bronchial disorders, gastritis and dropsy. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, a major compound of the bark of S. commixta, is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms of β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and cytokines released from cells were measured using EIA assay kit. The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or Western blot analysis. β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ along with the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited the NF-κB activation induced by LPS, which was associated with the abrogation of IκBα degradation and subsequent decreases in nuclear p65 levels. The result suggested that the β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory productions by down-regulating the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via the negative regulation of the NF-кB pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabsik Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Sangji University , Gangwon-do , Republic of Korea
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Sasaki K, El Omri A, Kondo S, Han J, Isoda H. Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols produce anti-depressant like effect through monoaminergic and cholinergic functions modulation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 238:86-94. [PMID: 23085339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis), a culinary aromatic and medicinal plant, is very rich in polyphenols and flavonoids with high antioxidant properties. This plant was reported to exert multiple benefits for neuronal system and alleviate mood disorder. In our previous study, we demonstrated that R. officinalis and its active compounds, luteolin (Lut), carnosic acid (CA), and rosmarinic acid (RA), exhibited neurotrophic effects and improved cholinergic functions in PC12 cells in correlation with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The current study was conducted to evaluate and understand the anti-depressant effect of R. officinalis using tail suspension test (TST) in ICR mice and PC12 cells as in vitro neuronal model. Proteomics analysis of PC12 cells treated with R. officinalis polyphenols (ROP) Lut, CA, and RA revealed a significant upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) two major genes involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic and GABAergic pathway regulations. Moreover, ROP were demonstrated to protect neuronal cells against corticosterone-induced toxicity. These results were concordant with decreasing immobility time in TST and regulation of several neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine) and gene expression in mice brain like TH, PC and MAPK phosphatase (MKP-1). To the best of our knowledge this is the first evidence to contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanism behind the anti-depressant effect of R. officinalis and its major active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Stability of avocado oil during heating: Comparative study to olive oil. Food Chem 2012; 132:439-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Otaegui-Arrazola A, Menéndez-Carreño M, Ansorena D, Astiasarán I. Oxysterols: A world to explore. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3289-303. [PMID: 20870006 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols (oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and phytosterols) can be generated in the human organism through different oxidation processes, some requiring enzymes. Furthermore, oxysterols are also present in food due to lipid oxidation reactions caused by heating treatments, contact with oxygen, exposure to sunlight, etc., and they could be absorbed from the diet, at different rates depending on their side chain length. In the organism, oxysterols can follow different routes: secreted into the intestinal lumen, esterified and distributed by lipoproteins to different tissues or degraded, mainly in the liver. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have shown cytotoxicity, apoptotic and pro-inflammatory effects and they have also been linked with chronic diseases including atherosclerotic and neurodegenerative processess. In the case of phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), more research is needed on toxic effects. Nevertheless, current knowledge suggests they may also cause cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects, although at higher concentrations than COPs. Recently, new beneficial biological activities of oxysterols are being investigated. Whereas COPs are associated with cholesterol homeostasis mediated by different mechanisms, the implication of POPs is not clear yet. Available literature on sources of oxysterols in the organism, metabolism, toxicity and potential beneficial effects of these compounds are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otaegui-Arrazola
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Tabee E, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Jägerstad M, Dutta PC. Effects of α-Tocopherol on Oxidative Stability and Phytosterol Oxidation During Heating in Some Regular and High-Oleic Vegetable Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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