1
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Müntener T, Joss D, Häussinger D, Hiller S. Pseudocontact Shifts in Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9422-9467. [PMID: 35005884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic centers in biomolecules, such as specific metal ions that are bound to a protein, affect the nuclei in their surrounding in various ways. One of these effects is the pseudocontact shift (PCS), which leads to strong chemical shift perturbations of nuclear spins, with a remarkably long range of 50 Å and beyond. The PCS in solution NMR is an effect originating from the anisotropic part of the dipole-dipole interaction between the magnetic momentum of unpaired electrons and nuclear spins. The PCS contains spatial information that can be exploited in multiple ways to characterize structure, function, and dynamics of biomacromolecules. It can be used to refine structures, magnify effects of dynamics, help resonance assignments, allows for an intermolecular positioning system, and gives structural information in sensitivity-limited situations where all other methods fail. Here, we review applications of the PCS in biomolecular solution NMR spectroscopy, starting from early works on natural metalloproteins, following the development of non-natural tags to chelate and attach lanthanoid ions to any biomolecular target to advanced applications on large biomolecular complexes and inside living cells. We thus hope to not only highlight past applications but also shed light on the tremendous potential the PCS has in structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müntener
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Joss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Chiliveri SC, Robertson AJ, Shen Y, Torchia DA, Bax A. Advances in NMR Spectroscopy of Weakly Aligned Biomolecular Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:9307-9330. [PMID: 34766756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement and application of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in solution NMR studies of biological macromolecules has become well established over the past quarter of a century. Numerous methods for generating the requisite anisotropic orientational molecular distribution have been demonstrated, each with its specific strengths and weaknesses. In parallel, an enormous number of pulse schemes have been introduced to measure the many different types of RDCs, ranging from the most widely measured backbone amide 15N-1H RDCs, to 1H-1H RDCs and couplings between low-γ nuclei. Applications of RDCs range from structure validation and refinement to the determination of relative domain orientations, the measurement of backbone and domain motions, and de novo structure determination. Nevertheless, it appears that the power of the RDC methodology remains underutilized. This review aims to highlight the practical aspects of sample preparation and RDC measurement while describing some of the most straightforward applications that take advantage of the exceptionally precise information contained in such data. Some emphasis will be placed on more recent developments that enable the accurate measurement of RDCs in larger systems, which is key to the ongoing shift in focus of biological NMR spectroscopy from structure determination toward gaining improved understanding of how molecular flexibility drives protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Chaitanya Chiliveri
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Angus J Robertson
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yang Shen
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Dennis A Torchia
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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3
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Chen JL, Chen BG, Li B, Yang F, Su XC. Assessing multiple conformations of lanthanide binding tags for proteins using a sensitive 19F-reporter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4291-4294. [PMID: 33913982 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00791b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the isomeric species of metal complexes in solution is difficult. 19F NMR herein was used to determine the abundance of isomeric species and dynamic properties of lanthanide binding tags. The results suggest that 19F is an efficient reporter in assessing and screening paramagnetic tags suitable for protein NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ben-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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4
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Lee YS, Mou Z, Opina ACL, Vasalatiy O. Origin of the Isomer Stability of Polymethylated DOTA Chelates Complexed with Ln 3+ ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:1428-1440. [PMID: 36591318 PMCID: PMC9802879 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-based chelates that give only a single isomer in solution when complexed with lanthanide (Ln3+) ions is of value for studying protein dynamics and interactions via NMR. Herein, we have investigated the geometries, energetics, and electrostatic potentials of Lu complexed with DOTA (1), ring methylated M4DOTA (2), and arm methylated R-DOTMA (3) and S-DOTMA (4), as well as, both ring and arm methylated 4S-4S-M4DOTMA (5) and 4S-4R-M4DOTMA (6) at the level of M06-L/6-31+G(d)-SDD, to elucidate the origin of the isomer stability. These analyses indicate that the electrostatic repulsion between the arm methyl and the neighboring carboxylate significantly destabilizes the square antiprism (SAP) isomer of Lu-5 and the twisted square antiprism (TSAP) isomer of Lu-6, while the steric repulsion between the ring and arm methyl groups attenuates the stability of both TSAP of Lu-5 and SAP of Lu-6. To rationalize the variable temperature proton NMR spectra, the energy barriers for the inter-conversion in Lu-5 and Lu-6 via arm rotation were also calculated. The modulation of the stability and rigidity of Ln complexes via a modification of DOTA is also discussed. Our investigation will aid to design better chelates for the Ln3+ ions for its use in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sok Lee
- Dr. Yong-Sok Lee, Dr. Zhongyu Mou Center for Molecular Modeling, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States,Present address: Bioinformatics and Computational Bioscience Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Zhongyu Mou
- Dr. Yong-Sok Lee, Dr. Zhongyu Mou Center for Molecular Modeling, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States,Present address: Intramural Research Program, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ana Christina L. Opina
- Dr. Ana Christina L. Opina, Dr. Olga Vasalatiy Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Dr. Ana Christina L. Opina, Dr. Olga Vasalatiy Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
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5
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Wang Y, An L, Yang Y, Yao L. Generating Five Independent Molecular Alignments for Simultaneous Protein Structure and Dynamics Determination Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15263-15269. [PMID: 33166130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) are commonly used in NMR for protein structure and dynamics studies, but it is challenging to generate five independent RDC data sets (required for simultaneous structure and dynamics determination) for most protein molecules in the magnetic field. In this work, a reporter protein with a lanthanide tag is introduced to create five independent alignments. This reporter protein is then attached to target proteins where five independent sets of RDCs are also obtained for the target proteins. The fitting of RDCs provides important information about the structure and dynamics of the target proteins. The method is simple and effective and, in principle, can be used to generate complete sets of RDCs for different protein molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liaoyuan An
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Chen JL, Li B, Li XY, Su XC. Dynamic Exchange of the Metal Chelating Moiety: A Key Factor in Determining the Rigidity of Protein-Tag Conjugates in Paramagnetic NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9493-9500. [PMID: 33108729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific labeling of proteins with a paramagnetic tag is an efficient way to provide atomic-resolution information about the dynamics, interactions, and structures of the proteins and protein-ligand complexes. The paramagnetic effects manifested in NMR spectroscopy generally contain paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, pseudocontact shifts (PCSs), and residual dipolar coupling (RDC), and these effects correlate closely with the flexibility of protein-tag conjugates. The rigidity of the paramagnetic tag is greatly important in decoding the structural details of macromolecular complexes, because paramagnetic averaging reduces the PCSs and RDCs. Here we show that the dynamic exchange of the metal chelating moiety is a key factor in determining the rigidity of the paramagnetic tag in the protein conjugates. Decreasing the conformational exchange rates in the metal chelating moiety greatly minimizes the paramagnetic averaging and thus increases PCSs and RDCs. This effect has been demonstrated in an open-chain tag, Py-l-Cys-DTPA, which generates large PCSs and RDCs that are comparable to those of the reported cyclic DOTA-like tags. The proposed route offers a unique way to design suitable paramagnetic tags for applications in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xia-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Täubert S, Zhang YH, Martinez MM, Siepel F, Wöltjen E, Leonov A, Griesinger C. Lanthanide Tagging of Oligonucleotides to Nucleobase for Paramagnetic NMR. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3333-3337. [PMID: 32687667 PMCID: PMC7754328 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although lanthanide tags, which have large anisotropic magnetic susceptibilities, have already been introduced to enrich NMR parameters by long‐range pseudoconact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) of proteins, their application to nucleotides has so far been limited to one previous report, due to the high affinities of lanthanides for the phosphodiester backbone of nucleotides and difficult organic synthesis. Herein, we report successful attachment of a lanthanide tag to a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide via a disulfide bond. NMR experiments reveal PCSs of up to 1 ppm and H−H RDCs of up to 8 Hz at 950 MHz. Although weaker magnetic alignment was achieved than with proteins, the paramagnetic data could be fitted to the known structure of the DNA, taking the mobility of the tag into account. While further rigidification of the tag is desirable, this tag could also be used to measure heteronuclear RDCs of 13C,15N‐labeled chemically synthesized DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Täubert
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mitcheell Maestre Martinez
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Siepel
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edith Wöltjen
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Danmaliki GI, Hwang PM. Solution NMR spectroscopy of membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183356. [PMID: 32416193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) perform unique and indispensable functions in the cell, making them attractive targets for fundamental research and drug discovery. Developments in protein production, isotope labeling, sample preparation, and pulse sequences have extended the utility of solution NMR spectroscopy for studying IMPs with multiple transmembrane segments. Here we review some recent applications of solution NMR for studying structure, dynamics, and interactions of polytopic IMPs, emphasizing strategies used to overcome common technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddafi I Danmaliki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Peter M Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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9
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Joss D, Häussinger D. Design and applications of lanthanide chelating tags for pseudocontact shift NMR spectroscopy with biomacromolecules. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:284-312. [PMID: 31779884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, lanthanide chelating tags and their applications to pseudocontact shift NMR spectroscopy as well as analysis of residual dipolar couplings are covered. A complete overview is presented of DOTA-derived and non-DOTA-derived lanthanide chelating tags, critical points in the design of lanthanide chelating tags as appropriate linker moieties, their stability under reductive conditions, e.g., for in-cell applications, the magnitude of the anisotropy transferred from the lanthanide chelating tag to the biomacromolecule under investigation and structural properties, as well as conformational bias of the lanthanide chelating tags are discussed. Furthermore, all DOTA-derived lanthanide chelating tags used for PCS NMR spectroscopy published to date are displayed in tabular form, including their anisotropy parameters, with all employed lanthanide ions, CB-Ln distances and tagging reaction conditions, i.e., the stoichiometry of lanthanide chelating tags, pH, buffer composition, temperature and reaction time. Additionally, applications of lanthanide chelating tags for pseudocontact shifts and residual dipolar couplings that have been reported for proteins, protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes, carbohydrates, carbohydrate-protein complexes, nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes are presented and critically reviewed. The vast and impressive range of applications of lanthanide chelating tags to structural investigations of biomacromolecules in solution clearly illustrates the significance of this particular field of research. The extension of the repertoire of lanthanide chelating tags from proteins to nucleic acids holds great promise for the determination of valuable structural parameters and further developments in characterizing intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Joss
- University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Su XC, Chen JL. Site-Specific Tagging of Proteins with Paramagnetic Ions for Determination of Protein Structures in Solution and in Cells. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1675-1686. [PMID: 31150202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution NMR spectroscopy is sensitive to local structural variations and subtle dynamics of biomolecules and is an important technique for studying the structures, dynamics, and interactions of these molecules. Small-molecule probes, including paramagnetic tags, have been developed for this purpose. Paramagnetic effects manifested in magnetic resonance spectra have long been recognized as valuable tools for chemical analysis of small molecules, and these effects were later applied in the fields of chemical biology and structural biology. However, such applications require the installation of a paramagnetic center in the biomolecules of interest. Paramagnetic metal ions and stable free radicals are the most widely used paramagnetic probes for biological magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and therefore mild, high-yielding approaches for chemically attaching paramagnetic tags to biomolecules are in high demand. In this Account, we begin by discussing paramagnetic species, especially transition metal ions and lanthanide ions, that are suitable for NMR and EPR studies, particularly for in-cell applications. Thereafter, we describe approaches for site-specific tagging of proteins with paramagnetic ions and discuss considerations involved in designing high-quality paramagnetic tags, including the strength of the binding between the metal-chelating moiety and the paramagnetic ion, the chemical stability, and the flexibility of the tether between the paramagnetic tag and the target protein. The flexibility of a tag correlates strongly with the averaging of paramagnetic effects observed in NMR spectra, and we describe methods for increasing tag rigidity and applications of such tags in biological systems. We also describe specific applications of established site-specific tagging approaches and newly developed paramagnetic tags for the elucidation of protein structures and dynamics at atomic resolution both in solution and in cells. First, we describe the determination of the 3D structure of a short-lived, low-abundance enzyme intermediate complex in real time by using pseudocontact shifts as structural restraints. Second, we demonstrate the utility of stable paramagnetic tags for determining 3D structures of proteins in live cells, and pseudocontact shifts are shown to be valuable structural restraints for in-cell protein analysis. Third, we show that a NMR optimized paramagnetic tag allows one to determine distance restraints on proteins by double electron-electron resonance (DEER) measurements with high spatial resolution both in vitro and in cells. Finally, we summarize recent advances in site-specific tagging of proteins to achieve atomic-resolution information about structural changes of proteins, and the advantages and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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11
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Abstract
Zinc ion binding is a principal event in the achievement of the correct fold in classical zinc finger domains since the motif is largely unfolded in the absence of metal. In the case of a prokaryotic zinc finger, the larger βββαα domain contributes to the folding mechanism with a larger hydrophobic core. For these reasons, following the great amount of attention devoted to unveiling the effect of xenobiotic metal ion replacement in zinc fingers and in zinc-containing proteins in general, the prokaryotic zinc finger domain appears to be an interesting model for studying metal ion interaction with metalloproteins. Here, we explore the binding of Ni(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) to Ros87, the DNA binding domain of the prokaryotic zinc finger protein Ros. We measured Ros87-metal ion dissociation constants and monitored the effects on the structure and function of the domain. Interestingly, we found that the protein folds in the presence of Ni(II) with important structural perturbations, while in the presence of Pb(II) and Hg(II) it does not appear to be significantly folded. Accordingly, an overall strong reduction in the DNA binding capability is observed for all of the examined proteins. Our data integrate and complement the information collected in the past few years concerning the functional and structural effects of metal ion substitution in classical zinc fingers in order to contribute to a better comprehension of the toxicity of these metals in biological systems.
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12
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Sala D, Musiani F, Rosato A. Application of Molecular Dynamics to the Investigation of Metalloproteins Involved in Metal Homeostasis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sala
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence; Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence; Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine; Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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13
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Sugiki T, Furuita K, Fujiwara T, Kojima C. Current NMR Techniques for Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010148. [PMID: 29329228 PMCID: PMC6017608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications have been developed for structure-based drug discovery (SBDD). NMR provides many advantages over other methods, such as the ability to directly observe chemical compounds and target biomolecules, and to be used for ligand-based and protein-based approaches. NMR can also provide important information about the interactions in a protein-ligand complex, such as structure, dynamics, and affinity, even when the interaction is too weak to be detected by ELISA or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) or to be crystalized. In this study, we reviewed current NMR techniques. We focused on recent progress in NMR measurement and sample preparation techniques that have expanded the potential of NMR-based SBDD, such as fluorine NMR (19F-NMR) screening, structure modeling of weak complexes, and site-specific isotope labeling of challenging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Furuita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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14
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Chiliveri SC, Louis JM, Ghirlando R, Baber JL, Bax A. Tilted, Uninterrupted, Monomeric HIV-1 gp41 Transmembrane Helix from Residual Dipolar Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:34-37. [PMID: 29277995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography have shown that the pre- and postfusion states of the HIV-1 gp41 viral coat protein, although very different from one another, each adopt C3 symmetric structures. A stable homotrimeric structure for the transmembrane domain (TM) also was modeled and supported by experimental data. For a C3 symmetric structure, alignment in an anisotropic medium must be axially symmetric, with the unique axis of the alignment tensor coinciding with the C3 axis. However, NMR residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured under three different alignment conditions were found to be incompatible with C3 symmetry. Subsequent measurements by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, analytical ultracentrifugation, and DEER EPR, indicate that the transmembrane domain is monomeric. 15N NMR relaxation data and RDCs show that TM is highly ordered and uninterrupted for a total length of 32 residues, extending well into the membrane proximal external region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Chaitanya Chiliveri
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics and ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John M Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics and ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics and ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - James L Baber
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics and ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics and ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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15
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Sánchez-Rico C, Voith von Voithenberg L, Warner L, Lamb DC, Sattler M. Effects of Fluorophore Attachment on Protein Conformation and Dynamics Studied by spFRET and NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2017; 23:14267-14277. [PMID: 28799205 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based techniques are widely used to study biomolecular conformations, intra- and intermolecular interactions, and conformational dynamics of macromolecules. Especially for fluorescence-based single-molecule experiments, the choice of the fluorophore and labeling position are highly important. In this work, we studied the biophysical and structural effects that are associated with the conjugation of fluorophores to cysteines in the splicing factor U2AF65 by using single pair Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is shown that certain acceptor fluorophores are advantageous depending on the experiments performed. The effects of dye attachment on the protein conformation were characterized using heteronuclear NMR experiments. The presence of hydrophobic and aromatic moieties in the fluorophores can significantly affect the conformation of the conjugated protein, presumably by transient interactions with the protein surface. Guidelines are provided for carefully choosing fluorophores, considering their photophysical properties and chemical features for the design of FRET experiments, and for minimizing artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sánchez-Rico
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Lena Voith von Voithenberg
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Centre for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Warner
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Centre for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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16
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Rogawski R, McDermott AE. New NMR tools for protein structure and function: Spin tags for dynamic nuclear polarization solid state NMR. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 628:102-113. [PMID: 28623034 PMCID: PMC5815514 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magic angle spinning solid state NMR studies of biological macromolecules [1-3] have enabled exciting studies of membrane proteins [4,5], amyloid fibrils [6], viruses, and large macromolecular assemblies [7]. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) provides a means to enhance detection sensitivity for NMR, particularly for solid state NMR, with many recent biological applications and considerable contemporary efforts towards elaboration and optimization of the DNP experiment. This review explores precedents and innovations in biological DNP experiments, especially highlighting novel chemical biology approaches to introduce the radicals that serve as a source of polarization in DNP experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivkah Rogawski
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, NY, NY 10027, United States
| | - Ann E McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, NY, NY 10027, United States.
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17
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Pilla KB, Gaalswyk K, MacCallum JL. Molecular modeling of biomolecules by paramagnetic NMR and computational hybrid methods. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28648524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 3D atomic structures of biomolecules and their complexes are key to our understanding of biomolecular function, recognition, and mechanism. However, it is often difficult to obtain structures, particularly for systems that are complex, dynamic, disordered, or exist in environments like cell membranes. In such cases sparse data from a variety of paramagnetic NMR experiments offers one possible source of structural information. These restraints can be incorporated in computer modeling algorithms that can accurately translate the sparse experimental data into full 3D atomic structures. In this review, we discuss various types of paramagnetic NMR/computational hybrid modeling techniques that can be applied to successful modeling of not only the atomic structure of proteins but also their interacting partners. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biophysics in Canada, edited by Lewis Kay, John Baenziger, Albert Berghuis and Peter Tieleman.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kari Gaalswyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Nitsche C, Otting G. Pseudocontact shifts in biomolecular NMR using paramagnetic metal tags. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 98-99:20-49. [PMID: 28283085 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nitsche
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. http://www.rsc.anu.edu.au/~go/index.html
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19
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Suturina EA, Häussinger D, Zimmermann K, Garbuio L, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Kuprov I. Model-free extraction of spin label position distributions from pseudocontact shift data. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2751-2757. [PMID: 28553510 PMCID: PMC5426344 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Not a point, but a cloud: advanced PCS data analysis using 3D probability density reconstruction provides more information.
A significant problem with paramagnetic tags attached to proteins and nucleic acids is their conformational mobility. Each tag is statistically distributed within a volume between 5 and 10 Angstroms across; structural biology conclusions from NMR and EPR work are necessarily diluted by this uncertainty. The problem is solved in electron spin resonance, but remains open in the other major branch of paramagnetic resonance – pseudocontact shift (PCS) NMR spectroscopy, where structural biologists have so far been reluctantly using the point paramagnetic centre approximation. Here we describe a new method for extracting probability densities of lanthanide tags from PCS data. The method relies on Tikhonov-regularised 3D reconstruction and opens a new window into biomolecular structure and dynamics because it explores a very different range of conditions from those accessible to double electron resonance work on paramagnetic tags: a room-temperature solution rather than a glass at cryogenic temperatures. The method is illustrated using four different Tm3+ DOTA-M8 tagged mutants of human carbonic anhydrase II; the results are in good agreement with rotamer library and DEER data. The wealth of high-quality pseudocontact shift data accumulated by the biological magnetic resonance community over the last 30 years, and so far only processed using point models, could now become a major source of useful information on conformational distributions of paramagnetic tags in biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Suturina
- School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield Campus , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Luca Garbuio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Ilya Kuprov
- School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield Campus , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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20
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Abstract
Computational modeling of proteins using evolutionary or de novo approaches offers rapid structural characterization, but often suffers from low success rates in generating high quality models comparable to the accuracy of structures observed in X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A computational/experimental hybrid approach incorporating sparse experimental restraints in computational modeling algorithms drastically improves reliability and accuracy of 3D models. This chapter discusses the use of structural information obtained from various paramagnetic NMR measurements and demonstrates computational algorithms implementing pseudocontact shifts as restraints to determine the structure of proteins at atomic resolution.
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21
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Sala D, Giachetti A, Luchinat C, Rosato A. A protocol for the refinement of NMR structures using simultaneously pseudocontact shift restraints from multiple lanthanide ions. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 66:175-185. [PMID: 27771862 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The binding of paramagnetic metal ions to proteins produces a number of different effects on the NMR spectra of the system. In particular, when the magnetic susceptibility of the metal ion is anisotropic, pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) arise and can be easily measured. They constitute very useful restraints for the solution structure determination of metal-binding proteins. In this context, there has been great interest in the use of lanthanide(III) ions to induce PCSs in diamagnetic proteins, e.g. through the replacement native calcium(II) ions. By preparing multiple samples in each of which a different ion of the lanthanide series is introduced, it is possible to obtain multiple independent PCS datasets that can be used synergistically to generate protein structure ensembles (typically called bundles). For typical NMR-based determination of protein structure, it is necessary to perform an energetic refinement of such initial bundles to obtain final structures whose geometric quality is suitable for deposition in the PDB. This can be conveniently done by using restrained molecular dynamics simulations (rMD) in explicit solvent. However, there are no available protocols for rMD using multiple PCS datasets as part of the restraints. In this work, we extended the PCS module of the AMBER MD package to handle multiple datasets and tuned a previously developed protocol for NMR structure refinement to achieve consistent convergence with PCS restraints. Test calculations with real experimental data show that this new implementation delivers the expected improvement of protein geometry, resulting in final structures that are of suitable quality for deposition. Furthermore, we observe that also initial structures generated only with traditional restraints can be successfully refined using traditional and PCS restraints simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sala
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Giachetti
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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22
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Hikone Y, Hirai G, Mishima M, Inomata K, Ikeya T, Arai S, Shirakawa M, Sodeoka M, Ito Y. A new carbamidemethyl-linked lanthanoid chelating tag for PCS NMR spectroscopy of proteins in living HeLa cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 66:99-110. [PMID: 27631409 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural analyses of proteins under macromolecular crowding inside human cultured cells by in-cell NMR spectroscopy are crucial not only for explicit understanding of their cellular functions but also for applications in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. In-cell NMR experiments using human cultured cells however suffer from low sensitivity, thus pseudocontact shifts from protein-tagged paramagnetic lanthanoid ions, analysed using sensitive heteronuclear two-dimensional correlation NMR spectra, offer huge potential advantage in obtaining structural information over conventional NOE-based approaches. We synthesised a new lanthanoid-chelating tag (M8-CAM-I), in which the eight-fold, stereospecifically methylated DOTA (M8) scaffold was retained, while a stable carbamidemethyl (CAM) group was introduced as the functional group connecting to proteins. M8-CAM-I successfully fulfilled the requirements for in-cell NMR: high-affinity to lanthanoid, low cytotoxicity and the stability under reducing condition inside cells. Large PCSs for backbone N-H resonances observed for M8-CAM-tagged human ubiquitin mutant proteins, which were introduced into HeLa cells by electroporation, demonstrated that this approach readily provides the useful information enabling the determination of protein structures, relative orientations of domains and protein complexes within human cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hikone
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masaki Mishima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Inomata
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- PRESTO/Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Teppei Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Souichiro Arai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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23
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Strickland M, Schwieters CD, Göbl C, Opina ACL, Strub MP, Swenson RE, Vasalatiy O, Tjandra N. Characterizing the magnetic susceptibility tensor of lanthanide-containing polymethylated-DOTA complexes. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 66:125-139. [PMID: 27659040 PMCID: PMC6628275 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide complexes based on the DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) cage are commonly used as phase contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, but can also be utilized in structural NMR applications due to their ability to induce either paramagnetic relaxation enhancement or a pseudocontact shift (PCS) depending on the choice of the lanthanide. The size and sign of the PCS for any given atom is determined by its coordinates relative to the metal center, and the characteristics of the lanthanide's magnetic susceptibility tensor. Using a polymethylated DOTA tag (Ln-M8-SPy) conjugated to ubiquitin, we calculated the position of the metal center and characterized the susceptibility tensor for a number of lanthanides (dysprosium, thulium, and ytterbium) under a range of pH and temperature conditions. We found that there was a difference in temperature sensitivity for each of the complexes studied, which depended on the size of the lanthanide ion as well as the isomeric state of the cage. Using 17O-NMR, we confirmed that the temperature sensitivity of the compounds was enhanced by the presence of an apically bound water molecule. Since amide-containing lanthanide complexes are known to be pH sensitive and can be used as probes of physiological pH, we also investigated the effect of pH on the Ln-M8-SPy susceptibility tensor, but we found that the changes in this pH range (5.0-7.4) were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Strickland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charles D Schwieters
- Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ana C L Opina
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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24
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Carlon A, Ravera E, Andrałojć W, Parigi G, Murshudov GN, Luchinat C. How to tackle protein structural data from solution and solid state: An integrated approach. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 92-93:54-70. [PMID: 26952192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-range NMR restraints, such as diamagnetic residual dipolar couplings and paramagnetic data, can be used to determine 3D structures of macromolecules. They are also used to monitor, and potentially to improve, the accuracy of a macromolecular structure in solution by validating or "correcting" a crystal model. Since crystal structures suffer from crystal packing forces they may not be accurate models for the macromolecular structures in solution. However, the presence of real differences should be tested for by simultaneous refinement of the structure using both crystal and solution NMR data. To achieve this, the program REFMAC5 from CCP4 was modified to allow the simultaneous use of X-ray crystallographic and paramagnetic NMR data and/or diamagnetic residual dipolar couplings. Inconsistencies between crystal structures and solution NMR data, if any, may be due either to structural rearrangements occurring on passing from the solution to solid state, or to a greater degree of conformational heterogeneity in solution with respect to the crystal. In the case of multidomain proteins, paramagnetic restraints can provide the correct mutual orientations and positions of domains in solution, as well as information on the conformational variability experienced by the macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Carlon
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy(1).
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy(1).
| | - Witold Andrałojć
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy(1).
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy(1).
| | - Garib N Murshudov
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy(1).
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25
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Yang Y, Huang F, Huber T, Su XC. Site-specific tagging proteins with a rigid, small and stable transition metal chelator, 8-hydroxyquinoline, for paramagnetic NMR analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 64:103-113. [PMID: 26732873 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Design of a paramagnetic metal binding motif in a protein is a valuable way for understanding the function, dynamics and interactions of a protein by paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. Several strategies have been proposed to site-specifically tag proteins with paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Here we report a simple approach of engineering a transition metal binding motif via site-specific labelling of a protein with 2-vinyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2V-8HQ). The protein-2V-8HQ adduct forms a stable complex with transition metal ions, Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II). The paramagnetic effects generated by these transition metal ions were evaluated by NMR spectroscopy. We show that 2V-8HQ is a rigid and stable transition metal binding tag. The coordination of the metal ion can be assisted by protein sidechains. More importantly, tunable paramagnetic tensors are simply obtained in an α-helix that possesses solvent exposed residues in positions i and i + 3, where i is the residue to be mutated to cysteine, i + 3 is Gln or Glu or i - 4 is His. The coordination of a sidechain carboxylate/amide or imidazole to cobalt(II) results in different structural geometries, leading to different paramagnetic tensors as shown by experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Thomas Huber
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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26
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Jadhav PD, Shen J, Sammynaiken R, Reaney MJT. Site Covalent Modification of Methionyl Peptides for the Production of FRET Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:17023-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Brath U, Swamy SI, Veiga AX, Tung CC, Van Petegem F, Erdélyi M. Paramagnetic Ligand Tagging To Identify Protein Binding Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11391-8. [PMID: 26289584 PMCID: PMC4583072 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Transient
biomolecular interactions are the cornerstones of the
cellular machinery. The identification of the binding sites for low
affinity molecular encounters is essential for the development of
high affinity pharmaceuticals from weakly binding leads but is hindered
by the lack of robust methodologies for characterization of weakly
binding complexes. We introduce a paramagnetic ligand tagging approach
that enables localization of low affinity protein–ligand binding
clefts by detection and analysis of intermolecular protein NMR pseudocontact
shifts, which are invoked by the covalent attachment of a paramagnetic
lanthanoid chelating tag to the ligand of interest. The methodology
is corroborated by identification of the low millimolar volatile anesthetic
interaction site of the calcium sensor protein calmodulin. It presents
an efficient route to binding site localization for low affinity complexes
and is applicable to rapid screening of protein–ligand systems
with varying binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Brath
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shashikala I Swamy
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alberte X Veiga
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ching-Chieh Tung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Andrałojć W, Berlin K, Fushman D, Luchinat C, Parigi G, Ravera E, Sgheri L. Information content of long-range NMR data for the characterization of conformational heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 62:353-71. [PMID: 26044033 PMCID: PMC4782772 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-015-9951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-range NMR data, namely residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) from external alignment and paramagnetic data, are becoming increasingly popular for the characterization of conformational heterogeneity of multidomain biomacromolecules and protein complexes. The question addressed here is how much information is contained in these averaged data. We have analyzed and compared the information content of conformationally averaged RDCs caused by steric alignment and of both RDCs and pseudocontact shifts caused by paramagnetic alignment, and found that, despite the substantial differences, they contain a similar amount of information. Furthermore, using several synthetic tests we find that both sets of data are equally good towards recovering the major state(s) in conformational distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Andrałojć
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via
L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Konstantin Berlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular
Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular
Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Corresponding authors: David Fushman, ,
Claudio Luchinat,
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via
L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University
of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Corresponding authors: David Fushman, ,
Claudio Luchinat,
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via
L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University
of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via
L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University
of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luca Sgheri
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, Sezione di Firenze,
CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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29
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Kato K, Yamaguchi T. Paramagnetic NMR probes for characterization of the dynamic conformations and interactions of oligosaccharides. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:505-13. [PMID: 26050258 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetism-assisted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have recently been applied to a wide variety of biomolecular systems, using sophisticated immobilization methods to attach paramagnetic probes, such as spin labels and lanthanide-chelating groups, at specific sites of the target biomolecules. This is also true in the field of carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides is often precluded by peak overlap resulting from the lack of variability of local chemical structures, by the insufficiency of conformational restraints from nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data due to low proton density, and moreover, by the inherently flexible nature of carbohydrate chains. Paramagnetic probes attached to the reducing ends of oligosaccharides cause paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) and/or pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) resolve the peak overlap problem. These spectral perturbations can be sources of long-range atomic distance information, which complements the local conformational information derived from J couplings and NOEs. Furthermore, paramagnetic NMR approaches, in conjunction with computational methods, have opened up possibilities for the description of dynamic conformational ensembles of oligosaccharides in solution. Several applications of paramagnetic NMR techniques are presented to demonstrate their utility for characterizing the conformational dynamics of oligosaccharides and for probing the carbohydrate-recognition modes of proteins. These techniques can be applied to the characterization of transient, non-stoichiometric interactions and will contribute to the visualization of dynamic biomolecular processes involving sugar chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tababe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
- The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tababe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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Pilla KB, Leman JK, Otting G, Huber T. Capturing conformational States in proteins using sparse paramagnetic NMR data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127053. [PMID: 25992808 PMCID: PMC4436263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing conformational changes in proteins or protein-protein complexes is a challenge for both experimentalists and computational biologists. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is unique in that it permits structural studies of proteins under greatly varying conditions, and thus allows us to monitor induced structural changes. Paramagnetic effects are increasingly used to study protein structures as they give ready access to rich structural information of orientation and long-range distance restraints from the NMR signals of backbone amides, and reliable methods have become available to tag proteins with paramagnetic metal ions site-specifically and at multiple sites. In this study, we show how sparse pseudocontact shift (PCS) data can be used to computationally model conformational states in a protein system, by first identifying core structural elements that are not affected by the environmental change, and then computationally completing the remaining structure based on experimental restraints from PCS. The approach is demonstrated on a 27 kDa two-domain NS2B-NS3 protease system of the dengue virus serotype 2, for which distinct closed and open conformational states have been observed in crystal structures. By changing the input PCS data, the observed conformational states in the dengue virus protease are reproduced without modifying the computational procedure. This data driven Rosetta protocol enables identification of conformational states of a protein system, which are otherwise difficult to obtain either experimentally or computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala Bharath Pilla
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Julia Koehler Leman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Huber
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- * E-mail:
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31
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Yang Y, Wang JT, Pei YY, Su XC. Site-specific tagging proteins via a rigid, stable and short thiolether tether for paramagnetic spectroscopic analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2824-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of phenylsulfonated pyridine derivatives and protein thiols is suitable for high-resolution spectroscopic analysis by generation of a rigid, stable and short thiolether tether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- State-Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Ying-Ying Pei
- State-Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State-Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
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32
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Rinaldelli M, Carlon A, Ravera E, Parigi G, Luchinat C. FANTEN: a new web-based interface for the analysis of magnetic anisotropy-induced NMR data. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 61:21-34. [PMID: 25416616 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) arising from the presence of paramagnetic metal ions in proteins as well as RDCs due to partial orientation induced by external orienting media are nowadays routinely measured as a part of the NMR characterization of biologically relevant systems. PCSs and RDCs are becoming more and more popular as restraints (1) to determine and/or refine protein structures in solution, (2) to monitor the extent of conformational heterogeneity in systems composed of rigid domains which can reorient with respect to one another, and (3) to obtain structural information in protein-protein complexes. The use of both PCSs and RDCs proceeds through the determination of the anisotropy tensors which are at the origin of these NMR observables. A new user-friendly web tool, called FANTEN (Finding ANisotropy TENsors), has been developed for the determination of the anisotropy tensors related to PCSs and RDCs and has been made freely available through the WeNMR ( http://fanten-enmr.cerm.unifi.it:8080 ) gateway. The program has many new features not available in other existing programs, among which the possibility of a joint analysis of several sets of PCS and RDC data and the possibility to perform rigid body minimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rinaldelli
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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33
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Yamaguchi T, Sakae Y, Zhang Y, Yamamoto S, Okamoto Y, Kato K. Exploration of conformational spaces of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides by an NMR-validated simulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10941-4. [PMID: 25196214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the conformational spaces of flexible biomacromolecules is essential for quantitatively understanding the energetics of their molecular recognition processes. We employed stable isotope- and lanthanide-assisted NMR approaches in conjunction with replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations to obtain atomic descriptions of the conformational dynamics of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides, which harbor intracellular glycoprotein-fate determinants in their triantennary structures. The experimentally validated REMD simulation provided quantitative views of the dynamic conformational ensembles of the complicated, branched oligosaccharides, and indicated significant expansion of the conformational space upon removal of a terminal mannose residue during the functional glycan-processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787 (Japan); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603 (Japan); School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787 (Japan)
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34
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Yamaguchi T, Sakae Y, Zhang Y, Yamamoto S, Okamoto Y, Kato K. Exploration of Conformational Spaces of High-Mannose-Type Oligosaccharides by an NMR-Validated Simulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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36
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Göbl C, Madl T, Simon B, Sattler M. NMR approaches for structural analysis of multidomain proteins and complexes in solution. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 80:26-63. [PMID: 24924266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a key method for studying the structure and dynamics of (large) multidomain proteins and complexes in solution. It plays a unique role in integrated structural biology approaches as especially information about conformational dynamics can be readily obtained at residue resolution. Here, we review NMR techniques for such studies focusing on state-of-the-art tools and practical aspects. An efficient approach for determining the quaternary structure of multidomain complexes starts from the structures of individual domains or subunits. The arrangement of the domains/subunits within the complex is then defined based on NMR measurements that provide information about the domain interfaces combined with (long-range) distance and orientational restraints. Aspects discussed include sample preparation, specific isotope labeling and spin labeling; determination of binding interfaces and domain/subunit arrangements from chemical shift perturbations (CSP), nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), isotope editing/filtering, cross-saturation, and differential line broadening; and based on paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PRE) using covalent and soluble spin labels. Finally, the utility of complementary methods such as small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or fluorescence spectroscopy techniques is discussed. The applications of NMR techniques are illustrated with studies of challenging (high molecular weight) protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbl
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Bernd Simon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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37
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Liu W, Skinner SP, Timmer M, Blok A, Hass MAS, Filippov DV, Overhand M, Ubbink M. A Two‐Armed Lanthanoid‐Chelating Paramagnetic NMR Probe Linked to Proteins via Thioether Linkages. Chemistry 2014; 20:6256-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Min Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Simon P. Skinner
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Monika Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Anneloes Blok
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Mathias A. S. Hass
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Mark Overhand
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
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38
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Sabo TM, Smith CA, Ban D, Mazur A, Lee D, Griesinger C. ORIUM: optimized RDC-based Iterative and Unified Model-free analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2014; 58:287-301. [PMID: 24013952 PMCID: PMC3982212 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) are NMR parameters that provide both structural and dynamic information concerning inter-nuclear vectors, such as N-H(N) and Cα-Hα bonds within the protein backbone. Two approaches for extracting this information from RDCs are the model free analysis (MFA) (Meiler et al. in J Am Chem Soc 123:6098-6107, 2001; Peti et al. in J Am Chem Soc 124:5822-5833, 2002) and the direct interpretation of dipolar couplings (DIDCs) (Tolman in J Am Chem Soc 124:12020-12030, 2002). Both methods have been incorporated into iterative schemes, namely the self-consistent RDC based MFA (SCRM) (Lakomek et al. in J Biomol NMR 41:139-155, 2008) and iterative DIDC (Yao et al. in J Phys Chem B 112:6045-6056, 2008), with the goal of removing the influence of structural noise in the MFA and DIDC formulations. Here, we report a new iterative procedure entitled Optimized RDC-based Iterative and Unified Model-free analysis (ORIUM). ORIUM unifies theoretical concepts developed in the MFA, SCRM, and DIDC methods to construct a computationally less demanding approach to determine these structural and dynamic parameters. In all schemes, dynamic averaging reduces the actual magnitude of the alignment tensors complicating the determination of the absolute values for the generalized order parameters. To readdress this scaling issue that has been previously investigated (Lakomek et al. in J Biomol NMR 41:139-155, 2008; Salmon et al. in Angew Chem Int Edit 48:4154-4157, 2009), a new method is presented using only RDC data to establish a lower bound on protein motion, bypassing the requirement of Lipari-Szabo order parameters. ORIUM and the new scaling procedure are applied to the proteins ubiquitin and the third immunoglobulin domain of protein G (GB3). Our results indicate good agreement with the SCRM and iterative DIDC approaches and signify the general applicability of ORIUM and the proposed scaling for the extraction of inter-nuclear vector structural and dynamic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Michael Sabo
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Colin A. Smith
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Ban
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Mazur
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Donghan Lee
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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39
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Rinaldelli M, Ravera E, Calderone V, Parigi G, Murshudov GN, Luchinat C. Simultaneous use of solution NMR and X-ray data in REFMAC5 for joint refinement/detection of structural differences. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:958-67. [PMID: 24699641 PMCID: PMC4306559 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713034160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The program REFMAC5 from CCP4 was modified to allow the simultaneous use of X-ray crystallographic data and paramagnetic NMR data (pseudocontact shifts and self-orientation residual dipolar couplings) and/or diamagnetic residual dipolar couplings. Incorporation of these long-range NMR restraints in REFMAC5 can reveal differences between solid-state and solution conformations of molecules or, in their absence, can be used together with X-ray crystallographic data for structural refinement. Since NMR and X-ray data are complementary, when a single structure is consistent with both sets of data and still maintains reasonably `ideal' geometries, the reliability of the derived atomic model is expected to increase. The program was tested on five different proteins: the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase 1, GB3, ubiquitin, free calmodulin and calmodulin complexed with a peptide. In some cases the joint refinement produced a single model consistent with both sets of observations, while in other cases it indicated, outside the experimental uncertainty, the presence of different protein conformations in solution and in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rinaldelli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Vito Calderone
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Garib N. Murshudov
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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40
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Huang F, Pei YY, Zuo HH, Chen JL, Yang Y, Su XC. Bioconjugation of proteins with a paramagnetic NMR and fluorescent tag. Chemistry 2013; 19:17141-9. [PMID: 24307370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific labeling of proteins with lanthanide ions offers great opportunities for investigating the structure, function, and dynamics of proteins by virtue of the unique properties of lanthanides. Lanthanide-tagged proteins can be studied by NMR, X-ray, fluorescence, and EPR spectroscopy. However, the rigidity of a lanthanide tag in labeling of proteins plays a key role in the determination of protein structures and interactions. Pseudocontact shift (PCS) and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) are valuable long-range structure restraints in structural-biology NMR spectroscopy. Generation of these paramagnetic restraints generally relies on site-specific tagging of the target proteins with paramagnetic species. To avoid nonspecific interaction between the target protein and paramagnetic tag and achieve reliable paramagnetic effects, the rigidity, stability, and size of lanthanide tag is highly important in paramagnetic labeling of proteins. Here 4'-mercapto-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-6,6''-dicarboxylic acid (4MTDA) is introduced as a a rigid paramagnetic and fluorescent tag which can be site-specifically attached to a protein by formation of a disulfide bond. 4MTDA can be readily immobilized by coordination of the protein side chain to the lanthanide ion. Large PCSs and RDCs were observed for 4MTDA-tagged proteins in complexes with paramagnetic lanthanide ions. At an excitation wavelength of 340 nm, the complex formed by protein-4MTDA and Tb(3+) produces high fluorescence with the main emission at 545 nm. These interesting features of 4MTDA make it a very promising tag that can be exploited in NMR, fluorescence, and EPR spectroscopic studies on protein structure, interaction, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 22-23500623
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41
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Rösner HI, Kragelund BB. Structure and dynamic properties of membrane proteins using NMR. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1491-539. [PMID: 23798308 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins are one of the most challenging groups of macromolecules despite their apparent conformational simplicity. They manage and drive transport, circulate information, and participate in cellular movements via interactions with other proteins and through intricate conformational changes. Their structural and functional decoding is challenging and has imposed demanding experimental development. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the techniques providing the capacity to make a significant difference in the deciphering of the membrane protein structure-function paradigm. The method has evolved dramatically during the last decade resulting in a plethora of new experiments leading to a significant increase in the scientific repertoire for studying membrane proteins. Besides solving the three-dimensional structures using state-of-the-art approaches, a large variety of developments of well-established techniques are available providing insight into membrane protein flexibility, dynamics, and interactions. Inspired by the speed of development in the application of new strategies, by invention of methods to measure solvent accessibility and describe low-populated states, this review seeks to introduce the vast possibilities solution NMR can offer to the study of membrane protein structure-function analyses with special focus on applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike I Rösner
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Russo L, Maestre-Martinez M, Wolff S, Becker S, Griesinger C. Interdomain dynamics explored by paramagnetic NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17111-20. [PMID: 24111622 DOI: 10.1021/ja408143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An ensemble-based approach is presented to explore the conformational space sampled by a multidomain protein showing moderate interdomain dynamics in terms of translational and rotational motions. The strategy was applied on a complex of calmodulin (CaM) with the IQ-recognition motif from the voltage-gated calcium channel Ca(v)1.2 (IQ), which adopts three different interdomain orientations in the crystal. The N60D mutant of calmodulin was used to collect pseudocontact shifts and paramagnetically induced residual dipolar couplings for six different lanthanide ions. Then, starting from the crystal structure, pools of conformations were generated by free MD. We found the three crystal conformations in solution, but four additional MD-derived conformations had to be included into the ensemble to fulfill all the paramagnetic data and cross-validate optimally against unused paramagnetic data. Alternative approaches led to similar ensembles. Our "ensemble" approach is a simple and efficient tool to probe and describe the interdomain dynamics and represents a general method that can be used to provide a proper ensemble description of multidomain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Russo
- NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Measuring dynamic and kinetic information in the previously inaccessible supra-τ(c) window of nanoseconds to microseconds by solution NMR spectroscopy. Molecules 2013; 18:11904-37. [PMID: 24077173 PMCID: PMC6270068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool that has enabled experimentalists to characterize molecular dynamics and kinetics spanning a wide range of time-scales from picoseconds to days. This review focuses on addressing the previously inaccessible supra-tc window (defined as τ(c) < supra-τ(c) < 40 μs; in which tc is the overall tumbling time of a molecule) from the perspective of local inter-nuclear vector dynamics extracted from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and from the perspective of conformational exchange captured by relaxation dispersion measurements (RD). The goal of the first section is to present a detailed analysis of how to extract protein dynamics encoded in RDCs and how to relate this information to protein functionality within the previously inaccessible supra-τ(c) window. In the second section, the current state of the art for RD is analyzed, as well as the considerable progress toward pushing the sensitivity of RD further into the supra-τ(c) scale by up to a factor of two (motion up to 25 μs). From the data obtained with these techniques and methodology, the importance of the supra-τ(c) scale for protein function and molecular recognition is becoming increasingly clearer as the connection between motion on the supra-τ(c) scale and protein functionality from the experimental side is further strengthened with results from molecular dynamics simulations.
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44
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NMR spectroscopy on domain dynamics in biomacromolecules. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 112:58-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Shishmarev D, Otting G. How reliable are pseudocontact shifts induced in proteins and ligands by mobile paramagnetic metal tags? A modelling study. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 56:203-16. [PMID: 23652856 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropic component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor (Δχ tensor) associated with various paramagnetic metal ions can induce pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in proteins, yielding valuable restraints in structural studies. In particular, PCSs have successfully been used to study ligands that bind to proteins tagged with a paramagnetic metal ion, which is of great interest in fragment-based drug design. To create easy-to-interpret PCSs, the metal ion must be attached to the protein in a rigid manner. Most of the existing methods for site-specific attachment of a metal tag, however, result in tethers with residual flexibility. Here we present model calculations to quantify the extent, to which mobility of the metal-binding tag can compromise the quality of the Δχ tensor that can be determined from the PCSs observed in the protein. Assuming that the protein can be approximated by a sphere and the tag is attached by a single tether, the results show that a single effective ∆χ tensor can describe the PCSs and RDCs of the protein spins very well even in the presence of substantial tag mobility, implying that PCSs of ligands in binding pockets of the protein can be predicted with similar accuracy. In contrast, the quality of the PCS prediction for nuclear spins positioned above the surface of the protein is significantly poorer, with implications for studies of protein-protein complexes. The simulations probed the sensitivity of the effective Δχ tensor to different parameters, including length of the tether between protein and metal ion, protein size, type and amplitude of tag motion, tensor orientation relative to the protein and direction of tag motion. Tether length and amplitude of motion were identified as two key parameters. It is shown that the amplitude of tag motions cannot be quantified by simple comparisons of the effective Δχ tensor with the alignment tensor determined from RDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shishmarev
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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46
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Guerry P, Mollica L, Blackledge M. Mapping Protein Conformational Energy Landscapes Using NMR and Molecular Simulation. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3046-58. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Yagi H, Pilla KB, Maleckis A, Graham B, Huber T, Otting G. Three-dimensional protein fold determination from backbone amide pseudocontact shifts generated by lanthanide tags at multiple sites. Structure 2013; 21:883-90. [PMID: 23643949 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific attachment of paramagnetic lanthanide ions to a protein generates pseudocontact shifts (PCS) in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the protein that are easily measured as changes in chemical shifts. By labeling the protein with lanthanide tags at four different sites, PCSs are observed for most amide protons and accurate information is obtained about their coordinates in three-dimensional space. The approach is demonstrated with the chaperone ERp29, for which large differences have been reported between X-ray and NMR structures of the C-terminal domain, ERp29-C. The results unambiguously show that the structure of rat ERp29-C in solution is similar to the crystal structure of human ERp29-C. PCSs of backbone amides were the only structural restraints required. Because these can be measured for more dilute protein solutions than other NMR restraints, the approach greatly widens the range of proteins amenable to structural studies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Yagi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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48
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Skinner SP, Moshev M, Hass MAS, Keizers PHJ, Ubbink M. PARAssign--paramagnetic NMR assignments of protein nuclei on the basis of pseudocontact shifts. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:379-89. [PMID: 23526169 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of paramagnetic NMR data for the refinement of structures of proteins and protein complexes is widespread. However, the power of paramagnetism for protein assignment has not yet been fully exploited. PARAssign is software that uses pseudocontact shift data derived from several paramagnetic centers attached to the protein to obtain amide and methyl assignments. The ability of PARAssign to perform assignment when the positions of the paramagnetic centers are known and unknown is demonstrated. PARAssign has been tested using synthetic data for methyl assignment of a 47 kDa protein, and using both synthetic and experimental data for amide assignment of a 14 kDa protein. The complex fitting space involved in such an assignment procedure necessitates that good starting conditions are found, both regarding placement and strength of paramagnetic centers. These starting conditions are obtained through automated tensor placement and user-defined tensor parameters. The results presented herein demonstrate that PARAssign is able to successfully perform resonance assignment in large systems with a high degree of reliability. This software provides a method for obtaining the assignments of large systems, which may previously have been unassignable, by using 2D NMR spectral data and a known protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Skinner
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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49
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Lorieau JL, Maltsev AS, Louis JM, Bax A. Modulating alignment of membrane proteins in liquid-crystalline and oriented gel media by changing the size and charge of phospholipid bicelles. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:369-77. [PMID: 23508769 PMCID: PMC3636151 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that alignment of a structured peptide or small protein solubilized in mixed phospholipid:detergent micelles or bicelles, when embedded in a compressed gel or liquid crystalline medium, can be altered by either changing the phospholipid aggregate shape, charge, or both together. For the hemagglutinin fusion peptide solubilized in bicelles, we show that bicelle shape and charge do not change its helical hairpin structure but impact its alignment relative to the alignment medium, both in charged compressed acrylamide gel and in liquid crystalline d(GpG). The method can be used to generate sets of residual dipolar couplings that correspond to orthogonal alignment tensors, and holds promise for high-resolution structural refinement and dynamic mapping of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Lorieau
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Building 5, Room 126, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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50
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Wei Z, Yang Y, Li QF, Huang F, Zuo HH, Su XC. Noncovalent Tagging Proteins with Paramagnetic Lanthanide Complexes for Protein Study. Chemistry 2013; 19:5758-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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