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Recent advances on formation, transformation, occurrence, and analytical strategy of modified mycotoxins in cereals and their products. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang X, Wu W, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Kuca K. Deoxynivalenol and its modified forms: key enzymes, inter-individual and interspecies differences in metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:331-342. [PMID: 35695207 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2088786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms, including DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), pose a major agricultural and food safety issue in the world. Their metabolites are relatively well-characterized; however, their metabolizing enzymes have not been fully explored. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, 3-O-acetyltransferase, and glutathione S-transferase are involved in the formation of DON-glucuronides, 3-acetyl-DON, and DON-glutathione, respectively. There are interindividual differences in the metabolism of these toxins, including variation with respect to sex. Furthermore, interspecies differences in DON metabolism have been revealed, including differences in the major metabolites of DON, the role of de-acetylation, and the hydrolysis of DON-3G. In this review, we summarized the major enzymes involved in metabolizing DON to its modified forms, focusing on the differences in metabolism of DON and its modified forms between individuals and species. This work provides important insight into the toxicity of DON and its derivatives in humans and animals, and provides scientific basis for the development of safer and more efficient biological detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiefeng Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Interindividual Differences in In Vitro Human Intestinal Microbial Conversion of 3-Acetyl-DON and 15-Acetyl-DON. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030199. [PMID: 35324696 PMCID: PMC8953914 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential differences between 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON in the human intestinal microbial metabolism, human fecal samples were anaerobically cultured in vitro. Quantitative fecal microbiota characteristics were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the data revealed several genera that may be relevant for the transformation of the acetylated DONs. Significant differences in the level of 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON conversion were observed among microbiota from different human individuals. 3-Ac-DON could be rapidly hydrolyzed; a ten-fold difference was observed between the highest and lowest in vitro conversion after 4 h. However, 15-Ac-DON was not fully transformed in the 4 h culture of all the individual samples. In all cases, the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON was higher than that of 15-Ac-DON, and the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON into DON varied from 1.3- to 8.4-fold that of 15-Ac-DON. Based on in vitro conversion rates, it was estimated that 45–452 min is required to convert all 3-Ac-DON to DON, implying that deacetylation of 3-Ac-DON is likely to occur completely in all human individuals during intestinal transit. However, for conversion of 15-Ac-DON, DON formation was undetectable at 4 h incubation in 8 out of the 25 human samples, while for 7 of these 8 samples conversion to DON was detected at 24 h incubation. The conversion rates obtained for these seven samples indicated that it would take 1925–4805 min to convert all 15-Ac-DON to DON, while the other 17 samples required 173–734 min. From these results it followed that for eight of the 25 individuals, conversion of 15-Ac-DON to DON was estimated to be incomplete during the 1848 min intestinal transit time. The results thus indicate substantial interindividual as well as compound specific differences in the deconjugation of acetylated DONs. A spearman correlation analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between deconjugation of both acetyl-DONs at 4 h and 24 h incubation. Based on the in vitro kinetic parameters and their scaling to the in vivo situation, it was concluded that for a substantial number of human individuals the deconjugation of 15-Ac-DON may not be complete upon intestinal transit.
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Jin J, Fall M, Liu Q, Rietjens IMCM, Xing F. Comparative Microbial Conversion of Deoxynivalenol and Acetylated Deoxynivalenol in Different Parts of the Chicken Intestine as Detected In Vitro and Translated to the In Vivo Situation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15384-15392. [PMID: 34854672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential differences in the intestinal microbial metabolism of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON, in vitro anaerobic incubations with intestinal contents from chickens were conducted. Quantitative microbiota characterization was obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing. The data showed substantial differences in the level of different toxin conversions by the microbiota from the different intestinal segments. The transformation rate of DON to its metabolite DOM-1 decreased in the order of cecum > ileum > jejunum, and caecum contents could completely transform DON to DOM-1 within 24 h. However, no transformation appeared in the duodenum. For 3-Ac-DON, the deacetylation rate decreased as follows: duodenum > caecum > ileum > jejunum, and 100% deacetylation was observed in the duodenum within 24 h. The deacetylation of 15-Ac-DON decreased in the order of cecum > duodenum > ileum with no transformation in the jejunum. Some genera may contribute to the transformation of the toxins. Based on the in vitro kinetic parameters and their scaling to the in vivo situation, it was concluded that in the chicken small intestine, the deconjugation of both 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON will not likely be completed upon full transit. Whether this also holds for humans remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qijun Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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