Symptom development and timing of menarche: a longitudinal study

A Systematic Literature Review of Factors Affecting the Timing of Menarche: The Potential for Climate Change to Impact Women's Health

Menarche is the first occurrence of a woman’s menstruation, an event that symbolizes reproductive capacity and the transition from childhood into womanhood. The global average age for menarche is 12 years and this has been declining in recent years. Many factors that affect the timing menarche in girls could be affected by climate change. A systematic literature review was performed regarding the timing of menarche and four publication databases were interrogated: EMBASE, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane Reviews. Themes were identified from 112 articles and related to environmental causes of perturbations in menarche (either early or late), disease causes and consequences of perturbations, and social causes and consequences. Research from climatology was incorporated to describe how climate change events, including increased hurricanes, avalanches/mudslides/landslides, and extreme weather events could alter the age of menarche by disrupting food availability or via increased toxin/pollutant release. Overall, our review revealed that these perturbations in the timing of menarche are likely to increase the disease burden for women in four key areas: mental health, fertility-related conditions, cardiovascular disease, and bone health. In summary, the climate does have the potential to impact women’s health through perturbation in the timing of menarche and this, in turn, will affect women’s risk of disease in future.

Early menarche and psychopathological symptoms in young Chinese women

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the psychopathological symptoms, suicide, and self-harming behaviors among students with early, on-time, and late menarche in high school and college and the association of early menarche with these disorders.

METHODS

The design consisted of a cross-sectional study of 5597 high school students and 2768 college students. Menarche age, suboptimal mental health status, anxiety, depression, suicide, and self-harming behaviors were obtained by self-report questionnaire.

RESULTS

In high school students, all the disorders occurred at significantly higher frequency in those with early menarche than in those with on-time and late menarche. In college students, only suboptimal mental health status, depression, and suicidal ideation happened at significantly higher frequency in the early menarche group than in the other two groups. The college group had a lower frequency of all the disorders than the high school group for all three groups of girls, that is, with early, on-time, or late menarche. In a multivariate logistic regression model, early menarche persisted as a risk factor for all the disorders after other factors were controlled.

CONCLUSIONS

Psychopathological symptoms, suicide, and self-harming behaviors are more common in early menarche students than in on-time and late menarche students. The effects of early menarche on the disorders might dissipate over time. Early menarche might serve as a predictor for the disorders in Chinese girls.

The relationship between age of menarche and mental distress in Norwegian adolescent girls and girls from different immigrant groups in Norway: results from an urban city cross-sectional survey

Lower age of menarche has been associated with increased mental distress among adolescent girls. The association might be mediated via body image, as girls with early menarche tend to have higher weight than those with late onset menarche. Many of the existing studies of menarche and mental distress are based on samples of white, western girls. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between age of menarche and mental distress among Norwegian girls and girls from different immigrant groups, and to study the effect of body mass index (BMI) and the difference between current and desired weight, on the relationship between age of menarche and mental distress. The study was a cross-sectional population-based self-report survey of all 10th grade pupils in Oslo for two consecutive years. A total of 3694 girls (91%) participated, one quarter of which were first or second generation immigrants. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 was used to measure mental distress. An inverse, linear association between age of menarche and mental distress was found for both Norwegian girls and girls from all the immigrant groups. Regardless of immigrant status, girls with early onset menarche had higher BMI and higher difference in current and desired weight than those with late onset menarche. In linear regression, the difference in current and desired weight was more strongly associated with mental distress both among the Norwegian girls and girls from immigrant groups than age of menarche and BMI when controlling for social and behavioral factors. Early age of menarche might serve as a predictor for psychopathology in Norwegians girls as well as in girls from different immigrant groups. The association between age of menarche and mental distress might be mediated via differences in current and desired weight.