1
|
Bourmaud CL, Bertella S, Bosch Rico A, Karlen SD, Ralph J, Luterbacher JS. Quantification of Native Lignin Structural Features with Gel-Phase 2D-HSQC 0 Reveals Lignin Structural Changes During Extraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404442. [PMID: 38738591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Our ability to study and valorize the lignin fraction of biomass is hampered by the fundamental and still unmet challenge of precisely quantifying native lignin's structural features. Here, we developed a rapid elevated-temperature 1H-13C Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence Zero (HSQC0) NMR method that enables this precise quantification of native lignin structural characteristics even with whole plant cell wall (WPCW) NMR spectroscopy, overcoming fast spin relaxation in the gel phase. We also formulated a Gaussian fitting algorithm to perform automatic and reliable spectral integration. By combining HSQC0 measurements with yield measurements following depolymerisation, we can confirm the combinatorial nature of radical coupling reactions during biosynthesis leading to a random sequential organization of linkages within a largely linear lignin chain. Such analyses illustrate how this analytical method can greatly facilitate the study of native lignin structure, which can then be used for fundamental studies or to understand lignin depolymerization methods like reductive catalytic fractionation or aldehyde-assisted fractionation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Bourmaud
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Bertella
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bosch Rico
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven D Karlen
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy S Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Deuss PJ. The isolation of lignin with native-like structure. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108230. [PMID: 37558187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Searching for renewable alternatives for fossil carbon resources to produce chemicals, fuels and materials is essential for the development of a sustainable society. Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, is an abundant renewable source of aromatics and is currently underutilized as it is often burned as an undesired side stream in the production of paper and bioethanol. This lignin harbors great potential as source of high value aromatic chemicals and materials. Biorefinery schemes focused on lignin are currently under development with aim of acquiring added value from lignin. However, the performance of these novel lignin-focused biorefineries is closely linked with the quality of extracted lignin in terms of the level of degradation and modification. Thus, the reactivity including the degradation pathways of the native lignin contained in the plant material needs to be understood in detail to potentially achieve higher value from lignin. Undegraded native-like lignin with an as close as possible structure to native lignin contained in the lignocellulosic plant material serves as a promising model lignin to support detailed studies on the structure and reactivity of native lignin, yielding key understanding for the development of lignin-focused biorefineries. The aim of this review is to highlight the different methods to attain "native-like" lignins that can be valuable for such studies. This is done by giving a basic introduction on what is known about the native lignin structure and the techniques and methods used to analyze it followed by an overview of the fractionation and isolation methods to isolate native-like lignin. Finally, a perspective on the isolation and use of native-like lignin is provided, showing the great potential that this type of lignin brings for understanding the effect of different biomass treatments on the native lignin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass-Challenges and Solutions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248717. [PMID: 36557852 PMCID: PMC9785513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the limited resources for fossil fuels and increasing global energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change, there is a need to find alternative energy sources that are sustainable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and economically viable. In the last several decades, interest in second-generation bioethanol production from non-food lignocellulosic biomass in the form of organic residues rapidly increased because of its abundance, renewability, and low cost. Bioethanol production fits into the strategy of a circular economy and zero waste plans, and using ethanol as an alternative fuel gives the world economy a chance to become independent of the petrochemical industry, providing energy security and environmental safety. However, the conversion of biomass into ethanol is a challenging and multi-stage process because of the variation in the biochemical composition of biomass and the recalcitrance of lignin, the aromatic component of lignocellulose. Therefore, the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol has not yet become well-received commercially, being hampered by high research and production costs, and substantial effort is needed to make it more widespread and profitable. This review summarises the state of the art in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, highlights the most challenging steps of the process, including pretreatment stages required to fragment biomass components and further enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, presents the most recent technological advances to overcome the challenges and high costs, and discusses future perspectives of second-generation biorefineries.
Collapse
|
4
|
Reactivity of Waterlogged Archeological Elm Wood with Organosilicon Compounds Applied as Wood Consolidants: 2D 1H- 13C Solution-State NMR Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113407. [PMID: 35684343 PMCID: PMC9181845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some organosilicon compounds, including alkoxysilanes and siloxanes, proved effective in stabilizing the dimensions of waterlogged archaeological wood during drying, which is essential in the conservation process of ancient artifacts. However, it was difficult to determine a strong correlation between the wood stabilizing effect and the properties of organosilicon compounds, such as molecular weight and size, weight percent gain, and the presence of other potentially reactive groups. Therefore, to better understand the mechanism behind the stabilization effectiveness, the reactivity of organosilicons with wood polymers was studied using a 2D 1H–13C solution-state NMR technique. The results showed an extensive modification of lignin through its demethoxylation and decarbonylation and also the absence of the native cellulose anomeric peak in siloxane-treated wood. The most substantial reactivity between wood polymers and organosilicon was observed with the (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane treatment, showing complete removal of lignin side chains, the lowest syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, depolymerization of cellulose and xylan, and reactivity with the C6 primary hydroxyls in cellulose. This may explain the outstanding stabilizing effectiveness of this silane and supports the conclusion that extensive chemical interactions are essential in this process. It also indicates the vital role of a mercapto group in wood stabilization by organosilicons. This 2D NMR technique sheds new light on the chemical mechanisms involved in organosilicon consolidation of wood and reveals what chemical characteristics are essential in developing future conservation treatments.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pouzoulet J, Yelle DJ, Theodory B, Nothnagel EA, Bol S, Rolshausen PE. Biochemical and Histological Insights into the Interaction Between the Canker Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and Prunus dulcis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:345-354. [PMID: 34270907 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of reports associated with wood dieback caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae in numerous perennial crops worldwide has significantly increased in the past years. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the canker pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and the almond tree host (Prunus dulcis), with an emphasis on varietal resistance and host response at the cell wall biochemical and histological levels. Plant bioassays in a shaded house showed that among the four commonly planted commercial almond cultivars ('Butte', 'Carmel', 'Monterey', and 'Nonpareil'), there was no significant varietal difference with respect to resistance to the pathogen. Gummosis was triggered only by fungal infection, not by wounding. A two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography determination of cell wall polymers showed that infected almond trees differed significantly in their glycosyl and lignin composition compared with healthy, noninfected trees. Response to fungal infection involved a significant increase in lignin, a decrease in glucans, and an overall enrichment in other carbohydrates with a profile similar to those observed in gums. Histological observations revealed the presence of guaiacyl-rich cell wall reinforcements. Confocal microscopy suggested that N. parvum colonized mainly the lumina of xylem vessels and parenchyma cells, and to a lesser extent the gum ducts. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of the compartmentalization of decay in trees model in almond and its potential involvement in the vulnerability of the host toward fungal wood canker diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Pouzoulet
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Daniel J Yelle
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Bassam Theodory
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Eugene A Nothnagel
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carbohydrate-aromatic interface and molecular architecture of lignocellulose. Nat Commun 2022; 13:538. [PMID: 35087039 PMCID: PMC8795156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute the majority of lignocellulosic biomass and serve as a renewable resource of biomaterials and biofuel. Extensive interactions between polysaccharides and the aromatic polymer lignin make lignocellulose recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis, but this polymer network remains poorly understood. Here we interrogate the nanoscale assembly of lignocellulosic components in plant stems using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and dynamic nuclear polarization approaches. We show that the extent of glycan-aromatic association increases sequentially across grasses, hardwoods, and softwoods. Lignin principally packs with the xylan in a non-flat conformation via non-covalent interactions and partially binds the junction of flat-ribbon xylan and cellulose surface as a secondary site. All molecules are homogeneously mixed in softwoods; this unique feature enables water retention even around the hydrophobic aromatics. These findings unveil the principles of polymer interactions underlying the heterogeneous architecture of lignocellulose, which may guide the rational design of more digestible plants and more efficient biomass-conversion pathways. The plant biomass is a composite formed by a variety of polysaccharides and an aromatic polymer named lignin. Here, the authors use solid-state NMR spectroscopy to unveil the carbohydrate-aromatic interface that leads to the variable architecture of lignocellulose biomaterials.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jablonowski ND, Pauly M, Dama M. Microwave Assisted Pretreatment of Szarvasi (Agropyron elongatum) Biomass to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification and Direct Glucose Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:767254. [PMID: 35058946 PMCID: PMC8765703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomass from perennial plants can be considered a carbon-neutral renewable resource. The tall wheatgrass hybrid Szarvasi-1 (Agropyron elongatum, hereafter referred to as "Szarvasi") belongs to the perennial Poaceae representing a species, which can grow on marginal soils and produce large amounts of biomass. Several conventional and advanced pretreatment methods have been developed to enhance the saccharification efficiency of plant biomass. Advanced pretreatment methods, such as microwave-assisted pretreatment methods are faster and use less energy compared to conventional pretreatment methods. In this study, we investigated the potential of Szarvasi biomass as a biorefinery feedstock. For this purpose, the lignocellulosic structure of Szarvasi biomass was investigated in detail. In addition, microwave-assisted pretreatments were applied to Szarvasi biomass using different reagents including weak acids and alkali. The produced pulp, hydrolysates, and extracted lignin were quantitatively characterized. In particular, the alkali pretreatment significantly enhanced the saccharification efficiency of the pulp 16-fold compared to untreated biomass of Szarvasi. The acid pretreatment directly converted 25% of the cellulose into glucose without the need of enzymatic digestion. In addition, based on lignin compositional and lignin linkage analysis a lignin chemical model structure present in Szarvasi biomass could be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao X, Meng X, Ragauskas AJ, Lai C, Ling Z, Huang C, Yong Q. Unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions: Recent advances in developing state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107830. [PMID: 34480987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosics to produce liquid fuels and chemicals is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem of fossil resource shortage, energy security, and environmental challenges. Among the many biorefinery pathways, hydrolysis of lignocellulosics to fermentable monosaccharides by cellulase is arguably the most critical step of lignocellulose bioconversion. In the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, the direct physical contact between enzymes and cellulose is an essential prerequisite for the hydrolysis to occur. However, lignin is considered one of the most recalcitrant factors hindering the accessibility of cellulose by binding to cellulase unproductively, which reduces the saccharification rate and yield of sugars. This results in high costs for the saccharification of carbohydrates. The various interactions between enzymes and lignin have been explored from different perspectives in literature, and a basic lignin inhibition mechanism has been proposed. However, the exact interaction between lignin and enzyme as well as the recently reported promotion of some types of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis is still unclear at the molecular level. Multiple analytical techniques have been developed, and fully unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions would require a continuous improvement of the currently available analytical techniques. This review summarizes the current commonly used advanced research analytical techniques for investigating the interaction between lignin and enzyme, including quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy (FLS), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Interdisciplinary integration of these analytical methods is pursued to provide new insight into the interactions between lignin and enzymes. This review will serve as a resource for future research seeking to develop new methodologies for a better understanding of the basic mechanism of lignin-enzyme binding during the critical hydrolysis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clavibacter michiganensis Downregulates Photosynthesis and Modifies Monolignols Metabolism Revealing a Crosstalk with Tomato Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168442. [PMID: 34445148 PMCID: PMC8395114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial canker disease in tomato, affecting crop yield and fruit quality. To understand how tomato plants respond, the dynamic expression profile of host genes was analyzed upon Cmm infection. Symptoms of bacterial canker became evident from the third day. As the disease progressed, the bacterial population increased in planta, reaching the highest level at six days and remained constant till the twelfth day post inoculation. These two time points were selected for transcriptomics. A progressive down-regulation of key genes encoding for components of the photosynthetic apparatus was observed. Two temporally separated defense responses were observed, which were to an extent interdependent. During the primary response, genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were diverted towards the synthesis of monolignols away from S-lignin. In dicots, lignin polymers mainly consist of G- and S-units, playing an important role in defense. The twist towards G-lignin enrichment is consistent with previous findings, highlighting a response to generate an early protective barrier and to achieve a tight interplay between lignin recomposition and the primary defense response mechanism. Upon progression of Cmm infection, the temporal deactivation of phenylpropanoids coincided with the upregulation of genes that belong in a secondary response mechanism, supporting an elegant reprogramming of the host transcriptome to establish a robust defense apparatus and suppress pathogen invasion. This high-throughput analysis reveals a dynamic reorganization of plant defense mechanisms upon bacterial infection to implement an array of barriers preventing pathogen invasion and spread.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin C, Wang M, Ma Q, Bian H, Ren H, Dai H, Cheng J. Valorization of Rice Straw via Hydrotropic Lignin Extraction and Its Characterization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144123. [PMID: 34299398 PMCID: PMC8305794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice straw hydrotropic lignin was extracted from p-Toluene sulfonic acid (p-TsOH) fractionation with a different combined delignification factor (CDF). Hydrotropic lignin characterization was systematically investigated, and alkaline lignin was also studied for the contrast. Results showed that the hydrotropic rice straw lignin particle was in nanometer scopes. Compared with alkaline lignin, the hydrotropic lignin had greater molecular weight. NMR analysis showed that β-aryl ether linkage was well preserved at low severities, and the unsaturation in the side chain of hydrotropic lignin was high. H units and G units were preferentially degraded and subsequently condensed at high severity. High severity also resulted in the cleavage of part β-aryl ether linkage. 31P-NMR showed the decrease in aliphatic hydroxyl groups and the increasing carboxyl group content at high severity. The maximum weight loss temperature of the hydrotropic lignin was in the range of 330–350 °C, higher than the alkaline lignin, and the glass conversion temperature (Tg) of the hydrotropic lignin was in the range of 107–125 °C, lower than that of the alkaline lignin. The hydrotropic lignin has high β-aryl ether linkage content, high activity, nanoscale particle size, and low Tg, which is beneficial for its further valorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Yin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
| | - Qingzhi Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Huiyang Bian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
| | - Hao Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
| | - Jinlan Cheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (H.B.); (H.R.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Namyslo JC, Drafz MHH, Kaufmann DE. Durable Modification of Wood by Benzoylation-Proof of Covalent Bonding by Solution State NMR and DOSY NMR Quick-Test. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2164. [PMID: 34208957 PMCID: PMC8271922 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient, broadly applicable and durable wood protection was recently published by Kaufmann and Namyslo. This procedure efficiently allows for esterification of wood hydroxyl groups with (1H-benzotriazolyl)-activated functionalized benzoic acids. The result of such wood-modifying reactions is usually monitored by an increase in mass of the wood material (weight percent gain value, WPG) and by infrared spectroscopy (IR). However, diagnostic IR bands suffer from overlap with naturally occurring ester groups, mainly in the hemicellulose part of unmodified wood. In contrast to known NMR spectroscopy approaches that use the non-commonly available solid state techniques, herein we present solution state NMR proof of the covalent attachment of our organic precursors to wood. The finding is based on a time-efficient, non-uniformly sampled (NUS) solution state 1H,13C-HMBC experiment that only needs a tenth of the regular recording time. The appropriate NMR sample of thoroughly dissolved modified wood was prepared by a mild and non-destructive method. The 2D-HMBC shows a specific cross-signal caused by spin-spin coupling over three bonds from the ester carbonyl carbon atom to the α-protons of the esterified wood hydroxyl groups. This specific coupling pathway requires a covalent bonding as a conditio sine qua non. An even more rapid test to monitor the covalent bonding was achieved with an up-to-date diffusion-ordered spectroscopy sequence (Oneshot-DOSY) based on 1H or 19F as the sensitive nucleus. The control experiment in a series of DOSY spectra gave a by far higher D value of (1.22 ± 0.06)∙10-10 m2∙s-1, which is in accordance with fast diffusion of the "free" and thus rapidly moving small precursor molecule provided as its methyl ester. In the case of a covalent attachment to wood, a significantly smaller D value of (0.12 ± 0.01)∙10-10 m2∙s-1 was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieter E. Kaufmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (J.C.N.); (M.H.H.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rostom L, Caré S, Courtier-Murias D. Analysis of water content in wood material through 1D and 2D 1 H NMR relaxometry: Application to the determination of the dry mass of wood. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:614-627. [PMID: 33368651 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest on wood as it is an environmentally sustainable product (e.g., biodegradable and renewable). Thus, an accurate characterisation of wood properties is of extreme importance as they define the kind of application for which each type of wood can be used. For instance, dry mass of wood is a key parameter itself and is needed to calculate Moisture Content (MC) of wood, which is correlated to its physical properties. Due to the limitations of commonly used drying methods, preliminary work has shown the potential of 1 H NMR to measure dry mass of wood, but it has never been validated. Here, we performed a critical analysis of 1D and 2D 1 H NMR relaxometry methods for obtaining the dry mass of wood, and we compared their performance to three commonly used drying methods. This showed that commonly used drying methods do not remove all water from wood. Moreover, we are able to classify them accordingly to their performance. In addition, we showed that MC values obtained by 1 H NMR relaxometry methods are higher (up to 20%) than values from commonly used drying methods. This empathises the importance of accurate values of dry mass of wood and the utility of 1 H NMR relaxometry on wood sciences. When comparing both NMR relaxometry methods, 2D should provide the more accurate results, but 1D measurements would also be a recommended choice as they are faster than 2D and their results clearly overcome commonly used drying methods in a noninvasive and nondestructive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rostom
- Lab. Navier, Ecole des Ponts, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne la Vallée, 77420, France
| | - Sabine Caré
- Lab. Navier, Ecole des Ponts, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne la Vallée, 77420, France
| | - Denis Courtier-Murias
- Lab. Navier, Ecole des Ponts, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne la Vallée, 77420, France
- GERS-LEE, Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, Bouguenais, F-44344, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tingley JP, Low KE, Xing X, Abbott DW. Combined whole cell wall analysis and streamlined in silico carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery to improve biocatalytic conversion of agricultural crop residues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33422151 PMCID: PMC7797155 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of biofuels as an efficient source of renewable energy has received considerable attention due to increasing energy demands and regulatory incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Second-generation biofuel feedstocks, including agricultural crop residues generated on-farm during annual harvests, are abundant, inexpensive, and sustainable. Unlike first-generation feedstocks, which are enriched in easily fermentable carbohydrates, crop residue cell walls are highly resistant to saccharification, fermentation, and valorization. Crop residues contain recalcitrant polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes. In addition, their cell walls can vary in linkage structure and monosaccharide composition between plant sources. Characterization of total cell wall structure, including high-resolution analyses of saccharide composition, linkage, and complex structures using chromatography-based methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, -omics, and antibody glycome profiling, provides critical insight into the fine chemistry of feedstock cell walls. Furthermore, improving both the catalytic potential of microbial communities that populate biodigester reactors and the efficiency of pre-treatments used in bioethanol production may improve bioconversion rates and yields. Toward this end, knowledge and characterization of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in dynamic biomass deconstruction is pivotal. Here we overview the use of common "-omics"-based methods for the study of lignocellulose-metabolizing communities and microorganisms, as well as methods for annotation and discovery of CAZymes, and accurate prediction of CAZyme function. Emerging approaches for analysis of large datasets, including metagenome-assembled genomes, are also discussed. Using complementary glycomic and meta-omic methods to characterize agricultural residues and the microbial communities that digest them provides promising streams of research to maximize value and energy extraction from crop waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu X, Zhu R, Chen T, Song P, Lu F, Xu F, Ralph J, Zhang X. Mild Acetylation and Solubilization of Ground Whole Plant Cell Walls in EmimAc: A Method for Solution-State NMR in DMSO- d6. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13101-13109. [PMID: 32885955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of polysaccharides and lignin. The complexity and diversity of the plant cell wall polymers makes it difficult to isolate the components in pure form for characterization. Many current approaches to analyzing the structure of lignocellulose, which involve sequential extraction and characterization of the resulting fractions, are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The present study describes a new and facile system for rationally derivatizing and dissolving coarsely ground plant cell wall materials. Using ionic liquids (EmimAc) and dichloroacetyl chloride as a solvent/reagent produced mildly acetylated whole cell walls without significant degradation. The acetylated products were soluble in DMSO-d6 from which they can be characterized by solution-state two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectrometry. A distinct advantage of the procedure is that it realizes the dissolution of whole lignocellulosic materials without requiring harsh ball milling, thereby allowing the acquisition of high-resolution 2D NMR spectra to revealing structural details of the main components (lignin and polysaccharides). The method is therefore beneficial to understanding the composition and structure of biomass aimed at its improved utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tianying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lahive CW, Kamer PCJ, Lancefield CS, Deuss PJ. An Introduction to Model Compounds of Lignin Linking Motifs; Synthesis and Selection Considerations for Reactivity Studies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4238-4265. [PMID: 32510817 PMCID: PMC7540175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of fundamentally new valorization strategies for lignin plays a vital role in unlocking the true potential of lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable and economically compatible renewable carbon feedstock. In particular, new catalytic modification and depolymerization strategies are required. Progress in this field, past and future, relies for a large part on the application of synthetic model compounds that reduce the complexity of working with the lignin biopolymer. This aids the development of catalytic methodologies and in-depth mechanistic studies and guides structural characterization studies in the lignin field. However, due to the volume of literature and the piecemeal publication of methodology, the choice of suitable lignin model compounds is far from straight forward, especially for those outside the field and lacking a background in organic synthesis. For example, in catalytic depolymerization studies, a balance between synthetic effort and fidelity compared to the actual lignin of interest needs to be found. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the model compounds available to study the chemistry of the main native linking motifs typically found in lignins from woody biomass, the synthetic routes and effort required to access them, and discuss to what extent these represent actual lignin structures. This overview can aid researchers in their selection of the most suitable lignin model systems for the development of emerging lignin modification and depolymerization technologies, maximizing their chances of successfully developing novel lignin valorization strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park MR, Chen Y, Thompson M, Benites VT, Fong B, Petzold CJ, Baidoo EEK, Gladden JM, Adams PD, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Singer SW. Response of Pseudomonas putida to Complex, Aromatic-Rich Fractions from Biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4455-4467. [PMID: 32160408 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is strong interest in the valorization of lignin to produce valuable products; however, its structural complexity has been a conversion bottleneck. Chemical pretreatment liberates lignin-derived soluble fractions that may be upgraded by bioconversion. Cholinium ionic liquid pretreatment of sorghum produced soluble, aromatic-rich fractions that were converted by Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), a promising host for aromatic bioconversion. Growth studies and mutational analysis demonstrated that P. putida growth on these fractions was dependent on aromatic monomers but unknown factors also contributed. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that these unknown factors were amino acids and residual ionic liquid; the oligomeric aromatic fraction derived from lignin was not converted. A cholinium catabolic pathway was identified, and the deletion of the pathway stopped the ability of P. putida to grow on cholinium ionic liquid. This work demonstrates that aromatic-rich fractions obtained through pretreatment contain multiple substrates; conversion strategies should account for this complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Rye Park
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mitchell Thompson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Veronica T Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bonnie Fong
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Center for Biosustainability, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang X, Narron RH, Han Q, Park S, Chang HM, Jameel H. Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4613-4623. [PMID: 32452146 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes to the molecular properties of lignin over the course of biorefinery processing were investigated by using sweetgum as a feedstock. Hydrothermal pretreatment has been used because it is an economically attractive, green process. Three representative biorefinery lignin preparations were obtained, with about 70 % yield based on raw lignin. The three fractions included soluble lignin adsorbed on resin (XADL), solvent-extracted lignin (HTCELp), and an additional ball-milled residual lignin (HTRELp). By comparing the raw and biorefinery lignin preparations, it can be concluded that lignin undergoes both degradation and condensation throughout the various stages of the hydrothermal-based biorefinery process. The two fractions made soluble by biorefinery processing, XADL and HTCELp, were found to be low-molecular-weight degradation products enriched with free phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, about 15 % of noncondensed phenolic units were involved in condensation reactions. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that at least about 28 % of β-O-4' substructures were cleaved. Hibbert's ketones were identified in XADL and HTRELp, which provided evidence of lignin undergoing acidolysis. The contents of β-5' and β-β' did not change significantly upon biorefinery processing. Finally, episyringaresinol was detected in XADL and HTCELp. It is hoped that these findings will help to further demonstrate the specific effects of biorefinery processing on lignin in hardwood and facilitate its utilization to improve biorefinery economics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert H Narron
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hou-Min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ndukwe IE, Black I, Heiss C, Azadi P. Evaluating the Utility of Permethylated Polysaccharide Solution NMR Data for Characterization of Insoluble Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13221-13228. [PMID: 32794693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall polysaccharide analysis encompasses the utilization of a variety of analytical tools, including gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These methods provide complementary data, which enable confident structural proposals of the many complex polysaccharide structures that exist in the complex matrices of plant cell walls. However, cell walls contain fractions of varying solubilities, and a few techniques are available that can analyze all fractions simultaneously. We have discovered that permethylation affords the complete dissolution of both soluble and insoluble polysaccharide fractions of plant cell walls in organic solvents such as chloroform or acetonitrile, which can then be analyzed by a number of analytical techniques including MS and NMR. In this work, NMR structure analysis of 10 permethylated polysaccharide standards was undertaken to generate chemical shift data providing insights into spectral changes that result from permethylation of polysaccharide residues. This information is of especial relevance to the structure analysis of insoluble polysaccharide materials that otherwise are not easily investigated by solution-state NMR methodologies. The preassigned NMR chemical shift data is shown to be vital for NMR structure analysis of minor polysaccharide components of plant cell walls that are particularly difficult to assign by NMR correlation data alone. With the assigned chemical shift data, we analyzed the permethylated samples of destarched, alcohol-insoluble residues of switchgrass and poplar by two-dimensional NMR spectral profiling. Thus, we identified, in addition to the major polysaccharide components, two minor polysaccharides, namely, <5% 3-linked arabinoxylan (switchgrass) and <2% glucomannan (poplar). In particular, the position of the arabinose residue in the arabinoxylan of the switchgrass sample was confidently assigned based on chemical shift values, which are highly sensitive to local chemical environments. Furthermore, the high resolution afforded by the 1H NMR spectra of the permethylated switchgrass and poplar samples allowed facile relative quantitative analysis of their polysaccharide composition, utilizing only a few milligrams of the cell wall material. The concepts herein developed will thus facilitate NMR structure analysis of insoluble plant cell wall polysaccharides, more so of minor cell wall components that are especially challenging to analyze with current methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna E Ndukwe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou X, Yang S, Lu M, Zhao S, Cai L, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Lv J. Structure and Monomer Ratio of Lignin in C3H and HCT RNAi Transgenic Poplar Saplings. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest and Chemical Industry EngineeringJishou University No. 120 Ren Min South Road Jishou 416000 P.R. China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Effective Utilizing of Wood & Bamboo ResourcesResearch Institute of Wood Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road, Hai Dian Beijing100091 P.R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Effective Utilizing of Wood & Bamboo ResourcesResearch Institute of Wood Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road, Hai Dian Beijing100091 P.R. China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Research Institute of Forestry of theChinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road Hai Dian, Beijing 100091 P.R. China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Research Institute of Forestry of theChinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road Hai Dian, Beijing 100091 P.R. China
| | - Liping Cai
- Department of Mechanical & Energy EngineeringUniversity of North Texas Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Yaoli Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry University No.159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 P.R. China
| | - Rongjun Zhao
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Effective Utilizing of Wood & Bamboo ResourcesResearch Institute of Wood Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road, Hai Dian Beijing100091 P.R. China
| | - Jianxiong Lv
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Effective Utilizing of Wood & Bamboo ResourcesResearch Institute of Wood Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry No.1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road, Hai Dian Beijing100091 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsushita Y, Oyabu Y, Aoki D, Fukushima K. Unexpected polymerization mechanism of dilignol in the lignin growing. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190445. [PMID: 31417743 PMCID: PMC6689591 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an essential component of higher plants, which is built by the enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols. First, monolignol is enzymatically oxidized to produce the phenoxy radical, which can form resonance hybrids. Two radical resonant hybrids are coupled with each other to yield dilignol with various linkage types, of which the main structures are β-O-4' (I), β-5' (II) and β-β' (III). However, the reaction mechanism behind the addition lignol radicals to dilignol is not yet fully understood. Here, we show an unexpected reaction with structure II during enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization, which involves cleavage of a covalent linkage and creation of a new radical coupling site. This implied that the β-5 dilignol diversifies the growing pattern of lignin. This discovery elucidates a novel mechanism in lignin polymerization.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheng J, Hirth K, Ma Q, Zhu J, Wang Z, Zhu JY. Toward Sustainable and Complete Wood Valorization by Fractionating Lignin with Low Condensation Using an Acid Hydrotrope at Low Temperatures (≤80 °C). Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Cheng
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kolby Hirth
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Qianli Ma
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- State Key Lab Pulp and Paper Eng., South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaojiang Wang
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dou J, Kim H, Li Y, Padmakshan D, Yue F, Ralph J, Vuorinen T. Structural Characterization of Lignins from Willow Bark and Wood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7294-7300. [PMID: 29932676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical structure of lignin in willow bark is an indispensable step to design how to separate its fiber bundles. The whole cell wall and enzyme lignin preparations sequentially isolated from ball-milled bark, inner bark, and wood were comparatively investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and three classical degradative methods, i.e., alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, derivatization followed by reductive cleavage, and analytical thioacidolysis. All results demonstrated that the guaiacyl (G) units were predominant in the willow bark lignin over syringyl (S) and minor p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Moreover, the monomer yields and S/G ratio rose progressively from bark to inner bark and wood, indicating that lignin may be more condensed in bark than in other tissues. Additionally, major interunit linkage substructures (β-aryl ethers, phenylcoumarans, and resinols) together with cinnamyl alcohol end groups were relatively quantitated by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Bark and inner bark were rich in pectins and proteins, which were present in large quantities and also in the enzyme lignin preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Post Office Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Yanding Li
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Dharshana Padmakshan
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Fengxia Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Post Office Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yelle DJ. Solution-state NMR analysis of hydroxymethylated resorcinol cured in the presence of crude milled-wood lignin from Acer saccharum. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Yelle
- U.S. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr; Madison Wisconsin 53726
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chezem WR, Memon A, Li FS, Weng JK, Clay NK. SG2-Type R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MYB15 Controls Defense-Induced Lignification and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1907-1926. [PMID: 28733420 PMCID: PMC5590497 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Arabidopsis thaliana SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. Loss of MYB15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of MYB15 increases lignin content independently of immune activation. Comparative transcriptional and metabolomics analyses implicate MYB15 as necessary for the defense-induced synthesis of guaiacyl lignin and the basal synthesis of the coumarin metabolite scopoletin. MYB15 directly binds to the secondary wall MYB-responsive element consensus sequence, which encompasses the AC elements, to drive lignification. The myb15 and lignin biosynthetic mutants show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, consistent with defense-induced lignin having a major role in basal immunity. A scopoletin biosynthetic mutant also shows increased susceptibility independently of immune activation, consistent with a role in preformed defense. Our results support a role for phenylalanine-derived small molecules in preformed and inducible Arabidopsis defense, a role previously dominated by tryptophan-derived small molecules. Understanding the regulatory network linking lignin biosynthesis to plant growth and defense will help lignin engineering efforts to improve the production of biofuels and aromatic industrial products as well as increase disease resistance in energy and agricultural crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Altamash Memon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
SbCOMT (Bmr12) is involved in the biosynthesis of tricin-lignin in sorghum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178160. [PMID: 28594846 PMCID: PMC5464547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin in plant biomass represents a target for engineering strategies towards the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. In addition to the conventional lignin monomers, namely p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, tricin has been shown to be part of the native lignin polymer in certain monocot species. Because tricin is considered to initiate the polymerization of lignin chains, elucidating its biosynthesis and mechanism of export to the cell wall constitute novel challenges for the engineering of bioenergy crops. Late steps of tricin biosynthesis require two methylation reactions involving the pathway intermediate selgin. It has recently been demonstrated in rice and maize that caffeate O-methyltransferase (COMT) involved in the synthesis syringyl (S) lignin units derived from sinapyl alcohol also participates in the synthesis of tricin in planta. In this work, we validate in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) that the O-methyltransferase responsible for the production of S lignin units (SbCOMT / Bmr12) is also involved in the synthesis of lignin-linked tricin. In particular, we show that biomass from the sorghum bmr12 mutant contains lower level of tricin incorporated into lignin, and that SbCOMT can methylate the tricin precursors luteolin and selgin. Our genetic and biochemical data point toward a general mechanism whereby COMT is involved in the synthesis of both tricin and S lignin units.
Collapse
|
26
|
Peng C, Chen Q, Guo H, Hu G, Li C, Wen J, Wang H, Zhang T, Zhao ZK, Sun R, Xie H. Effects of Extraction Methods on Structure and Valorization of Corn Stover Lignin by a Pd/C Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Haiwei Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Changzhi Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jialong Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forest University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Haisong Wang
- Dalian Polytechnic University; Dalian 116034 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Runcang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forest University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Haibo Xie
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Parthasarathi R, Sun J, Dutta T, Sun N, Pattathil S, Murthy Konda NVSN, Peralta AG, Simmons BA, Singh S. Activation of lignocellulosic biomass for higher sugar yields using aqueous ionic liquid at low severity process conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:160. [PMID: 27486479 PMCID: PMC4969646 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns around greenhouse gas emissions necessitate the development of sustainable processes for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels from alternative renewable sources. The lignocellulosic plant cell walls are one of the most abundant sources of carbon for renewable bioenergy production. Certain ionic liquids (ILs) are very effective at disrupting the plant cell walls of lignocellulose, and generate a substrate that is effectively hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. Conventional ILs are relatively expensive in terms of purchase price, and the most effective imidazolium-based ILs also require energy intensive processing conditions (>140 °C, 3 h) to release >90 % fermentable sugar yields after saccharification. RESULTS We have developed a highly effective pretreatment technology utilizing the relatively inexpensive IL comprised tetrabutylammonium [TBA](+) and hydroxide [OH](-) ions that generate high glucose yields (~95 %) after pretreatment at very mild processing conditions (50 °C). The efficiency of [TBA][OH] pretreatment of lignocellulose was further studied by analyzing chemical composition, powder X-ray diffraction for cellulose structure, NMR and SEC for lignin dissolution/depolymerization, and glycome profiling for cell wall modifications. Glycome profiling experiments and computational results indicate that removal of the noncellulosic polysaccharides occurs due to the ionic mobility of [TBA][OH] and is the key factor in determining pretreatment efficiency. Process modeling and energy demand analysis suggests that this [TBA][OH] pretreatment could potentially reduce the energy required in the pretreatment unit operation by more than 75 %. CONCLUSIONS By leveraging the benefits of ILs that are effective at very mild processing conditions, such as [TBA][OH], lignocellulosic biomass can be pretreated at similar efficiency as top performing conventional ILs, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc], but at much lower temperatures, and with less than half the IL normally required to be effective. [TBA][OH] IL is more reactive in terms of ionic mobility which extends removal of lignin and noncellulosic components of biomass at the lower temperature pretreatment. This approach to biomass pretreatment at lower temperatures could be transformative in the affordability and energy efficiency of lignocellulosic biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Tanmoy Dutta
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Ning Sun
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | | | - Angelo Gabriel Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eudes A, Zhao N, Sathitsuksanoh N, Baidoo EEK, Lao J, Wang G, Yogiswara S, Lee TS, Singh S, Mortimer JC, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Loqué D. Expression of S-adenosylmethionine Hydrolase in Tissues Synthesizing Secondary Cell Walls Alters Specific Methylated Cell Wall Fractions and Improves Biomass Digestibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:58. [PMID: 27486577 PMCID: PMC4949269 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a large source of fermentable sugars for the synthesis of bioproducts using engineered microbes. These sugars are stored as cell wall polymers, mainly cellulose and hemicellulose, and are embedded with lignin, which makes their enzymatic hydrolysis challenging. One of the strategies to reduce cell wall recalcitrance is the modification of lignin content and composition. Lignin is a phenolic polymer of methylated aromatic alcohols and its synthesis in tissues developing secondary cell walls is a significant sink for the consumption of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). In this study, we demonstrate in Arabidopsis stems that targeted expression of AdoMet hydrolase (AdoMetase, E.C. 3.3.1.2) in secondary cell wall synthesizing tissues reduces the AdoMet pool and impacts lignin content and composition. In particular, both NMR analysis and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of lignin in engineered biomass showed relative enrichment of non-methylated p-hydroxycinnamyl (H) units and a reduction of dimethylated syringyl (S) units. This indicates a lower degree of methylation compared to that in wild-type lignin. Quantification of cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates revealed a reduction of ferulate in AdoMetase transgenic lines. Biomass from transgenic lines, in contrast to that in control plants, exhibits an enrichment of glucose content and a reduction in the degree of hemicellulose glucuronoxylan methylation. We also show that these modifications resulted in a reduction of cell wall recalcitrance, because sugar yield generated by enzymatic biomass saccharification was greater than that of wild-type plants. Considering that transgenic plants show no important diminution of biomass yields, and that heterologous expression of AdoMetase protein can be spatiotemporally optimized, this novel approach provides a valuable option for the improvement of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nanxia Zhao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Conn Center for Renewable Energy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sasha Yogiswara
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Holding AJ, Mäkelä V, Tolonen L, Sixta H, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Solution-State One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy of High-Molecular-Weight Cellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:880-92. [PMID: 27010664 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight celluloses (which even include bacterial cellulose) can be dissolved fully in methyltrioctylphosphonium acetate/[D6 ]DMSO solutions to allow the measurement of resonance-overlap-free 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra. This is achieved by a simple and non-destructive dissolution method, without solvent suppression, pre-treatment or deuteration of the ionic component. We studied a range of cellulose samples by using various NMR experiments to make an a priori assignment of the cellulose resonances. Chain-end resonances are also visible in the (1) H NMR spectrum. This allows the rough determination of the degree of polymerisation (DP) of a sample for low-DP celluloses by the integration of non-reducing chain ends C1 versus polymeric cellobiose C1. Low-DP celluloses show a good agreement with the gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) values, but high-DP pulps show more deviation. For high-purity pulps (pre-hydrolysis kraft and sulfite), residual xyloses and mannoses can also be identified from the (1) H-(13) C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra. Resonances are thus assigned for the common polymeric polysaccharides found in chemical pulps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Holding
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valtteri Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Tolonen
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Alistair W T King
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 (Chemicum), PL 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang W, Sathitsuksanoh N, Simmons BA, Frazier CE, Barone JR, Renneckar S. Revealing the thermal sensitivity of lignin during glycerol thermal processing through structural analysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A woody biomass was treated in glycerol between 200 and 240 °C in an anhydrous environment to denature the biomass for biopolymer fractionation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute and Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
- Deconstruction Division
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Deconstruction Division
- Joint BioEnergy Institute
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Emeryville
- USA
| | - Charles E. Frazier
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute and Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Justin R. Barone
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute and Department of Biological Systems Engineering
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute and Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
- Department of Wood Science
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang B, Fu GQ, Niu YS, Peng F, Yao CL, Sun RC. Variations of lignin–lignin and lignin–carbohydrate linkages from young Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo culms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) preparations were isolated to elucidate the variations of chemical linkages during growth in the early development stages of Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo culms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Gen-Que Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Ya-Shuai Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Chun-Li Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yoshioka K, Kawazoe Y, Kanbayashi T, Yamada T, Ohno H, Miyafuji H. Reaction behavior of Cryptomeria japonica treated with pyridinium chloride–water mixture. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemicelluloses and lignin in the cell walls of Cryptomeria japonica were liquefied and decomposed by the treatment with pyridinium chloride ([Py]Cl)–water mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Yu Kawazoe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Toru Kanbayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Biomass Chemistry
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohno
- Functional Ionic Liquid Laboratories
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Tokyo 184-8588
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyafuji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Graglia M, Kanna N, Esposito D. Lignin Refinery: Towards the Preparation of Renewable Aromatic Building Blocks. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
35
|
Eudes A, Sathitsuksanoh N, Baidoo EEK, George A, Liang Y, Yang F, Singh S, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Loqué D. Expression of a bacterial 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase reduces lignin content and improves biomass saccharification efficiency. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1241-50. [PMID: 25583257 PMCID: PMC6680230 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin confers recalcitrance to plant biomass used as feedstocks in agro-processing industries or as source of renewable sugars for the production of bioproducts. The metabolic steps for the synthesis of lignin building blocks belong to the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Genetic engineering efforts to reduce lignin content typically employ gene knockout or gene silencing techniques to constitutively repress one of these metabolic pathways. Recently, new strategies have emerged offering better spatiotemporal control of lignin deposition, including the expression of enzymes that interfere with the normal process for cell wall lignification. In this study, we report that expression of a 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB from Corynebacterium glutamicum) reduces lignin deposition in Arabidopsis cell walls. QsuB was targeted to the plastids to convert 3-dehydroshikimate - an intermediate of the shikimate pathway - into protocatechuate. Compared to wild-type plants, lines expressing QsuB contain higher amounts of protocatechuate, p-coumarate, p-coumaraldehyde and p-coumaryl alcohol, and lower amounts of coniferaldehyde, coniferyl alcohol, sinapaldehyde and sinapyl alcohol. 2D-NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyro-GC/MS) reveal an increase of p-hydroxyphenyl units and a reduction of guaiacyl units in the lignin of QsuB lines. Size-exclusion chromatography indicates a lower degree of lignin polymerization in the transgenic lines. Therefore, our data show that the expression of QsuB primarily affects the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Finally, biomass from these lines exhibits more than a twofold improvement in saccharification efficiency. We conclude that the expression of QsuB in plants, in combination with specific promoters, is a promising gain-of-function strategy for spatiotemporal reduction of lignin in plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anthe George
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Diner BA, Lasio J, Camp CE, David Rosenfeld H, Fan J, Fox BC. Gaseous ammonia pretreatment lowers the required energy input for fine milling-enhanced enzymatic saccharification of switchgrass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:139. [PMID: 26379771 PMCID: PMC4570525 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine milling of dry lignocellulosic biomass, without prior chemical pretreatment, can produce a high percent theoretical yield of sugars during subsequent enzymatic saccharification. However, the high sugar yields, necessary for a commercial biofuels process, are costly, with the milling energy input, necessary to achieve such yields even exceeding the energy content of the biomass. In this study, we show that low moisture gaseous ammonia pretreatment of switchgrass, in advance of the milling step, significantly reduces the milling energy required to give high sugar titers. RESULTS We have found that the increase in monomeric sugar yields upon enzymatic saccharification of ball-milled, but not chemically treated switchgrass, is more closely tied to the formation of crystallites of cellulose with a negative linear dependence on the coherent domain size than to a decrease in particle size or to an increase in surface area of the biomass. The milling energy required to reach ~80 % of theoretical yield of glucose under these conditions is intolerably high, however, approximating two times the energy content of the biomass. Two different low moisture content ammonia pretreatments, prior to milling, significantly reduce the required milling energy (four to eightfold, depending on the pretreatment). These involve either heating the biomass at 150-160 °C for 1 h at 10 wt% gaseous ammonia or incubating at room temperature for 9 days at 20 wt% gaseous ammonia, the latter mimicking potential treatment during biomass storage. We have tested this combination of pretreatment and milling on switchgrass using a variety of milling methods, but mostly using ball and attritor milling. In the case of the high-temperature gaseous ammonia treatment followed by attritor milling, the increase in the monomeric sugar yield upon saccharification shows a negative linear dependence on the second or third power of the cellulose crystalline coherent domain size, implying that the surfaces as well as the ends of the cellulose fibrils are accessible to cellulolytic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The combination of knife milling, low moisture gaseous ammonia pretreatment followed by attritor milling that costs only ~5 % of the energy content of the biomass for a total energy input of ~11 % of the biomass energy content, is capable of delivering high sugar titers upon enzymatic saccharification. These results show, therefore, how to better integrate a mechanochemical step into the pretreatment of switchgrass in a commercial biomass to biofuels conversion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Diner
- />Industrial Biosciences, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Jelena Lasio
- />Chemours Titanium Technologies, DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Carl E. Camp
- />Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - H. David Rosenfeld
- />Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Janine Fan
- />Industrial Biosciences, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Bradley C. Fox
- />Industrial Biosciences, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Purification and biochemical characterization of a newly produced yellow laccase from Lentinus squarrosulus MR13. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:227-236. [PMID: 28324287 PMCID: PMC4434416 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel yellow laccase was produced from Lentinus squarrosulus MR13 under solid state fermentation. The yellow laccase was purified by a factor of 12.67-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography to a specific activity of 3,772.86 IU mg−1. Its molecular mass was determined by SDS-PAGE and found to be 66 kDa. The activity of the enzyme was measured with 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as substrate and found to be stable in a broad range of pH (pH 4–9). The optimum temperature of the enzyme was 40 °C. The enzyme was stable at temperatures between 25 and 55 °C and decreased rapidly when the temperature was above 65 °C. Circular dichroism spectra also supported the temperature stability of the enzyme. The Km and Vmax values of the purified yellow laccase were 0.0714 mM and 0.0091 mM min−1, respectively.
Collapse
|
38
|
Araya F, Troncoso E, Mendonça RT, Freer J. Condensed lignin structures and re-localization achieved at high severities in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus wood and their relationship with cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1783-91. [PMID: 25851426 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus wood was subjected to autohydrolysis pretreatment at different severity factors. The pretreated materials were enzymatically saccharified at a substrate load of 10% (w/v) using a cellulase enzyme complex. Around 82-95% of original glucans were retained in the pretreated material, and the enzymatic hydrolysis yields ranged from 58% to 90%. The chemical and structural changes in the pretreated materials were investigated by microscopic (SEM, LSCM) and spectroscopic (2D-HSQC NMR and FT-IR) techniques. 2D-NMR results showed a reduction in the amounts of β-O-4 aryl-ether linkages and suggested the presence of newly condensed structures of lignin in the biomass pretreated at the more severe conditions. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis showed that lignin migrates out of the cell wall and re-deposits in certain regions of the fibers at the more severe conditions to form droplet-like structures and expose the cellulose surface. These changes improved the glucose yield up to 69%, on dry wood basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Araya
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. .,Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Regis Teixeira Mendonça
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juanita Freer
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shuttleworth PS, Baccile N, White RJ, Nectoux E, Budarin VL. Bulk and Surface Analysis of Carbonaceous Materials. POROUS CARBON MATERIALS FROM SUSTAINABLE PRECURSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622277-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to fully characterise the surface chemistry and properties of the complex materials that are carbons. These can range from amorphous-based activated carbons to organised graphene, carbon nanotubes and other forms. However, a combination of techniques, such as, TG supplemented by TGIR, XPS and Boehm titration, bromination with various solid-state NMR methodologies can permit a comprehensive understanding of both their bulk and surface characteristics. The application of these techniques in the characterisation of both the bulk and surface features of carbon-based materials will be presented and discussed ADDIN EN.REFLIST .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Shuttleworth
- Departamento de Física de Polímeros, Elastómeros y Aplicaciones Energéticas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros CSIC, c/ Juan de la Cierva, 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Niki Baccile
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France 11, Place M. Betrthelot 75005 Paris France
| | - Robin J. White
- Universität Freiburg, FMF - Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau and Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Eric Nectoux
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York Heslington, York Yorkshire YO10 5DD UK
| | - Vitaliy L. Budarin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York Heslington, York Yorkshire YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Analytical Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass Structural Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
41
|
Dolan JA, Sathitsuksanoh N, Rodriguez K, Simmons BA, Frazier CE, Renneckar S. Biocomposite adhesion without added resin: understanding the chemistry of the direct conversion of wood into adhesives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09676f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass is transformed with CO2 laser light into a heat setting adhesive achieving direct adhesion without added resins. 90% of the adhesive is composed of partially depolymerized cellulose and lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Dolan
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | | | - Katia Rodriguez
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Emeryville
- USA
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center
| | - Charles E. Frazier
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Department of Wood Science
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Lignin provides structural support, a mechanical barrier against microbial infestation and facilitates movement of water inside plant systems. It is the second most abundant natural polymer in the terrestrial environments and possesses unique routes for the production of bulk and specialty chemicals with aromatic/phenolic skeletons. The commercial applications of lignin are limited and it is often recognized for its negative impact on the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Understanding of the structure of lignin monomers and their interactions among themselves, as well as with carbohydrate polymers in biomass, is vital for the development of innovative biomass deconstruction processes and thereby valorization of all biopolymers of lignocellulosic residues, including lignin. In this paper, we review the major energy crops and their lignin structure, as well as the recent developments in biomass lignin characterization, with special focus on 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadhu N. Guragain
- Bioprocessing and Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Alvaro I. Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Praveen V. Vadlani
- Bioprocessing and Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Substrate-Specific Development of Thermophilic Bacterial Consortia by Using Chemically Pretreated Switchgrass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7423-32. [PMID: 25261509 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02795-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities that deconstruct plant biomass have broad relevance in biofuel production and global carbon cycling. Biomass pretreatments reduce plant biomass recalcitrance for increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. We exploited these chemical pretreatments to study how thermophilic bacterial consortia adapt to deconstruct switchgrass (SG) biomass of various compositions. Microbial communities were adapted to untreated, ammonium fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated, and ionic-liquid (IL)-pretreated SG under aerobic, thermophilic conditions using green waste compost as the inoculum to study biomass deconstruction by microbial consortia. After microbial cultivation, gravimetric analysis of the residual biomass demonstrated that both AFEX and IL pretreatment enhanced the deconstruction of the SG biomass approximately 2-fold. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) experiments and acetyl bromide-reactive-lignin analysis indicated that polysaccharide hydrolysis was the dominant process occurring during microbial biomass deconstruction, and lignin remaining in the residual biomass was largely unmodified. Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene amplicon libraries revealed that although the dominant taxa across these chemical pretreatments were consistently represented by members of the Firmicutes, the Bacteroidetes, and Deinococcus-Thermus, the abundance of selected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) varied, suggesting adaptations to the different substrates. Combining the observations of differences in the community structure and the chemical and physical structure of the biomass, we hypothesize specific roles for individual community members in biomass deconstruction.
Collapse
|
44
|
De la Cruz FB, Yelle DJ, Gracz HS, Barlaz MA. Chemical changes during anaerobic decomposition of hardwood, softwood, and old newsprint under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6362-74. [PMID: 24967726 DOI: 10.1021/jf501653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic decomposition of plant biomass is an important aspect of global organic carbon cycling. While the anaerobic metabolism of cellulose and hemicelluloses to methane and carbon dioxide are well-understood, evidence for the initial stages of lignin decomposition is fragmentary. The objective of this study was to look for evidence of chemical transformations of lignin in woody tissues [hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), and old newsprint (ONP)] after anaerobic decomposition using Klason and acid-soluble lignin, CuO oxidation, and 2D NMR. Tests were conducted under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, and lignin associations with structural carbohydrates are retained. For HW and ONP, the carbon losses could be attributed to cellulose and hemicelluloses, while carbon loss in SW was attributable to an uncharacterized fraction (e.g., extractives etc.). The 2D NMR and chemical degradation methods revealed slight reductions in β-O-4 linkages for HW and ONP, with no depolymerization of lignin in any substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentino B De la Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marita JM, Hatfield RD, Rancour DM, Frost KE. Identification and suppression of the p-coumaroyl CoA:hydroxycinnamyl alcohol transferase in Zea mays L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:850-64. [PMID: 24654730 PMCID: PMC4282748 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grasses, such as Zea mays L. (maize), contain relatively high levels of p-coumarates (pCA) within their cell walls. Incorporation of pCA into cell walls is believed to be due to a hydroxycinnamyl transferase that couples pCA to monolignols. To understand the role of pCA in maize development, the p-coumaroyl CoA:hydroxycinnamyl alcohol transferase (pCAT) was isolated and purified from maize stems. Purified pCAT was subjected to partial trypsin digestion, and peptides were sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. TBLASTN analysis of the acquired peptide sequences identified a single full-length maize cDNA clone encoding all the peptide sequences obtained from the purified enzyme. The cDNA clone was obtained and used to generate an RNAi construct for suppressing pCAT expression in maize. Here we describe the effects of suppression of pCAT in maize. Primary screening of transgenic maize seedling leaves using a new rapid analytical platform was used to identify plants with decreased amounts of pCA. Using this screening method, mature leaves from fully developed plants were analyzed, confirming reduced pCA levels throughout plant development. Complete analysis of isolated cell walls from mature transgenic stems and leaves revealed that lignin levels did not change, but pCA levels decreased and the lignin composition was altered. Transgenic plants with the lowest levels of pCA had decreased levels of syringyl units in the lignin. Thus, altering the levels of pCAT expression in maize leads to altered lignin composition, but does not appear to alter the total amount of lignin present in the cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Marita
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
| | - Ronald D Hatfield
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David M Rancour
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kenneth E Frost
- Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xiao LP, Lin Z, Peng WX, Yuan TQ, Xu F, Li NC, Tao QS, Xiang H, Sun RC. Unraveling the structural characteristics of lignin in hydrothermal pretreated fibers and manufactured binderless boards from Eucalyptus grandis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/2043-7129-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Eucalyptus grandis is one of the most abundant biomass from plantation in many parts of the world. The binderless board were manufactured from hydrothermal pretreated fibers of Eucalyptus wood and characterized for the chemical analyses and mechanical strengths in order to assess the mechanism of self-bonding. To make clear the self-bonding mechanism of these binderless boards, the structural characteristics of cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) isolated from Eucalyptus wood, its hydrothermal pretreated fibers, and binderless boards were thoroughly investigated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Results
The result revealed that hydrothermal pretreatment and hot pressing process could change cellulose crystalline structures by disrupting inter/intra hydrogen bonding of cellulose chains. During the hydrothermal pretreatment of Eucalyptus wood, acid-catalyzed cleavage of β-O-4′ linkages and ester bonds were the major mechanisms of lignin cleavage. This degradation pathway led to a more condensed lignin which has a high average molecular weight and more phenolic hydroxyl groups than the control. The hot pressing process resulted in the binderless boards with reduced lignin contents and decreased the glass transition temperature, thus making the lignin more accessible to the fiber surface. CEL isolated from the binderless boards showed an increased syringyl to guaiacyl propane (S/G) ratio but a lower molecular weight than those of the untreated Eucalyptus wood and the hydrothermal pretreated fibers.
Conclusions
Based on the finding of this study, it is suggested that the combination of hydrothermal pretreatment and hot pressing process is a good way for conditioning hardwood sawdust for the production of binderless boards. The thermal softening of lignin, rich in phenolic hydroxyl groups, and increased condensed lignin structure contributed to the self-bonding formation of lignocellulosic materials.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hao Z, Mohnen D. A review of xylan and lignin biosynthesis: Foundation for studying Arabidopsisirregular xylemmutants with pleiotropic phenotypes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:212-41. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.889651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
48
|
Lupoi JS. Analytical Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass Structural Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_30-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
49
|
Min DY, Jameel H, Chang HM, Lucia L, Wang ZG, Jin YC. The structural changes of lignin and lignin–carbohydrate complexes in corn stover induced by mild sodium hydroxide treatment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
50
|
Balakshin M, Capanema E, Berlin A. Isolation and Analysis of Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes Preparations with Traditional and Advanced Methods. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|