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Shao HC, Mengke T, Pan T, Zhang Y. Dynamic CBCT imaging using prior model-free spatiotemporal implicit neural representation (PMF-STINR). Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:115030. [PMID: 38697195 PMCID: PMC11133878 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad46dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Dynamic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can capture high-spatial-resolution, time-varying images for motion monitoring, patient setup, and adaptive planning of radiotherapy. However, dynamic CBCT reconstruction is an extremely ill-posed spatiotemporal inverse problem, as each CBCT volume in the dynamic sequence is only captured by one or a few x-ray projections, due to the slow gantry rotation speed and the fast anatomical motion (e.g. breathing).Approach. We developed a machine learning-based technique, prior-model-free spatiotemporal implicit neural representation (PMF-STINR), to reconstruct dynamic CBCTs from sequentially acquired x-ray projections. PMF-STINR employs a joint image reconstruction and registration approach to address the under-sampling challenge, enabling dynamic CBCT reconstruction from singular x-ray projections. Specifically, PMF-STINR uses spatial implicit neural representations to reconstruct a reference CBCT volume, and it applies temporal INR to represent the intra-scan dynamic motion of the reference CBCT to yield dynamic CBCTs. PMF-STINR couples the temporal INR with a learning-based B-spline motion model to capture time-varying deformable motion during the reconstruction. Compared with the previous methods, the spatial INR, the temporal INR, and the B-spline model of PMF-STINR are all learned on the fly during reconstruction in a one-shot fashion, without using any patient-specific prior knowledge or motion sorting/binning.Main results. PMF-STINR was evaluated via digital phantom simulations, physical phantom measurements, and a multi-institutional patient dataset featuring various imaging protocols (half-fan/full-fan, full sampling/sparse sampling, different energy and mAs settings, etc). The results showed that the one-shot learning-based PMF-STINR can accurately and robustly reconstruct dynamic CBCTs and capture highly irregular motion with high temporal (∼ 0.1 s) resolution and sub-millimeter accuracy.Significance. PMF-STINR can reconstruct dynamic CBCTs and solve the intra-scan motion from conventional 3D CBCT scans without using any prior anatomical/motion model or motion sorting/binning. It can be a promising tool for motion management by offering richer motion information than traditional 4D-CBCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chieh Shao
- The Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Tielige Mengke
- The Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
| | - Tinsu Pan
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - You Zhang
- The Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America
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2
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Ou Z, Xie J, Teng Z, Wang X, Jin P, Du J, Ding M, Li H, Chen Y, Niu T. PNMC: Four-dimensional conebeam CT reconstruction combining prior network and motion compensation. Comput Biol Med 2024; 171:108145. [PMID: 38442553 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Four-dimensional conebeam computed tomography (4D CBCT) is an efficient technique to overcome motion artifacts caused by organ motion during breathing. 4D CBCT reconstruction in a single scan usually divides projections into different groups of sparsely sampled data based on the respiratory phases. The reconstructed images within each group present poor image quality due to the limited number of projections. To improve the image quality of 4D CBCT in a single scan, we propose a novel reconstruction scheme that combines prior knowledge with motion compensation. We apply the reconstructed images of the full projections within a single routine as prior knowledge, providing structural information for the network to enhance the restoration structure. The prior network (PN-Net) is proposed to extract features of prior knowledge and fuse them with the sparsely sampled data using an attention mechanism. The prior knowledge guides the reconstruction process to restore the approximate organ structure and alleviates severe streaking artifacts. The deformation vector field (DVF) extracted using deformable image registration among different phases is then applied in the motion-compensated ordered-subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction algorithm to generate 4D CBCT images. Proposed method has been evaluated using simulated and clinical datasets and has shown promising results by comparative experiment. Compared with previous methods, our approach exhibits significant improvements across various evaluation metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiayi Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices and Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Teng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices and Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Peking Union Medical College, China
| | | | - Peng Jin
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jichen Du
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Ding
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - HuiHui Li
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Centre de Recherche en Information Biomedical SinoFrancais, Rennes, France
| | - Tianye Niu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China.
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3
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Jenny T, Duetschler A, Giger A, Pusterla O, Safai S, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Zhang Y. Technical note: Towards more realistic 4DCT(MRI) numerical lung phantoms. Med Phys 2024; 51:579-590. [PMID: 37166067 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerical 4D phantoms, together with associated ground truth motion, offer a flexible and comprehensive data set for realistic simulations in radiotherapy and radiology in target sites affected by respiratory motion. PURPOSE We present an openly available upgrade to previously reported methods for generating realistic 4DCT lung numerical phantoms, which now incorporate respiratory ribcage motion and improved lung density representation throughout the breathing cycle. METHODS Density information of reference CTs, toget her with motion from multiple breathing cycle 4DMRIs have been combined to generate synthetic 4DCTs (4DCT(MRI)s). Inter-subject correspondence between the CT and MRI anatomy was first established via deformable image registration (DIR) of binary masks of the lungs and ribcage. Ribcage and lung motions were extracted independently from the 4DMRIs using DIR and applied to the corresponding locations in the CT after post-processing to preserve sliding organ motion. In addition, based on the Jacobian determinant of the resulting deformation vector fields, lung densities were scaled on a voxel-wise basis to more accurately represent changes in local lung density. For validating this process, synthetic 4DCTs, referred to as 4DCT(CT)s, were compared to the originating 4DCTs using motion extracted from the latter, and the dosimetric impact of the new features of ribcage motion and density correction were analyzed using pencil beam scanned proton 4D dose calculations. RESULTS Lung density scaling led to a reduction of maximum mean lung Hounsfield units (HU) differences from 45 to 12 HU when comparing simulated 4DCT(CT)s to their originating 4DCTs. Comparing 4D dose distributions calculated on the enhanced 4DCT(CT)s to those on the original 4DCTs yielded 2%/2 mm gamma pass rates above 97% with an average improvement of 1.4% compared to previously reported phantoms. CONCLUSIONS A previously reported 4DCT(MRI) workflow has been successfully improved and the resulting numerical phantoms exhibit more accurate lung density representations and realistic ribcage motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Jenny
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alisha Duetschler
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Giger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Orso Pusterla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sairos Safai
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Damien C Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antony J Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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Yang P, Ge X, Tsui T, Liang X, Xie Y, Hu Z, Niu T. Four-Dimensional Cone Beam CT Imaging Using a Single Routine Scan via Deep Learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:1495-1508. [PMID: 37015393 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3231461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel method is proposed to obtain four-dimensional (4D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from a routine scan in patients with upper abdominal cancer. The projections are sorted according to the location of the lung diaphragm before being reconstructed to phase-sorted data. A multiscale-discriminator generative adversarial network (MSD-GAN) is proposed to alleviate the severe streaking artifacts in the original images. The MSD-GAN is trained using simulated CBCT datasets from patient planning CT images. The enhanced images are further used to estimate the deformable vector field (DVF) among breathing phases using a deformable image registration method. The estimated DVF is then applied in the motion-compensated ordered-subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction approach to generate 4D CBCT images. The proposed MSD-GAN is compared with U-Net on the performance of image enhancement. Results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the total variation regularization-based iterative reconstruction approach and the method using only MSD-GAN to enhance original phase-sorted images in simulation and patient studies on 4D reconstruction quality. The MSD-GAN also shows higher accuracy than the U-Net. The proposed method enables a practical way for 4D-CBCT imaging from a single routine scan in upper abdominal cancer treatment including liver and pancreatic tumors.
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5
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Yedekci Y, Hurmuz P, Ozyigit G. Effects of reconstruction methods on dose distribution for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment plans. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023; 62:107-115. [PMID: 36526911 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of tumour motion on various imaging strategies as well as on treatment plan accuracy for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment (SBRT) cases. The ExacTrac gating phantom and paraffin were used to investigate respiratory motion and represent a lung tumour, respectively. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) imaging was performed, while the phantom was moving sinusoidally with 4 s cycling time with three different amplitudes of 8, 16, and 24 mm. Reconstructions were done with maximum (MIP) and average intensity projection (AIP) methods. Comparisons of target density and volume were performed using two reconstruction techniques and references values. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were planned based on reconstructed computed tomography (CT) sets, and it was examined how density variations affect the dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters. 4D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed with the Elekta Versa HD linac imaging system before irradiation and compared with 3D CBCT. Thus, various combinations of 4DCT reconstruction methods and treatment alignment methods have been investigated. Point measurements as well as 2 and 3D dose measurements were done by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), gafchromic films, and electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs), respectively. The mean volume reduction was 7.8% for the AIP and 2.6% for the MIP method. The obtained Hounsfield Unit (HU) values were lower for AIP and higher for MIP when compared with the reference volume density. In DVH analysis, there were no statistical differences for D95%, D98%, and Dmean (p > 0.05). However, D2% was significantly affected by HU changes (p < 0.01). A positional variation was obtained up to 2 mm in moving direction when 4D CBCT was applied after 3D CBCT. Dosimetric measurements showed that the main part of the observed dose deviation was due to movement. In lung SBRT treatment plans, D2% doses differ significantly according to the reconstruction method. Additionally, it has been observed that setups based on 3D imaging can cause a positional error of up to 2 mm compared to setups based on 4D imaging. It is concluded that MIP has advantages over AIP in defining internal target volume (ITV) in lung SBRT applications. In addition, 4D CBCT and 3D EPID dosimetry are recommended for lung SBRT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Yedekci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pervin Hurmuz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Ozyigit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Niu T, Tsui T, Zhao W. AI-Augmented Images for X-Ray Guiding Radiation Therapy Delivery. Semin Radiat Oncol 2022; 32:365-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Duetschler A, Bauman G, Bieri O, Cattin PC, Ehrbar S, Engin-Deniz G, Giger A, Josipovic M, Jud C, Krieger M, Nguyen D, Persson GF, Salomir R, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Zhang Y. Synthetic 4DCT(MRI) lung phantom generation for 4D radiotherapy and image guidance investigations. Med Phys 2022; 49:2890-2903. [PMID: 35239984 PMCID: PMC9313613 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Respiratory motion is one of the major challenges in radiotherapy. In this work, a comprehensive and clinically plausible set of 4D numerical phantoms, together with their corresponding “ground truths,” have been developed and validated for 4D radiotherapy applications. Methods The phantoms are based on CTs providing density information and motion from multi‐breathing‐cycle 4D Magnetic Resonance imagings (MRIs). Deformable image registration (DIR) has been utilized to extract motion fields from 4DMRIs and to establish inter‐subject correspondence by registering binary lung masks between Computer Tomography (CT) and MRI. The established correspondence is then used to warp the CT according to the 4DMRI motion. The resulting synthetic 4DCTs are called 4DCT(MRI)s. Validation of the 4DCT(MRI) workflow was conducted by directly comparing conventional 4DCTs to derived synthetic 4D images using the motion of the 4DCTs themselves (referred to as 4DCT(CT)s). Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) as well as 4D pencil beam scanned (PBS) proton dose calculations were used for validation. Results Based on the CT image appearance of 13 lung cancer patients and deformable motion of five volunteer 4DMRIs, synthetic 4DCT(MRI)s with a total of 871 different breathing cycles have been generated. The 4DCT(MRI)s exhibit an average superior–inferior tumor motion amplitude of 7 ± 5 mm (min: 0.5 mm, max: 22.7 mm). The relative change of the DRR image intensities of the conventional 4DCTs and the corresponding synthetic 4DCT(CT)s inside the body is smaller than 5% for at least 81% of the pixels for all studied cases. Comparison of 4D dose distributions calculated on 4DCTs and the synthetic 4DCT(CT)s using the same motion achieved similar dose distributions with an average 2%/2 mm gamma pass rate of 90.8% (min: 77.8%, max: 97.2%). Conclusion We developed a series of numerical 4D lung phantoms based on real imaging and motion data, which give realistic representations of both anatomy and motion scenarios and the accessible “ground truth” deformation vector fields of each 4DCT(MRI). The open‐source code and motion data allow foreseen users to generate further 4D data by themselves. These numeric 4D phantoms can be used for the development of new 4D treatment strategies, 4D dose calculations, DIR algorithm validations, as well as simulations of motion mitigation and different online image guidance techniques for both proton and photon radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Duetschler
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Bauman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Philippe C Cattin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Center for medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Ehrbar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
| | - Georg Engin-Deniz
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alina Giger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Center for medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Mirjana Josipovic
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Christoph Jud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Center for medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Krieger
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damien Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Gitte F Persson
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Rares Salomir
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.,Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Damien C Weber
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Antony J Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
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Zhi S, KachelrieB M, Pan F, Mou X. CycN-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network Specialized for 4D CBCT Images Refinement. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:3054-3064. [PMID: 34010129 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) has been developed to provide a sequence of phase-resolved reconstructions in image-guided radiation therapy. However, 4D CBCT images are degraded by severe streaking artifacts and noise because the phase-resolved image is an extremely sparse-view CT procedure wherein a few under-sampled projections are used for the reconstruction of each phase. Aiming at improving the overall quality of 4D CBCT images, we proposed two CNN models, named N-Net and CycN-Net, respectively, by fully excavating the inherent property of 4D CBCT. To be specific, the proposed N-Net incorporates the prior image reconstructed from entire projection data based on U-Net to boost the image quality for each phase-resolved image. Based on N-Net, a temporal correlation among the phase-resolved images is also considered by the proposed CycN-Net. Extensive experiments on both XCAT simulation data and real patient 4D CBCT datasets were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed CNNs. Both networks can effectively suppress streaking artifacts and noise while restoring the distinct features simultaneously, compared with the existing CNN models and two state-of-the-art iterative algorithms. Moreover, the proposed method is robust in handling complicated tasks of various patient datasets and imaging devices, which implies its excellent generalization ability.
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9
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Zhi S, Kachelrieß M, Mou X. Spatiotemporal structure-aware dictionary learning-based 4D CBCT reconstruction. Med Phys 2021; 48:6421-6436. [PMID: 34514608 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) is developed to reconstruct a sequence of phase-resolved images, which could assist in verifying the patient's position and offering information for cancer treatment planning. However, 4D CBCT images suffer from severe streaking artifacts and noise due to the extreme sparse-view CT reconstruction problem for each phase. As a result, it would cause inaccuracy of treatment estimation. The purpose of this paper was to develop a new 4D CBCT reconstruction method to generate a series of high spatiotemporal 4D CBCT images. METHODS Considering the advantage of (DL) on representing structural features and correlation between neighboring pixels effectively, we construct a novel DL-based method for the 4D CBCT reconstruction. In this study, both a motion-aware dictionary and a spatially structural 2D dictionary are trained for 4D CBCT by excavating the spatiotemporal correlation among ten phase-resolved images and the spatial information in each image, respectively. Specifically, two reconstruction models are produced in this study. The first one is the motion-aware dictionary learning-based 4D CBCT algorithm, called motion-aware DL based 4D CBCT (MaDL). The second one is the MaDL equipped with a prior knowledge constraint, called pMaDL. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations are performed using a 4D extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantom, simulated patient data, and two sets of patient data sets. Several state-of-the-art 4D CBCT algorithms, such as the McKinnon-Bates (MKB) algorithm, prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS), and the high-quality initial image-guided 4D CBCT reconstruction method (HQI-4DCBCT) are applied for comparison to validate the performance of the proposed MaDL and prior constraint MaDL (pMaDL) pmadl reconstruction frameworks. RESULTS Experimental results validate that the proposed MaDL can output the reconstructions with few streaking artifacts but some structural information such as tumors and blood vessels, may still be missed. Meanwhile, the results of the proposed pMaDL demonstrate an improved spatiotemporal resolution of the reconstructed 4D CBCT images. In these improved 4D CBCT reconstructions, streaking artifacts are suppressed primarily and detailed structures are also restored. Regarding the XCAT phantom, quantitative evaluations indicate that an average of 58.70%, 45.25%, and 40.10% decrease in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE) and an average of 2.10, 1.37, and 1.37 times in terms of structural similarity index (SSIM) are achieved by the proposed pMaDL method when compared with piccs, PICCS, MaDL(2D), and MaDL(2D), respectively. Moreover the proposed pMaDL achieves a comparable performance with HQI-4DCBCT algorithm in terms of RMSE and SSIM metrics. However, pMaDL has a better ability to suppress streaking artifacts than HQI-4DCBCT. CONCLUSIONS The proposed algorithm could reconstruct a set of 4D CBCT images with both high spatiotemporal resolution and detailed features preservation. Moreover the proposed pMaDL can effectively suppress the streaking artifacts in the resultant reconstructions, while achieving an overall improved spatiotemporal resolution by incorporating the motion-aware dictionary with a prior constraint into the proposed 4D CBCT iterative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhi
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Marc Kachelrieß
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Xuanqin Mou
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Gardner M, Dillon O, Shieh CC, O'Brien R, Debrot E, Barber J, Ahern V, Bennett P, Heng SM, Corde S, Jackson M, Keall P. The adaptation and investigation of cone-beam CT reconstruction algorithms for horizontal rotation fixed-gantry scans of rabbits. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33878747 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf9dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fixed-gantry radiation therapy has been proposed as a low-cost alternative to the conventional rotating-gantry radiation therapy, that may help meet the rising global treatment demand. Fixed-gantry systems require gravitational motion compensated reconstruction algorithms to produce cone-beam CT (CBCT) images of sufficient quality for image guidance. The aim of this work was to adapt and investigate five CBCT reconstruction algorithms for fixed-gantry CBCT images. The five algorithms investigated were Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK), prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS), gravitational motion compensated FDK (GMCFDK), motion compensated PICCS (MCPICCS) (a novel CBCT reconstruction algorithm) and simultaneous motion estimation and iterative reconstruction (SMEIR). Fixed-gantry and rotating-gantry CBCT scans were acquired of 3 rabbits, with the rotating-gantry scans used as a reference. Projections were sorted into rotation bins, based on the angle of rotation of the rabbit during image acquisition. The algorithms were compared using the structural similarity index measure root mean square error, and reconstruction time. Evaluation of the reconstructed volumes showed that, when compared with the reference rotating-gantry volume, the conventional FDK algorithm did not accurately reconstruct fixed-gantry CBCT scans. Whilst the PICCS reconstruction algorithm reduced some motion artefacts, the motion estimation reconstruction methods (GMCFDK, MCPICCS and SMEIR) were able to greatly reduce the effect of motion artefacts on the reconstructed volumes. This finding was verified quantitatively, with GMCFDK, MCPICCS and SMEIR reconstructions having RMSE 17%-19% lower and SSIM 1% higher than a conventional FDK. However, all motion compensated fixed-gantry CBCT reconstructions had a 56%-61% higher RMSE and 1.5% lower SSIM than FDK reconstructions of conventional rotating-gantry CBCT scans. The results show that motion compensation is required to reduce motion artefacts for fixed-gantry CBCT reconstructions. This paper further demonstrates the feasibility of fixed-gantry CBCT scans, and the ability of CBCT reconstruction algorithms to compensate for motion due to horizontal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gardner
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Owen Dillon
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Chun-Chien Shieh
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.,Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ricky O'Brien
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Emily Debrot
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Barber
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Verity Ahern
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Peter Bennett
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Soo-Min Heng
- Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Stéphanie Corde
- Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Michael Jackson
- Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Paul Keall
- ACRF Image X Institute, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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Ling C, Chen H, Wu Y. Development and validation of a reconstruction approach for three-dimensional confined-space tomography problems. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10786-10800. [PMID: 33361899 DOI: 10.1364/ao.404458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the development and validation of a new tomography approach, termed cross-interfaces computed tomography (CICT), to address confined-space tomography problems. Many practical tomography problems require imaging through optical walls, which may encounter light refractions that seriously influence the imaging process and deteriorate the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Past efforts have primarily focused on developing open-space tomography algorithms, but these algorithms are not extendable to confined-space problems unless the imaging process from the 3D target and its line-of-sight two-dimensional (2D) images (defined as "projections") is properly adjusted. The CICT approach is therefore proposed in this work to establish an algorithm describing the mapping relationship between the optical signal field of the target and its projections. The CICT imaging algorithm is first validated by quantitatively comparing measured and simulated projections of a calibration plate through an optical cylinder. Then the CICT reconstruction is numerically and experimentally validated using a simulated flame phantom and a laminar cone flame, respectively. Compared to reconstructions formed by traditional open-space tomography, the CICT approach is demonstrated to be capable of resolving confined-space problems with significantly improved accuracy.
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12
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Chen G, Zhao Y, Huang Q, Gao H. 4D-AirNet: a temporally-resolved CBCT slice reconstruction method synergizing analytical and iterative method with deep learning. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:175020. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9f60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vergalasova I, Cai J. A modern review of the uncertainties in volumetric imaging of respiratory-induced target motion in lung radiotherapy. Med Phys 2020; 47:e988-e1008. [PMID: 32506452 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has become a critical component for the treatment of all stages and types of lung cancer, often times being the primary gateway to a cure. However, given that radiation can cause harmful side effects depending on how much surrounding healthy tissue is exposed, treatment of the lung can be particularly challenging due to the presence of moving targets. Careful implementation of every step in the radiotherapy process is absolutely integral for attaining optimal clinical outcomes. With the advent and now widespread use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), where extremely large doses are delivered, accurate, and precise dose targeting is especially vital to achieve an optimal risk to benefit ratio. This has largely become possible due to the rapid development of image-guided technology. Although imaging is critical to the success of radiotherapy, it can often be plagued with uncertainties due to respiratory-induced target motion. There has and continues to be an immense research effort aimed at acknowledging and addressing these uncertainties to further our abilities to more precisely target radiation treatment. Thus, the goal of this article is to provide a detailed review of the prevailing uncertainties that remain to be investigated across the different imaging modalities, as well as to highlight the more modern solutions to imaging motion and their role in addressing the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Vergalasova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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