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Cui F, Jin T, Li M, Zhu L, Di X, Zhu H. Assessment of scintillation and Cherenkov imaging as beam shape verification method in CyberKnife® radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024:e14508. [PMID: 39243112 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to assess the utility of Cherenkov imaging (CI) and scintillation imaging (SI) as high-resolution techniques to measure CyberKnife® beam shape quantitatively at the irradiation surface in quality assurance (QA). METHODS The EMCCD camera captured scintillation and Cherenkov photons arising from 6 MV x-ray dose deposition produced by the CyberKnife® VSI System. Two imaging methods were done at source to surface distance of 800 cm with the same field size, ranging from 10 to 60 mm using fixed cones and iris collimators. The output sensitivity and constancy were measured using the SI and CI, and benchmarked against an ionization chamber. Line profiles of each beam measured by optical imaging were compared with film measurement. Position shifts were introduced to test the sensitivity of SI and CI to small beam position deviations. To assess reproducibility, the beam measurements were tested three times on 5 consecutive days. RESULTS Both systems exhibited comparable sensitivity to the ionization chamber in response to fluctuations in CyberKnife® output. The beam profiles in SI matched well with the measured film image, with accuracy in the range of ± 0.20 and ± 0.26 mm standard deviation for the circle and iris field, respectively. The corresponding accuracy measured by CI is in the range of ± 0.25 and ± 0.33 mm, respectively. These are all within the tolerance recommended by the guidelines of CyberKnife® QA. The accuracy measured by SI and CI for 1 mm beam position shift within 0.21 and 0.45 mm tolerance, respectively. Repeatability measurements of the beam have shown a standard deviation within 0.94 mm. CONCLUSIONS SI and CI techniques are tested to provide a valid way to measure CyberKnife® beam shape in this study. Meanwhile, the systematic comparison of SI and CI also provides evidence for the measurement methods selection appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Cui
- CyberKnife Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jin
- CyberKnife Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xing Di
- CyberKnife Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaguang Zhu
- CyberKnife Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bassiri N, Bayouth JE, Mittauer KE. Characterization of mechanical and radiation isocenter on an MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) Linac. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e14111. [PMID: 37535938 PMCID: PMC10647948 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In the emerging paradigm of stereotactic radiosurgery being proposed for MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT), assessment of mechanical geometric accuracy is critical for the implementation of stereotactic delivery. We benchmarked the mechanical accuracy of an MR Linac system that lacks an onboard detector/array. Our mechanical tests utilize a half beam block (HBB) geometry that takes advantage of the sensitivity of a partially occluded detector. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mechanical tests benchmarked the couch, MLC, and gantry geometric accuracy for an MR-Linac system. An HBB technique was used to irradiate an ionization chamber profiler (ICP) array with partial occlusion of individual detectors for characterization of MLC skew, beam divergence displacement, and RT isocenter localization. The sensitivity of the partially occluded detector's ICP-X (detector width) and ICP-Y (detector length) was characterized by displacing the detector relative to radiation isocenter by 0.2 mm increments, introduced through couch motion. The accuracy of the HBB ICP technique was verified with a starshot using radiochromic film, and the reproducibility was verified on a conventional C-arm Linac and compared to Winston-Lutz. RESULTS The sensitivity of the HBB technique as quantified through the dose difference normalized to open field as a function of displacement from RT isocenter was 6.4%/mm and 13.0%/mm for the ICP-X and ICP-Y orientation, respectively, due to the oblong detector orientation. Couch positional accuracy and sag was within ±0.1 mm. Maximum MLC positional displacement was 0.7 mm with mean MLC skew at 0.07°. The maximum beam divergence displacement was 0.03 mm. The gantry angle was within 0.1°. Independent verification of the RT isocenter localization procedure produced repeatable results. CONCLUSION This work serves for characterizing the mechanical and geometric radiation accuracy for the foundation of an MR-guided stereotactic radiosurgery program, as demonstrated with high sensitivity and independent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema Bassiri
- Department of Radiation OncologyMiami Cancer InstituteBaptist Health South FloridaMiamiFloridaUSA
- Herbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - John E. Bayouth
- Department of Radiation MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Kathryn E. Mittauer
- Department of Radiation OncologyMiami Cancer InstituteBaptist Health South FloridaMiamiFloridaUSA
- Herbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
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Alexander DA, Majji S, Jermyn M, Byrd BK, Bruza P, Li T, Zhu TC. Characterization of Cherenkov imaging parameters and positional constraints on an O-ring linear accelerator. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acfdf2. [PMID: 37757840 PMCID: PMC10693929 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acfdf2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective. With the introduction of Cherenkov imaging technology on the Halcyon O-ring linear accelerator platform, we seek to demonstrate the imaging feasibility and optimize camera placement.Approach. Imaging parameters were probed by acquiring triggering data Cherenkov image frames for simplistic beams on the Halcyon and comparing the analyzed metrics with those from the TrueBeam platform. Camera position was analyzed by performing 3D rendering of patient treatment plans for various sites and iterating over camera positions to assess treatment area visibility.Main results. Commercial Cherenkov imaging systems are compatible with the pulse timing of the Halcyon, and this platform design favorably impacts signal to noise in Cherenkov image frames. Additionally, ideal camera placement is treatment site dependent and is always within a biconical zone of visibility centered on the isocenter. Visibility data is provided for four treatment sites, with suggestions for camera placement based on room dimensions. Median visibility values were highest for right breast plans, with values of 80.33% and 68.49% for the front and rear views respectively. Head and neck plans presented with the lowest values at 26.44% and 38.18% respectively.Significance. This work presents the first formal camera positional analysis for Cherenkov imaging on any platform and serves as a template for performing similar work for other irradiation platforms. Additionally, this study confirms the Cherenkov imaging parameters do not need to be changed for optimal imaging on the Halcyon. Lastly, the presented methodology provides a framework which could be further expanded to other optical imaging systems which rely on line of sight visibility to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Michael Jermyn
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
| | - Brook K. Byrd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Petr Bruza
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
| | - Taoran Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
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Bianfei S, Fang L, Zhongzheng X, Yuanyuan Z, Tian Y, Tao H, Jiachun M, Xiran W, Siting Y, Lei L. Application of Cherenkov radiation in tumor imaging and treatment. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3101-3118. [PMID: 36065976 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation (CR) is the characteristic blue glow that is generated during radiotherapy or radioisotope decay. Its distribution and intensity naturally reflect the actual dose and field of radiotherapy and the location of radioisotope imaging agents in vivo. Therefore, CR can represent a potential in situ light source for radiotherapy monitoring and radioisotope-based tumor imaging. When used in combination with new imaging techniques, molecular probes or nanomedicine, CR imaging exhibits unique advantages (accuracy, low cost, convenience and fast) in tumor radiotherapy monitoring and imaging. Furthermore, photosensitive nanomaterials can be used for CR photodynamic therapy, providing new approaches for integrating tumor imaging and treatment. Here the authors review the latest developments in the use of CR in tumor research and discuss current challenges and new directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Bianfei
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Fang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Zhongzheng
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeng Yuanyuan
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Tao
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ma Jiachun
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Xiran
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Siting
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Lei
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL.
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