Design of an anthropomorphic PET phantom with elastic lungs and respiration modeling

PixelPrint 4D : A 3D printing method of fabricating patient-specific deformable CT phantoms for respiratory motion applications

All in-vivo medical imaging is impacted by patient motion, especially respiratory motion, which has a significant influence on clinical workflows in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. Many technologies such as motion artifact reduction and tumor tracking algorithms have been developed to compensate for respiratory motion during imaging. To assess these technologies, respiratory motion phantoms (RMPs) are required as preclinical testing environments, for instance, in computed tomography (CT). However, current RMPs are highly simplified and do not exhibit realistic tissue structures or deformation patterns. With the rise of more complex motion compensation technologies such as deep learning-based algorithms, there is a need for more realistic RMPs. This work introduces PixelPrint 4D , a 3D printing method designed to fabricate lifelike, patient-specific deformable lung phantoms for CT imaging. The phantom demonstrated accurate replication of patient lung structures, textures, and attenuation profiles. Furthermore, it exhibited accurate nonrigid deformations, volume changes, and attenuation changes under compression. PixelPrint 4D enables the production of highly realistic RMPs, surpassing existing models to offer more robust testing environments for a diverse array of novel CT technologies.

Robotic system for magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound treatment of thyroid nodules

BACKGROUND

Herein, a robotic system offering Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) therapy of thyroid nodules was developed.

METHODS

The robotic system offers linear motion in 2 PC-controlled axes that navigate a 3 MHz single-element focused transducer. The system, through a C-arm structure attaches to the table of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners and couples to the neck of patients lying in the supine position. The MRI compatibility of the developed system was assessed inside a 3 T scanner. Benchtop and MRI feasibility studies evaluating the heating performance of the system were executed on excised pork tissue and on homogeneous and thyroid model agar-based phantoms.

RESULTS

The MRI compatibility of the system was successfully established. Grid sonications executed using robotic motion inflicted discrete and overlapping lesions on the excised tissue, while magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry successfully monitored thermal heating in agar-based phantoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed system was found to be efficient with ex-vivo evaluation. The system can perform clinical MRgFUS therapy of thyroid nodules and other shallow targets after further in-vivo evaluation.

Design and CT imaging of casper, an anthropomorphic breathing thorax phantom

The goal of this work was to build an anthropomorphic thorax phantom capable of breathing motion with materials mimicking human tissues in x-ray imaging applications. The thorax phantom, named Casper, was composed of resin (body), foam (lungs), glow polyactic acid (bones) and natural polyactic acid (tumours placed in the lungs). X-ray attenuation properties of all materials prior to manufacturing were evaluated by means of photon-counting computed tomography (CT) imaging on a table-top system. Breathing motion was achieved by a scotch-yoke mechanism with diaphragm motion frequencies of 10-20 rpm and displacements of 1 to 2 cm. Casper was manufactured by means of 3D printing of moulds and ribs and assembled in a complex process. The final phantom was then scanned using a clinical CT scanner to evaluate material CT numbers and the extent of tumour motion. Casper CT numbers were close to human CT numbers for soft tissue (46 HU), ribs (125 HU), lungs (-840 HU) and tumours (-45 HU). For a 2 cm diaphragm displacement the largest tumour displacement was 0.7 cm. The five tumour volumes were accurately assessed in the static CT images with a mean absolute error of 4.3%. Tumour sizes were either underestimated for smaller tumours or overestimated for larger tumours in dynamic CT images due to motion blurring with a mean absolute difference from true volumes of 10.3%. More Casper information including a motion movie and manufacturing data can be downloaded from http://web.uvic.ca/~bazalova/Casper/.

Absolute Quantification in Diagnostic SPECT/CT: The Phantom Premise

The application of absolute quantification in SPECT/CT has seen increased interest in the context of radionuclide therapies where patient-specific dosimetry is a requirement within the European Union (EU) legislation. However, the translation of this technique to diagnostic nuclear medicine outside this setting is rather slow. Clinical research has, in some examples, already shown an association between imaging metrics and clinical diagnosis, but the applications, in general, lack proper validation because of the absence of a ground truth measurement. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing or 3D printing has seen rapid improvements, increasing its uptake in medical imaging. Three-dimensional printed phantoms have already made a significant impact on quantitative imaging, a trend that is likely to increase in the future. In this review, we summarize the data of recent literature to underpin our premise that the validation of diagnostic applications in nuclear medicine using application-specific phantoms is within reach given the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing or 3D printing.