Experimental and quantum-chemical studies of 15N NMR coordination shifts in palladium and platinum chloride complexes with pyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline

Pd(II) Complexes with Pyridine Ligands: Substituent Effects on the NMR Data, Crystal Structures, and Catalytic Activity

A wide range of functionalized pyridine ligands have been employed to synthesize a variety of Pd(II) complexes of the general formulas [PdL₄](NO₃)₂ and [PdL₂Y₂], where L = 4-X-py and Y = Cl^– or NO₃^–. Their structures have been unambiguously established via analytical and spectroscopic methods in solution (NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as well as in the solid state (X-ray diffraction). This in-depth characterization has shown that the functionalization of ligand molecules with groups of either electron-withdrawing or -donating nature (EWG and EDG) results in significant changes in the physicochemical properties of the desired coordination compounds. Downfield shifts of signals in the ¹H NMR spectra were observed upon coordination within and across the complex families, clearly indicating the relationship between NMR chemical shifts and the ligand basicity as estimated from pK_a values. A detailed crystallographic study has revealed the operation of a variety of weak interactions, which may be factors explaining aspects of the solution chemistry of the complexes. The Pd(II) complexes have been found to be efficient and versatile precatalysts in Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck cross-coupling reactions within a scope of structurally distinct substrates, and factors have been identified that have contributed to efficiency improvement in both processes.

A wide range of pyridine derivatives have been employed to synthesize a variety of di- and tetrasubstituted Pd(II) complexes of square-planar geometry. This in-depth characterization has shown that the functionalization of ligand molecules with groups of either electron-withdrawing or -donating nature results in significant changes in the physicochemical properties of the coordination compounds. Moreover, the complexes have been found to be of practical utility as efficient precatalysts for both Suzuki−Miyaura and Heck cross-coupling reactions.

Computational 1 H and 13 C NMR in structural and stereochemical studies

Present review outlines the advances and perspectives of computational ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR applied to the stereochemical studies of inorganic, organic, and bioorganic compounds, involving in particular natural products, carbohydrates, and carbonium ions. The first part of the review briefly outlines theoretical background of the modern computational methods applied to the calculation of chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants at the DFT and the non-empirical levels. The second part of the review deals with the achievements of the computational ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR in the stereochemical investigation of a variety of inorganic, organic, and bioorganic compounds, providing in an abridged form the material partly discussed by the author in a series of parent reviews. Major attention is focused herewith on the publications of the recent years, which were not reviewed elsewhere.

Structure evolution of single-site Pt in a metal-organic framework

Heterogeneous single-metal-site catalyst or single-atom catalyst research has grown rapidly due to the accessibility of modern characterization techniques that can provide invaluable information at the atomic-scale. Herein, we study the structural evolution of isolated single Pt sites incorporated in a metal-organic framework containing bipyridine functional groups using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with CO as the probe molecule. The structure and electronic properties of the isolated Pt sites are further corroborated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. We find the prerequisite of high temperature He treatment for Pt activation and CO insertion and inquire into the structural transformation of Pt site process by dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Exploring the In Vivo and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Rhenium Isonitrile Complexes

The established platinum-based drugs form covalent DNA adducts to elicit their cytotoxic response. Although they are widely employed, these agents cause toxic side-effects and are susceptible to cancer-resistance mechanisms. To overcome these limitations, alternative metal complexes containing the rhenium(I) tricarbonyl core have been explored as anticancer agents. Based on a previous study ( Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 9206), a series of highly active tricarbonyl rhenium isonitrile polypyridyl (TRIP) complexes of the general formula fac-[Re(CO)3(NN)(ICN)]+, where NN is a chelating diimine and ICN is an isonitrile ligand, that induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway are investigated. A total of 11 of these TRIP complexes were synthesized, modifying both the equatorial polypyridyl and axial isonitrile ligands. Complexes with more electron-donating equatorial ligands were found to have greater anticancer activity, whereas the axial ICN ligands had a smaller effect on their overall potency. All 11 TRIP derivatives trigger a similar phenotype that is characterized by their abilities to induce ER stress and activate the UPR. Lastly, we explored the in vivo efficacy of one of the most potent complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(dmphen)(ptolICN)]+ (TRIP-1a), where dmphen = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and ptolICN = para-tolyl isonitrile, in mice. The 99mTc congener of TRIP-1a was synthesized, and its biodistribution in BALB/c mice was investigated in comparison to the parent Re complex. The results illustrate that both complexes have similar biodistribution patterns, suggesting that 99mTc analogues of these TRIP complexes can be used as diagnostic partner agents. The in vivo antitumor activity of TRIP-1a was then investigated in NSG mice bearing A2780 ovarian cancer xenografts. When administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice weekly, this complex was able to inhibit tumor growth and prolong mouse survival by 150% compared to the vehicle control cohort.

Computational 1 H NMR: Part 2. Chemical applications

This is the second one of three closely interrelated reviews dealing with computation of ¹ H NMR chemical shifts and ¹ H-¹ H spin-spin coupling constants prepared for Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. Presented in this review are some basic notes and illustrative examples of how modern computational ¹ H NMR could be used for structural elucidation and stereoelectronic studies of the medium-sized organic molecules involving saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, and heteroaromatic compounds together with their functional derivatives and coordination complexes to get deeper insight into their stereochemical structure and stereodynamic behavior.

Computational protocols for calculating 13C NMR chemical shifts

The most recent results dealing with the computation of ¹³C NMR chemical shifts in chemistry (small molecules, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic compounds, heterocycles, functional derivatives, coordination complexes, carbocations, and natural products) are reviewed, paying special attention to theoretical background and accuracy, the latter involving solvent effects, vibrational corrections, and relativistic effects.

A direct access to heterobimetallic complexes by roll-over cyclometallation

Complexes of the type [Cp*Ir(N,N')Cl]⁺ (N,N' = 2-(2-dialkylaminopyrimidin-4-yl)pyrimidine) can undergo roll-over cyclometallation leading to a novel N,N'-donor site. Following this strategy heterobimetallic complexes including iridium(iii) and a Group X metal centre in the oxidation state +II were achieved.

Calculation of 15N NMR chemical shifts: Recent advances and perspectives

Recent advances in computation of ¹⁵N NMR chemical shifts are reviewed, concentrating mainly on practical aspects of computational protocols and accuracy factors. The review includes the discussion of the level of theory, the choice of density functionals and basis sets together with taking into account solvent effects, rovibrational corrections and relativistic effects. Computational aspects of ¹⁵N NMR are illustrated for the series of neutral and protonated open-chain nitrogen-containing compounds and nitrogen heterocycles, coordination and intermolecular complexes.

Synthesis and Characterization of Pt(II) Complexes with Pyridyl Ligands: Elongated Octahedral Ion Pairs and Other Factors Influencing 1H NMR Spectra

Our goal is to develop convenient methods for obtaining trans-[Pt^II(4-Xpy)₂Cl₂] complexes applicable to 4-substituted pyridines (4-Xpy) with limited volatility and water solubility, properties typical of 4-Xpy, with X being a moiety targeting drug delivery. Treatment of cis-[Pt^II(DMSO)₂Cl₂] (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide) with 4-Xpy in acetonitrile allowed isolation of a new series of simple trans-[Pt^II(4-Xpy)₂Cl₂] complexes. A side product with very downfield H2/6 signals led to our synthesis of a series of new [Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]Cl₂ salts. For both series in CDCl₃, the size of the H2/6 Δδ [coordinated minus "free" 4-Xpy H2/6 shift] decreased as 4-Xpy donor ability increased from 4-CNpy to 4-Me₂Npy. This finding can be attributed to the greater synergistic reduction in the inductive effect of the Pt(II) center with increased 4-Xpy donor ability. The high solubility of [Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]Cl₂ salts in CDCl₃ (a solvent with low polarity) and the very downfield shift of the [Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]Cl₂ H2/6 signals for the solutions provide evidence for the presence of strong {[Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]²⁺,2Cl^-} ion pairs that are stabilized by multiple CH···Cl contacts. This conclusion gains considerable support from [Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]Cl₂ crystal structures revealing that a chloride anion occupies a pseudoaxial position with nonbonding (py)C-H···Cl contacts (2.4-3.0 Å). Evidence for (py)C-H···Y contacts was obtained in NMR studies of [Pt^II(4-Xpy)₄]Y₂ salts with Y counterions less capable of forming H-bonds than chloride ion. Our synthetic approaches and spectroscopic analysis are clearly applicable to other nonvolatile ligands.

Structurally Diverse Diazafluorene-Ligated Palladium(II) Complexes and Their Implications for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions

4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) has been identified as a highly effective ligand in a number of Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions, but the mechanistic basis for its utility has not been elucidated. Here, we present the complex coordination chemistry of DAF and palladium(II) carboxylate salts. Multiple complexes among an equilibrating mixture of species have been characterized by (1)H and (15)N NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. These complexes include monomeric and dimeric Pd(II) species, with monodentate (κ(1)), bidentate (κ(2)), and bridging (μ:κ(1):κ(1)) DAF coordination modes. Titration studies of DAF and Pd(OAc)2 reveal the formation of two dimeric DAF/Pd(OAc)2 complexes at low [DAF] and four monomeric species at higher [DAF]. The dimeric complexes feature two bridging acetate ligands together with either a bridging or nonbridging (κ(1)) DAF ligand coordinated to each Pd(II) center. The monomeric structures consist of three isomeric Pd(κ(1)-DAF)2(OAc)2 complexes, together with Pd(κ(2)-DAF)(OAc)2 in which the DAF exhibits a traditional bidentate coordination mode. Replacing DAF with the structurally related, but more-electron-rich derivative 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2DAF) simplifies the equilibrium mixture to two complexes: a dimeric species in which the Me2DAF bridges the two Pd centers and a monomeric species with a traditional κ(2)-Me2DAF coordination mode. The use of DAF in combination with other carboxylate ligands (CF3CO2(-) or tBuCO2(-)) also results in a simplified collection of equilibrating Pd(II)-DAF complexes. Collectively, the results highlight the ability of DAF to equilibrate rapidly among multiple coordination modes, and provide valuable insights into the utility of DAF as a ligand in Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions.

(2,2'-Bi-pyridine-κ(2) N,N')di-chloridopalladium(II) 1,4-dioxane hemisolvate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [PdCl2(C10H8N2)]·0.5C4H8O2, consists of one Pd(II) complex mol-ecule and a half-mol-ecule of 1,4-dioxane, the complete mol-ecule being generated by inversion symmetry. The Pd(II) atom has an almost square-planar coordination formed by the 2,2'-bi-pyridine ligand and two chloride ligands. Two intra-molecular C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds occur. In the crystal, the Pd(II) complex and 1,4-dioxane mol-ecules are connected by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to (10-1). Within the layer, weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.817 (4) Å] are observed between the pyridine rings.

Alkyl chlorido hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate imido niobium and tantalum(V) complexes: synthesis, conformational states of alkyl groups in solid and solution, X-ray diffraction and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies

The alkylation of the starting pseudooctahedral dichlorido imido hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate niobium and tantalum(v) compounds [MTp*Cl2(NtBu)] (M = Nb,Ta; Tp* = BH(3,5-Me2C3HN2)3) with MgClR in different conditions led to new alkyl chlorido imido derivatives [MTp*ClR(NtBu)] (M = Nb/Ta, R = CH2CH31a/1b, CH2Ph 2a/2b, CH2tBu 3a/3b, CH2SiMe34a/4b, CH2CMe2Ph 5a/5b), whereas the dimethyl derivatives [MTp*Me2(NtBu)] (M = Nb 6a, Ta 6b) could be isolated as unitary species when the reaction was carried out using 2 equivalents of the magnesium reagent MgClMe. However, the chlorido methyl [MTp*ClMe(NtBu)] (M = Nb 7a, Ta 7b) complexes were obtained by heating at 50 °C the dichlorido and dimethyl imido complexes mixtures in a 1 : 1 ratio. All of the complexes were studied by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the molecular structures of 1b, 2a/b, 3a/b, 4a and 5a/b were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. In the solid state the complexes 1b, 4a and 5a exhibit only a gauche-anti conformation and the complexes 2a/b, 3a/b and 5b exhibit only a gauche-syn conformation of the alkyl substituents, whereas both conformational states, which do not show mutual exchange in the NMR time scale, were observed for 3a/b in a benzene-d6 solution. The (15)N chemical shifts of the complexes 1-7 are discussed.

1H, 13C, 15N NMR coordination shifts in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) bis-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine ([M(terpy)(2) ](2+) ; M = Fe, Ru, Os) were performed. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent H(6) and deshielding of H(3'), H(4') protons were observed, both effects being mostly expressed for Fe(II) compounds. The metal-bonded nitrogens were shielded, this effect being much larger for the outer N(1), N(1″) than the inner N(1') atoms, and enhanced in the Fe(II) → Ru(II) → Os(II) series.

1H, 13C, 195Pt and 15N NMR structural correlations in Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with various alkyl and aryl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline

(1)H, (13)C, (195)Pt and (15)N NMR studies of platinide(II) (M = Pd, Pt) chloride complexes with such alkyl and aryl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline as LL = 6,6'-dimethyl-bpy, 5,5'-dimethyl-bpy, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-bpy, 2,9-dimethyl-phen, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-phen, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-phen, having the general [M(LL)Cl(2)] formula were performed and the respective chemical shifts (δ(1H), δ(13C), δ(195Pt), δ(15N)) reported. (1)H high-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(1H) = δ(complex)(1H)-δ(ligand)(1H)) mostly pronounced for nitrogen-adjacent protons and methyl groups in the nearest adjacency of nitrogen, as well as (15)N low-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(15H) = δ(complex)(15H)-δ(ligand)(15H)) were discussed in relation to the molecular structures.

(1)H NMR assignment corrections and (1)H, (13)C, (15)N NMR coordination shifts structural correlations in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) tris-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline of the general formula [M(LL)(3)](2+) (M = Fe, Ru, Os; LL = bpy, phen) were performed. Inconsistent literature (1)H signal assignments were corrected. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent protons [H(6) in bpy, H(2) in phen] and metal-bonded nitrogens was observed, being enhanced in the series Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II) for (1)H, Fe(II) --> Ru(II) --> Os(II) for (15)N and bpy --> phen for both nuclei. The carbons are deshielded, the effect increasing in the order Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II).

Structural correlations for (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR coordination shifts in Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with lutidines and collidine

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with dimethylpyridines (lutidines: 2,3-lutidine, 2,3lut; 2,4-lutidine, 2,4lut; 3,5-lutidine, 3,5lut; 2,6-lutidine, 2,6lut) and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-collidine, 2,4,6col) having general formulae [AuLCl(3)], trans-[PdL(2)Cl(2)] and trans-/cis-[PtL(2)Cl(2)] were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta(1H), delta(13C), delta(15N)) reported. The deshielding of protons and carbons, as well as the shielding of nitrogens was observed. The (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR coordination shifts (Delta(1H) (coord), Delta(13C) (coord), Delta(15N) (coord); Delta(coord) = delta(complex) - delta(ligand)) were discussed in relation to some structural features of the title complexes, such as the type of the central atom [Au(III), Pd(II), Pt(II)], geometry (trans- or cis-), metal-nitrogen bond lengths and the position of both methyl groups in the pyridine ring system.

1H, 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance coordination shifts in Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with phenylpyridines

1H, 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with phenylpyridines (PPY: 4-phenylpyridine, 4ppy; 3-phenylpyridine, 3ppy; and 2-phenylpyridine, 2ppy) having the general formulae [Au(PPY)Cl3], trans-/cis-[Pd(PPY)2Cl2] and trans-/cis-[Pt(PPY)2Cl2] were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta1H, delta13C and delta15N) reported. 1H, 13C and 15N coordination shifts (i.e. differences between chemical shifts of the same atom in the complex and ligand molecules: Delta(coord)(1H) = delta(complex)(1H)-delta(ligand)(1H), Delta(coord)(13C) = delta(complex)(13C)-delta(ligand)(13C), Delta(coord)(15N) = delta(complex)(15N)-delta(ligand)(15N)) were discussed in relation to the type of the central atom (Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II)), geometry (trans-/cis-) and the position of a phenyl group in the pyridine ring system.