|
1
|
Boss MA, Malyarenko D, Partridge S, Obuchowski N, Shukla-Dave A, Winfield JM, Fuller CD, Miller K, Mishra V, Ohliger M, Wilmes LJ, Attariwala R, Andrews T, deSouza NM, Margolis DJ, Chenevert TL, Panzer A. The QIBA Profile for Diffusion-Weighted MRI: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Quantitative Imaging Biomarker. Radiology 2024; 313:e233055. [PMID: 39377680 PMCID: PMC11537247 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.233055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) provides a quantitative measure of water mobility that can be used to probe alterations in tissue microstructure due to disease or treatment. Establishment of the accepted level of variance in ADC measurements for each clinical application is critical for its successful implementation. The Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Biomarker Committee of the Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) has recently advanced the ADC Profile from the consensus to clinically feasible stage for the brain, liver, prostate, and breast. This profile distills multiple studies on ADC repeatability and describes detailed procedures to achieve stated performance claims on an observed ADC change within acceptable confidence limits. In addition to reviewing the current ADC Profile claims, this report has used recent literature to develop proposed updates for establishing metrology benchmarks for mean lesion ADC change that account for measurement variance. Specifically, changes in mean ADC exceeding 8% for brain lesions, 27% for liver lesions, 27% for prostate lesions, and 15% for breast lesions are claimed to represent true changes with 95% confidence. This report also discusses the development of the ADC Profile, highlighting its various stages, and describes the workflow essential to achieving a standardized implementation of advanced quantitative diffusion-weighted MRI in the clinic. The presented QIBA ADC Profile guidelines should enable successful clinical application of ADC as a quantitative imaging biomarker and ensure reproducible ADC measurements that can be used to confidently evaluate longitudinal changes and treatment response for individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Boss
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Dariya Malyarenko
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Savannah Partridge
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Nancy Obuchowski
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Amita Shukla-Dave
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Jessica M. Winfield
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Clifton D. Fuller
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Kevin Miller
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Virendra Mishra
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Michael Ohliger
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Lisa J. Wilmes
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Raj Attariwala
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Trevor Andrews
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Nandita M. deSouza
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Margolis
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Thomas L. Chenevert
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| | - Ariane Panzer
- From the Center for Research and Innovation, American College of
Radiology, 50 S 16th St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (M.A.B.); Department of
Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (D.M., T.L.C.); Department of
Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (S.P.); Department of
Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.);
Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, NY (A.S.D.); The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
(J.M.W., N.M.d.S.); The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (J.M.W.,
N.M.d.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.D.F.); CaliberMRI, Boulder, Colo (K.M.);
Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
(V.M.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (M.O., L.J.W.); Aim Medical
Imaging, Vancouver, Canada (R.A.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.A.); and Department of
Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (D.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|