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Han L, Ma F, He P, Zhou Q, Li Z, Sun S. Multi-spectroscopic characterization of organic salt components in medicinal plant. Food Chem 2024; 450:139195. [PMID: 38615525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of structure of organic salts in complex mixtures has been a difficult problem in analytical chemistry. In the analysis of Scutellariae Radix (SR), the pharmacopoeia of many countries stipulates that the quality control component is baicalin (≥9% by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)). The component with highest response in SR was also baicalin detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, in the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the carbonyl peak of glucuronic acid of baicalin did not appear in SR. The results of element analysis, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance all supported the existence of baicalin magnesium salt. Based on this, this study proposes an analysis strategy guided by infrared spectroscopy and combined with multi-spectroscopy techniques to analyze the structure of organic salt components in medicinal plant. It is meaningful for the research of mechanisms, development of new drugs, and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhanping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Suqin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Rivera-Yañez CR, Ruiz-Hurtado PA, Reyes-Reali J, Mendoza-Ramos MI, Vargas-Díaz ME, Hernández-Sánchez KM, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, García-Romo GS, Pedroza-González A, Méndez-Cruz AR, Nieto-Yañez O, Rivera-Yañez N. Antifungal Activity of Mexican Propolis on Clinical Isolates of Candida Species. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175651. [PMID: 36080417 PMCID: PMC9457601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by micro-organisms of the genus Candida are becoming a growing health problem worldwide. These fungi are opportunistic commensals that can produce infections—clinically known as candidiasis—in immunocompromised individuals. The indiscriminate use of different anti-fungal treatments has triggered the resistance of Candida species to currently used therapies. In this sense, propolis has been shown to have potent antimicrobial properties and thus can be used as an approach for the inhibition of Candida species. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the anti-Candida effects of a propolis extract obtained from the north of Mexico on clinical isolates of Candida species. Candida species were specifically identified from oral lesions, and both the qualitative and quantitative anti-Candida effects of the Mexican propolis were evaluated, as well as its inhibitory effect on C. albicans isolate’s germ tube growth and chemical composition. Three Candida species were identified, and our results indicated that the inhibition halos of the propolis ranged from 7.6 to 21.43 mm, while that of the MFC and FC50 ranged from 0.312 to 1.25 and 0.014 to 0.244 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the propolis was found to inhibit germ tube formation (IC50 ranging from 0.030 to 1.291 mg/mL). Chemical composition analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, including pinocembrin, baicalein, pinobanksin chalcone, rhamnetin, and biochanin A, in the Mexican propolis extract. In summary, our work shows that Mexican propolis presents significant anti-Candida effects related to its chemical composition, and also inhibits germ tube growth. Other Candida species virulence factors should be investigated in future research in order to determine the mechanisms associated with antifungal effects against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rebeca Rivera-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Alonso Ruiz-Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Gustavo A. Madero 07738, Mexico
| | - Julia Reyes-Reali
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Mendoza-Ramos
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Elena Vargas-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Mariela Hernández-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Gina Stella García-Romo
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alexander Pedroza-González
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (O.N.-Y.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
| | - Nelly Rivera-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (O.N.-Y.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
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3
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Jiang M, Yang J, Meng Q, Guan J, Xu M, Chai X. Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Chemical Constituents from Shuanghuanglian Injection Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:7763207. [PMID: 35309716 PMCID: PMC8926469 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7763207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we implemented a chemical research on Shuanghuanglian injection (SHLI) and identified 17 components, including eight primary metabolites and nine secondary metabolites. Guided by the approach of network pharmacology, the potential activities were briefly predicted for seven primary metabolites except for formic acid, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and cardiovascular protection. The focused primary metabolites were quantified by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method, which was verified with good linearity and satisfactory precision, repeatability, stability, and accuracy (except for myo-inositol with mean recovery at 135.78%). Based on the successfully established method, seven primary metabolites were effectively quantified with a slight fluctuation in 20 batches of SHLIs. The average total content of these compounds was 6.85 mg/mL, accounting for 24.84% in total solid of SHLI. This research provides an alternative method for analysis of primary metabolites and contributes to the quality control of SHLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zuoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingfen Meng
- Henan Fusen Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Henan 474450, China
| | - Jianli Guan
- Henan Fusen Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Henan 474450, China
| | - Maoling Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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4
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Brás NF, Ashirbaev SS, Zipse H. Combined in Silico and in Vitro Approaches To Uncover the Oxidation and Schiff Base Reaction of Baicalein as an Inhibitor of Amyloid Protein Aggregation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104240. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natércia F. Brás
- LAQV, REQUIMTE Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen 81377 Muenchen Germany
| | - Salavat S. Ashirbaev
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen 81377 Muenchen Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen 81377 Muenchen Germany
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5
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Spectral analysis and DFT investigation of some benzopyran analogues and their self-assemblies with graphene. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Martin-Benlloch X, Haid S, Novodomska A, Rominger F, Pietschmann T, Davioud-Charvet E, Elhabiri M. Physicochemical Properties Govern the Activity of Potent Antiviral Flavones. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:4871-4887. [PMID: 31459671 PMCID: PMC6648324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ladanein (i.e., 5,6,7-trihydroxylated flavone) was demonstrated to act as a powerful virucidal agent toward a broad range of enveloped virus particles. Fe(III) coordination and pH are indeed among the key parameters that might favor both bioactivation of the flavone and consequent host cell entry inhibition. In this present work, the impact of fluorinated groups on the physicochemical and antiviral properties of the flavone was investigated, thus allowing a deeper understanding of the antiviral mode of action. The improved synthesis of ladanein allowed accessing a broad range of analogues, some of them being significantly more active than the former ladanein lead compound. We first determined the acido-basic properties of this homogenous series of compounds and then investigated their electrochemical behavior. Fe(III) coordination properties (stability, spectral behavior, and kinetics) of ladanein and its analogues were then examined (quasiphysiological conditions) and provided key information of their stability and reactivity. Using the determined physicochemical parameters, the critical impact of the iron complexation and medium acidity was confirmed on hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles (pre)treated with ladanein. Finally, a preliminary structure-HCV entry inhibition relationship study evidenced the superior antiviral activity of the ladanein analogues bearing an electron-withdrawing group in para position (FCF 3 > FOCF 3 > FFCF 3 > FF > FOMe) on the B cycle in comparison with the parent ladanein itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martin-Benlloch
- Université
de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR
7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sibylle Haid
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research;
A Joint Venture of the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Novodomska
- Université
de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR
7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research;
A Joint Venture of the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Université
de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR
7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université
de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR
7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Theoretical/experimental investigation and antimutagenic effect of the oxidovanadium(IV) baicalin coordination complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Theoretical investigation of the conformational space of baicalin. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:181-191. [PMID: 28734206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds ubiquitously present in plants. They are important components of human diet. They are recognized as potential drug candidates to be used in the treatment and prevention of a lot of pathological disorders, due to their protective effects. Baicalin (7-glucuronic acid 5, 6-dihydroxyflavone) is one of the main single active constituents isolated from the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The great interest on this flavonoid is due to its various pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and so on, and its high accumulation in the roots of S. baicalensis. The aim of our work was to analyze the geometric and electronic properties of baicalin conformers (BCL), thus performing a complete search on the conformational space of this flavonoid in gas phase and in aqueous solution. The results indicate that the conformational space of baicalin is formed by eight conformers in gas phase and five conformers in aqueous solution optimized at B3LYP/6-311++G** theory level. BCLa2TT and BCLa1TT conformers have low stability in gas phase and very high stability in aqueous solution. This variation is related to a modification in the τ1 angle that represents the relative position of the glucuronide unit respect to the central rings of the flavan nucleus (A and C). This modification was successfully explained by examining the changes in the hydrogen bond (HB) interactions that occur in the region around the hydroxyl group located in position 6 of ring A. Besides, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analyses indicate that BCLa2TT and BCLa1TT conformers are the most favorable conformers for interacting with positively charged species (such as metal ions) in aqueous media (such as biological fluids).
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9
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Woźniak D, Dryś A, Matkowski A. Antiradical and antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellariae baicalensis radix. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:1567-70. [PMID: 25427178 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.983920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antioxidant properties of four main flavones from Scutellaria baicalensis: baicalein, wogonin and their glucuronides - baicalin and wogonoside. We used three in vitro assays: free radical scavenging with 2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, transition metal ions reducing power by phosphomolybdenum assay and inhibition of the hydroxyl radical-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid assay. All flavones have antioxidant capacity, which differs depending on the structure and mechanisms of activity. In all tests, only baicalein - the aglycone with three adjacent hydroxyl groups - exhibited consistent antioxidant effect. Wogonin protected linoleic acid against oxidation. Baicalin displayed less potent antioxidant properties whereas wogonoside did not have significant antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Woźniak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany , Medical University of Wrocław , Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław , Poland
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10
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Cheng ZY, Tian X, Gao J, Li HM, Jia LJ, Qiao HL. Contribution of baicalin on the plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A activity inhibition to the pharmacokinetic changes of nifedipine in rats in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87234. [PMID: 24498050 PMCID: PMC3907542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin purified from the root of Radix scutellariae is widely used in clinical practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, a CYP3A probe substrate, in rats in vivo and in vitro. In a randomised, three-period crossover study, significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine (2 mg/kg) were observed after treatment with a low (0.225 g/kg) or high (0.45 g/kg) dose of baicalin in rats. In the low- and high-dose groups of baicalin-treated rats, C max of total nifedipine decreased by 40%±14% (P<0.01) and 65%±14% (P<0.01), AUC0-∞ decreased by 41%±8% (P<0.01) and 63%±7% (P<0.01), Vd increased by 85%±43% (P<0.01) and 224%±231% (P<0.01), and CL increased by 97%±78% (P<0.01) and 242%±135% (P<0.01), respectively. Plasma protein binding experiments in vivo showed that C max of unbound nifedipine significantly increased by 25%±19% (P<0.01) and 44%±29% (P<0.01), respectively, and there was a good correlation between the unbound nifedipine (%) and baicalin concentrations (P<0.01). Furthermore, in vitro results revealed that baicalin was a competitive displacer of nifedipine from plasma proteins. In vitro incubation experiments demonstrated that baicalin could also competitively inhibit CYP3A activity in rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic changes of nifedipine may be modulated by the inhibitory effects of baicalin on plasma protein binding and CYP3A-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Meng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jing Jia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Brdarić TP, Marković ZS, Milenković D, Dimitrić Marković JM. A joint application of vibrational spectroscopic and quantum mechanical methods in quantitative analysis of baicalein structure. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Marković ZS, Dimitrić Marković JM, Milenković D, Filipović N. Mechanistic study of the structure-activity relationship for the free radical scavenging activity of baicalein. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2575-84. [PMID: 21229369 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of baicalein. The conformational behaviors of both the isolated and the aqueous-solvated species (simulated with the conductor-like polarizable continuum solvation model) were analyzed at the M052X/6-311 + G(d,p) level. The most stable tautomers of various forms of baicalein displayed three IHBs between O4 and OH5, O5 and OH6, and O6 and OH7. The most stable tautomer of the baicalein radical was obtained by dehydrogenating the hydroxyl at C6, while the most stable anion tautomer was obtained by deprotonating the C7 hydroxyl in gaseous and aqueous phases. The expected antioxidant activity of baicalein was explained by its ionization potentials (IPs) and homolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs), which were obtained via the UM052X optimization level of the corresponding radical species. Heterolytic O-H bond cleavages (proton dissociation enthalpies, PDEs) were also computed. The calculated IP, BDE, and PDE values suggested that one-step H-atom transfer, rather than sequential proton loss-electron transfer or electron transfer-proton transfer, would be the most favorable mechanism for explaining the antioxidant activity of baicalein in the gas phase and in nonpolar solvents. In aqueous solution, the SPLET mechanism was more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S Marković
- Department of Biochemical and Medical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, Novi Pazar 36300, Republic of Serbia
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13
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Liang R, Han RM, Fu LM, Ai XC, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Baicalin in radical scavenging and its synergistic effect with beta-carotene in antilipoxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7118-7124. [PMID: 19722585 DOI: 10.1021/jf9013263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic flavonoid glycoside baicalin from the traditional oriental herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (logP = 1.27, pK(a1) = 7.6, pK(a2) = 10.1 as determined at 25 degrees C in 0.1 M NaCl) is found to be as reducing (0.39 V vs NHE, reversible two-electron oxidation by CV at pH 7.4) as other catechol flavonoids but a poor radical scavenger (TEAC = 1.12, pH 7.4) and a poor antioxidant against free radical initiated lipid oxidation in liposomes. However, this compound is able to regenerate beta-carotene (beta-Car) from beta-Car(*+) with a second-order rate constant of (5.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1) in the methanol/chloroform binary solvent (1:9, v/v) and, more importantly, to exhibit a prominent synergistic effect with beta-Car against the lipoxidation induced by AMVN-derived peroxyl radical in liposomal membrane. Thus, baicalin by itself is not an effective antioxidant, but it becomes one via interaction with beta-Car. The radical scavenging and antilipoxidation properties of baicalin are discussed in terms of its physicochemical properties and molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Perez CA, Wei Y, Guo M. Iron-binding and anti-Fenton properties of baicalein and baicalin. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:326-32. [PMID: 19108897 PMCID: PMC2659571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Baicalein and baicalin, the major bioactive compounds found in the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, have been shown to be effective against cancer, bacterial infections and oxidative stress diseases. However, little is known about their mechanisms of action. To probe whether iron homeostasis modulation may play a role in their bioactivity, we have investigated their iron binding characteristics under physiologically relevant conditions. A 2:1 baicalein-ferrous complex was readily formed in 20mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, with a binding constant approximately 2-9 x 10(11)M(-2), whereas a 1:1 baicalein-ferric complex was formed, under the same conditions, with an apparent binding constant approximately 1-3 x 10(6)M(-1). Baicalein appears to bind the ferrous ion more strongly than ferrozine, a well known iron(II) chelator. Using (1) H NMR and Zn(2+) and Ga(3+) as probes, the iron-binding site on baicalein was elucidated to be at the O6/O7 oxygen atoms of the A-ring. No binding was observed for baicalin under the same NMR conditions. Furthermore, baicalein strongly inhibits the Fe-promoted Fenton chemistry via a combination of chelation and radical scavenging mechanism while baicalin can provide only partial protection against radical damage. These results indicate that baicalein is a strong iron chelator under physiological conditions and hence may play a vital role in modulating the body's iron homeostasis. Modulation of metal homeostasis and the inhibition of Fenton chemistry may be one of the possible mechanisms for herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, USA
| | - Yibin Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, USA
| | - Maolin Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, USA
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Salager E, Stein RS, Pickard CJ, Elena B, Emsley L. Powder NMR crystallography of thymol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2610-21. [PMID: 19421517 DOI: 10.1039/b821018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the structure determination of powdered solids at natural abundance by NMR is presented and illustrated for the case of the small drug molecule thymol. The procedure uses proton spin-diffusion data from two-dimensional NMR experiments in combination with periodic DFT refinements incorporating (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts. For thymol, the method yields a crystal structure for the powdered sample, which differs by an atomic root-mean-square-deviation (all atoms except methyl group protons) of only 0.07 A from the single crystal X-ray diffraction structure with DFT-optimized proton positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Salager
- Université de Lyon, (CNRS/ENS-Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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Wolniak M, Wawer I. (13)C CPMAS NMR and DFT calculations of anthocyanidins. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2008; 34:44-51. [PMID: 18657953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidins, red dyes from flower petals and fruits, are beneficial to human health. They attract considerable attention owing to their strong antioxidant and radical scavenging properties, however they are unstable in solution and available in small amounts only. (13)C CP MAS NMR spectra were recorded to characterize solid-state conformation of nine anthocyanidins: apigenidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, malvidin robinetidin, luteolinidin and diosmetinidin chlorides. For some carbons, the solid-state chemical shifts were different from those obtained for solutions, indicating differences in conformation and intermolecular interactions. The principal elements of the (13)C chemical shift tensor were measured for pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin and malvidin chlorides using PASS-2D NMR technique. DFT GIAO calculations of shielding constants were performed for apigenidin and several geometric isomers of pelargonidin. Comparison of experimental (13)C delta(ii) with the theoretical shielding parameters was helpful in predicting the most reliable geometry in the solid state. The cross-polarization parameters were obtained from variable-contact time experiments; T(CH) are longer and the values of T(1)(rho)(H) are shorter in the order: pelargonidin<cyanidin<delphinidin. It is probable that solid anthocyanidins become less ordered as the number of OH groups increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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