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Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrate molecules in the realm of biology, are present as biomedically important glycoconjugates and a characteristic aspect is that their structures in many instances are branched. In determining the primary structure of a glycan, the sugar components including the absolute configuration and ring form, anomeric configuration, linkage(s), sequence, and substituents should be elucidated. Solution state NMR spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to resolve all these aspects at atomic resolution. During the last two decades, advancement of both NMR experiments and spectrometer hardware have made it possible to unravel carbohydrate structure more efficiently. These developments applicable to glycans include, inter alia, NMR experiments that reduce spectral overlap, use selective excitations, record tilted projections of multidimensional spectra, acquire spectra by multiple receivers, utilize polarization by fast-pulsing techniques, concatenate pulse-sequence modules to acquire several spectra in a single measurement, acquire pure shift correlated spectra devoid of scalar couplings, employ stable isotope labeling to efficiently obtain homo- and/or heteronuclear correlations, as well as those that rely on dipolar cross-correlated interactions for sequential information. Refined computer programs for NMR spin simulation and chemical shift prediction aid the structural elucidation of glycans, which are notorious for their limited spectral dispersion. Hardware developments include cryogenically cold probes and dynamic nuclear polarization techniques, both resulting in enhanced sensitivity as well as ultrahigh field NMR spectrometers with a 1H NMR resonance frequency higher than 1 GHz, thus improving resolution of resonances. Taken together, the developments have made and will in the future make it possible to elucidate carbohydrate structure in great detail, thereby forming the basis for understanding of how glycans interact with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontana
- Departamento
de Química del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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2
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Blasco P, Patel DS, Engström O, Im W, Widmalm G. Conformational Dynamics of the Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O91 Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulations. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3826-3839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blasco
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dhilon S. Patel
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Olof Engström
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Zhu T, Yamaguchi T, Satoh T, Kato K. A Hybrid Strategy for the Preparation of 13C-labeled High-mannose-type Oligosaccharides with Terminal Glucosylation for NMR Study. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- JST, PRESTO
| | - Koichi Kato
- School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd
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4
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Rönnols J, Manner S, Ellervik U, Widmalm G. Conformational effects due to stereochemistry and C3-substituents in xylopyranoside derivatives as studied by NMR spectroscopy. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8031-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patel DS, Pendrill R, Mallajosyula SS, Widmalm G, MacKerell AD. Conformational properties of α- or β-(1→6)-linked oligosaccharides: Hamiltonian replica exchange MD simulations and NMR experiments. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2851-71. [PMID: 24552401 PMCID: PMC3979472 DOI: 10.1021/jp412051v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conformational sampling for a set of 10 α- or β-(1→6)-linked oligosaccharides has been studied using explicit solvent Hamiltonian replica exchange (HREX) simulations and NMR spectroscopy techniques. Validation of the force field and simulation methodology is done by comparing calculated transglycosidic J coupling constants and proton-proton distances with the corresponding NMR data. Initial calculations showed poor agreement, for example, with >3 Hz deviation of the calculated (3)J(H5,H6R) values from the experimental data, prompting optimization of the ω torsion angle parameters associated with (1→6)-linkages. The resulting force field is in overall good agreement (i.e., within ∼0.5 Hz deviation) from experimental (3)J(H5,H6R) values, although some small limitations are evident. Detailed hydrogen bonding analysis indicates that most of the compounds lack direct intramolecular H-bonds between the two monosaccharides; however, minor sampling of the O6···HO2' hydrogen bond is present in three compounds. The results verify the role of the gauche effect between O5 and O6 atoms in gluco- and manno-configured pyranosides causing the ω torsion angle to sample an equilibrium between the gt and gg rotamers. Conversely, galacto-configured pyranosides sample a population distribution in equilibrium between gt and tg rotamers, while the gg rotamer populations are minor. Water radial distribution functions suggest decreased accessibility to the O6 atom in the (1→6)-linkage as compared to the O6' atom in the nonreducing sugar. The role of bridging water molecules between two sugar moieties on the distributions of ω torsion angles in oligosaccharides is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhilon S Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland , 20 Penn Street HSF II, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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6
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Pendrill R, Sørensen OW, Widmalm G. Suppressing one-bond homonuclear 13C,13C scalar couplings in the J-HMBC NMR experiment: application to 13C site-specifically labeled oligosaccharides. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:82-86. [PMID: 24395678 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific (13)C isotope labeling is a useful approach that allows for the measurement of homonuclear (13)C,(13)C coupling constants. For three site-specifically labeled oligosaccharides, it is demonstrated that using the J-HMBC experiment for measuring heteronuclear long-range coupling constants is problematical for the carbons adjacent to the spin label. By incorporating either a selective inversion pulse or a constant-time element in the pulse sequence, the interference from one-bond (13)C,(13)C scalar couplings is suppressed, allowing the coupling constants of interest to be measured without complications. Experimental spectra are compared with spectra of a nonlabeled compound as well as with simulated spectra. The work extends the use of the J-HMBC experiments to site-specifically labeled molecules, thereby increasing the number of coupling constants that can be obtained from a single preparation of a molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pendrill
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Zhang Y, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. New NMR Tools for Characterizing the Dynamic Conformations and Interactions of Oligosaccharides. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University
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Parella T, Espinosa JF. Long-range proton-carbon coupling constants: NMR methods and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 73:17-55. [PMID: 23962883 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A general review of novel NMR methods to measure heteronuclear long-range proton-carbon coupling constants ((n)JCH; n>1) in small molecules is made. NMR experiments are classified in terms of NMR pulse scheme and cross-peak nature. A discussion about simplicity, general applicability and accuracy for each particular NMR experiment is presented and exemplified. Important aspects such as the sign determination and measurement of very small coupling values involving protonated and non-protonated carbons as well as the complementarity between different experiments are also discussed. Finally, a compilation of applications in structural and conformational analysis of different types of molecules since 2000 is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Sarkar A, Fontana C, Imberty A, Pérez S, Widmalm G. Conformational Preferences of the O-Antigen Polysaccharides of Escherichia coli O5ac and O5ab Using NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2215-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400354y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sarkar
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales - CNRS, affiliated with Université Grenoble and ICMG, BP 53 X, 38041
Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Carolina Fontana
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales - CNRS, affiliated with Université Grenoble and ICMG, BP 53 X, 38041
Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Serge Pérez
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales - CNRS, affiliated with Université Grenoble and ICMG, BP 53 X, 38041
Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Zaccheus M, Pendrill R, Jackson TA, Wang A, Auzanneau FI, Widmalm G. Conformational Dynamics of a Central Trisaccharide Fragment of the LeaLex Tumor Associated Antigen Studied by NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Eriksson L, Widmalm G. Methyl α-l-rhamnosyl-(1→2)[α-l-rhamnosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-rhamnoside penta-hydrate: synchrotron study. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o2221-2. [PMID: 22798880 PMCID: PMC3394015 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812027390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The title hydrate, C19H34O13·5H2O, contains a vicinally disubstituted trisaccharide in which the two terminal rhamnosyl sugar groups are positioned adjacent to each other. The conformation of the trisaccharide is described by the glycosidic torsion angles ϕ2 = 48 (1)°, ψ2 = −29 (1)°, ϕ3 = 44 (1)° and ψ3 = 4 (1)°, whereas the ψ2 torsion angle represents a conformation from the major state in solution, the ψ3 torsion angle conformation may have been caught near a potential energy saddle-point when compared to its solution structure, in which at least two but probably three conformational states are populated. Extensive intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal and a water-containing channel is formed along the b-axis direction.
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12
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Säwén E, Hinterholzinger F, Landersjö C, Widmalm G. Conformational flexibility of the pentasaccharide LNF-2 deduced from NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4577-85. [PMID: 22572908 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important as prebiotics since they stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine and act as receptor analogues that can inhibit the binding of pathogens. The conformation and dynamics of the HMO Lacto-N-fucopentaose 2 (LNF-2), α-L-Fucp-(1 → 4)[β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)]-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp, having a Lewis A epitope, has been investigated employing NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. 1D (1)H,(1)H-NOESY experiments were used to obtain proton-proton cross-relaxation rates from which effective distances were deduced and 2D J-HMBC and 1D long-range experiments were utilized to measure trans-glycosidic (3)J(CH) coupling constants. The MD simulations using the PARM22/SU01 force field for carbohydrates were carried out for 600 ns with explicit water as solvent which resulted in excellent sampling for flexible glycosidic torsion angles. In addition, in vacuo MD simulations were performed using an MM3-2000 force field, but the agreement was less satisfactory based on an analysis of heteronuclear trans-glycosidic coupling constants. LNF-2 has a conformationally well-defined region consisting of the terminal branched part of the pentasaccharide, i.e., the Lewis A epitope, and a flexible β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-linkage towards the lactose unit, which is situated at the reducing end. For this β-(1 → 3)-linkage a negative ψ torsion angle is favored, when experimental NMR data is combined with the MD simulation in the analysis. In addition, flexibility on a similar time scale, i.e., on the order of the global overall molecular reorientation, may also be present for the ϕ torsion angle of the β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-D-Glcp-linkage as suggested by the simulation. It was further observed from a temperature variation study that some (1)H NMR chemical shifts of LNF-2 were highly sensitive and this study indicates that Δδ/ΔT may be an additional tool for revealing conformational dynamics of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Säwén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Nath N, Lokesh, Suryaprakash N. Measurement and applications of long-range heteronuclear scalar couplings: recent experimental and theoretical developments. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:645-60. [PMID: 22302693 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of long-range heteronuclear couplings, in association with (1)H-(1)H scalar couplings and NOE restraints, has acquired growing importance for the determination of the relative stereochemistry, and structural and conformational information of organic and biological molecules. However, the routine use of such couplings is hindered by the inherent difficulties in their measurement. Prior to the advancement in experimental techniques, both long-range homo- and heteronuclear scalar couplings were not easily accessible, especially for very large molecules. The development of a large number of multidimensional NMR experimental methodologies has alleviated the complications associated with the measurement of couplings of smaller strengths. Subsequent application of these methods and the utilization of determined J-couplings for structure calculations have revolutionized this area of research. Problems in organic, inorganic and biophysical chemistry have also been solved by utilizing the short- and long-range heteronuclear couplings. In this minireview, we discuss the advantages and limitations of a number of experimental techniques reported in recent times for the measurement of long-range heteronuclear couplings and a few selected applications of such couplings. This includes the study of medium- to larger-sized molecules in a variety of applications, especially in the study of hydrogen bonding in biological systems. The utilization of these couplings in conjunction with theoretical calculations to arrive at conclusions on the hyperconjugation, configurational analysis and the effect of the electronegativity of the substituents is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilamoni Nath
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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14
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Jonsson KHM, Säwén E, Widmalm G. Studies on the conformational flexibility of α-l-rhamnose-containing oligosaccharides using 13C-site-specific labeling, NMR spectroscopy and molecular simulations: implications for the three-dimensional structure of bacterial rhamnan polysaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2453-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06924e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamiya Y, Yamamoto S, Chiba Y, Jigami Y, Kato K. Overexpression of a homogeneous oligosaccharide with 13C labeling by genetically engineered yeast strain. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 50:397-401. [PMID: 21698488 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a novel method for overexpression of (13)C-labeled oligosaccharides using genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, in which a homogeneous high-mannose-type oligosaccharide accumulates because of deletions of genes encoding three enzymes involved in the processing pathway of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in the Golgi complex. Using uniformly (13)C-labeled glucose as the sole carbon source in the culture medium of these engineered yeast cells, high yields of the isotopically labeled Man(8)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide could be successfully harvested from glycoprotein extracts of the cells. Furthermore, (13)C labeling at selected positions of the sugar residues in the oligosaccharide could be achieved using a site-specific (13)C-enriched glucose as the metabolic precursor, facilitating NMR spectral assignments. The (13)C-labeling method presented provides the technical basis for NMR analyses of structures, dynamics, and interactions of larger, branched oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kamiya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
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