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Chandra K, Al-Harthi S, Almulhim F, Emwas AH, Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M. The robust NMR toolbox for metabolomics. Mol Omics 2021; 17:719-724. [PMID: 34636383 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we implemented and validated a suite of selective and non-selective CPMG-filtered 1D and 2D TOCSY/HSQC experiments for metabolomics research. They facilitated the unambiguous identification of metabolites embedded in broad lipid and protein signals. The 2D spectra improved non-targeted analysis by removing the background broad signals of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Chandra
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samah Al-Harthi
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah Almulhim
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Kupče Ē, Mote KR, Webb A, Madhu PK, Claridge TDW. Multiplexing experiments in NMR and multi-nuclear MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 124-125:1-56. [PMID: 34479710 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing NMR experiments by direct detection of multiple free induction decays (FIDs) in a single experiment offers a dramatic increase in the spectral information content and often yields significant improvement in sensitivity per unit time. Experiments with multi-FID detection have been designed with both homonuclear and multinuclear acquisition, and the advent of multiple receivers on commercial spectrometers opens up new possibilities for recording spectra from different nuclear species in parallel. Here we provide an extensive overview of such techniques, designed for applications in liquid- and solid-state NMR as well as in hyperpolarized samples. A brief overview of multinuclear MRI is also provided, to stimulate cross fertilization of ideas between the two areas of research (NMR and MRI). It is shown how such techniques enable the design of experiments that allow structure elucidation of small molecules from a single measurement. Likewise, in biomolecular NMR experiments multi-FID detection allows complete resonance assignment in proteins. Probes with multiple RF microcoils routed to multiple NMR receivers provide an alternative way of increasing the throughput of modern NMR systems, effectively reducing the cost of NMR analysis and increasing the information content at the same time. Solid-state NMR experiments have also benefited immensely from both parallel and sequential multi-FID detection in a variety of multi-dimensional pulse schemes. We are confident that multi-FID detection will become an essential component of future NMR methodologies, effectively increasing the sensitivity and information content of NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ēriks Kupče
- Bruker UK Ltd., Banner Lane, Coventry CV4 9GH, United Kingdom.
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Kupče Ē, Frydman L, Webb AG, Yong JRJ, Claridge TDW. Parallel nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Joseph D, Sukumaran S, Chandra K, Pudakalakatti SM, Dubey A, Singh A, Atreya HS. Rapid nuclear magnetic resonance data acquisition with improved resolution and sensitivity for high-throughput metabolomic analysis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:300-314. [PMID: 33030750 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics has witnessed rapid advancements in recent years with the continuous development of new methods to enhance the sensitivity, resolution, and speed of data acquisition. Some of the approaches were earlier used for peptide and protein resonance assignments and have now been adapted to metabolomics. At the same time, new NMR methods involving novel data acquisition techniques, suited particularly for high-throughput analysis in metabolomics, have been developed. In this review, we focus on the different sampling strategies or data acquisition methods that have been developed in our laboratory and other groups to acquire NMR spectra rapidly with high sensitivity and resolution for metabolomics. In particular, we focus on the use of multiple receivers, phase modulation NMR spectroscopy, and fast-pulsing methods for identification and assignments of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Joseph
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sujeesh Sukumaran
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kousik Chandra
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Abhinav Dubey
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Hanudatta S Atreya
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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5
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Asampille G, Cheredath A, Joseph D, Adiga SK, Atreya HS. The utility of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in assisted reproduction. Open Biol 2020; 10:200092. [PMID: 33142083 PMCID: PMC7729034 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility affects approximately 15-20% of individuals of reproductive age worldwide. Over the last 40 years, assisted reproductive technology (ART) has helped millions of childless couples. However, ART is limited by a low success rate and risk of multiple gestations. Devising methods for selecting the best gamete or embryo that increases the ART success rate and prevention of multiple gestation has become one of the key goals in ART today. Special emphasis has been placed on the development of non-invasive approaches, which do not require perturbing the embryonic cells, as the current morphology-based embryo selection approach has shortcomings in predicting the implantation potential of embryos. An observed association between embryo metabolism and viability has prompted researchers to develop metabolomics-based biomarkers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a non-invasive approach for the metabolic profiling of tissues, gametes and embryos, with the key advantage of having a minimal sample preparation procedure. Using NMR spectroscopy, biologically important molecules can be identified and quantified in intact cells, extracts or secretomes. This, in turn, helps to map out the active metabolic pathways in a system. The present review covers the contribution of NMR spectroscopy in assisted reproduction at various stages of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Asampille
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Aswathi Cheredath
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - David Joseph
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Satish K. Adiga
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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Kupče Ē, Mote KR, Madhu PK. Experiments with direct detection of multiple FIDs. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 304:16-34. [PMID: 31077929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulse schemes with direct observation of multiple free induction decays (FIDs) offer a dramatic increase in the spectral information content of NMR experiments and often yield substantial improvement in measurement sensitivity per unit time. Availability of multiple receivers on the state-of-the-art commercial spectrometers allows spectra from different nuclear species to be recorded in parallel routinely. Experiments with multi-FID detection have been designed with both, homonuclear and multinuclear acquisition. We provide a brief overview of such techniques designed for applications in liquid- and solid- state NMR as well as in hyperpolarized samples. Here we show how these techniques have led to design of experiments that allow structure elucidation of small molecules and resonance assignment in proteins from a single measurement. Probes with multiple RF micro-coils routed to multiple NMR receivers provide an alternative way of increasing the throughput of modern NMR systems. Solid-state NMR experiments have also benefited immensely from both parallel and simultaneous FID acquisition in a variety of multi-dimensional pulse schemes. We believe that multi-FID detection will become an essential component of the future NMR methodologies effectively increasing the information content of NMR experiments and reducing the cost of NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ēriks Kupče
- Bruker UK Ltd., Banner Lane, Coventry CV4 9GH, United Kingdom.
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
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7
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Edison AS, Le Guennec A, Delaglio F, Kupče Ē. Practical Guidelines for 13C-Based NMR Metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2037:69-95. [PMID: 31463840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9690-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of 13C-based NMR metabolomics. At first glance, the low sensitivity of 13C relative to 1H NMR might seem like too great an obstacle to use this approach. However, there are several advantages to 13C NMR, whether samples can be isotopically enriched or not. At natural abundance, peaks are sharp and largely resolved, and peak frequencies are more stable to pH and other sample conditions. Statistical approaches can be used to obtain C-C and C-H correlation maps, which greatly aid in compound identification. With 13C isotopic enrichment, other experiments are possible, including both 13C-J-RES and INADEQUATE, which can be used for de novo identification of metabolites not in databases.NMR instrumentation and software has significantly improved, and probes are now commercially available that can record useful natural abundance 1D 13C spectra from real metabolomics samples in 2 h or less. Probe technology continues to improve, and the next generation should be even better. Combined with new methods of simultaneous data acquisition, which allows for two or more 1D or 2D NMR experiments to be collected using multiple receivers, very rich datasets can be collected in a reasonable amount of time that should improve metabolomics data analysis and compound identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Edison
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Adrien Le Guennec
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,NMR Facility, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
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8
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Kakita VMR, Kupče Ē, Bharatam J, Hosur RV. Rapid elucidation of chemical shift correlations in complex NMR spectra of organic molecules: Two-dimensional Hadamard pure shift NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 293:77-81. [PMID: 29908413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel two dimensional Hadamard encoding/decoding based pure shift NMR acquisition techniques (TOCSY and HSQC) have been developed, which provide chemical shift information at ultra high resolution in very short spectrometer times. The efficacy of these methods for rapid assignment of chemical shifts in complex NMR spectra of organic molecules/natural products has been demonstrated. This would be of great help for rapid analysis of samples during separation of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Mohana Rao Kakita
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Kalina Campus, Santacruz, Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Ēriks Kupče
- Bruker (UK) Ltd., Banner Lane, Coventry CV4 9GH, UK
| | - Jagadeesh Bharatam
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ramakrishna V Hosur
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Kalina Campus, Santacruz, Mumbai 400 098, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India.
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9
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Current and Future Perspectives on the Structural Identification of Small Molecules in Biological Systems. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040046. [PMID: 27983674 PMCID: PMC5192452 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant advances have been made in recent years, the structural elucidation of small molecules continues to remain a challenging issue for metabolite profiling. Many metabolomic studies feature unknown compounds; sometimes even in the list of features identified as "statistically significant" in the study. Such metabolic "dark matter" means that much of the potential information collected by metabolomics studies is lost. Accurate structure elucidation allows researchers to identify these compounds. This in turn, facilitates downstream metabolite pathway analysis, and a better understanding of the underlying biology of the system under investigation. This review covers a range of methods for the structural elucidation of individual compounds, including those based on gas and liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry, single and multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry and includes discussion of data standardization. Future perspectives in structure elucidation are also discussed; with a focus on the potential development of instruments and techniques, in both nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry that, may help solve some of the current issues that are hampering the complete identification of metabolite structure and function.
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10
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Kakita VMR, Hosur RV. Hadamard Homonuclear Broadband Decoupled TOCSY NMR: Improved Efficacy in Detecting Long-range Chemical Shift Correlations. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:4037-4042. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Mohana Rao Kakita
- UM-DAE-Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences; University of Mumbai; Kalina Campus, Santa Cruz Mumbai 400 098 India
| | - Ramakrishna V. Hosur
- UM-DAE-Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences; University of Mumbai; Kalina Campus, Santa Cruz Mumbai 400 098 India
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400 005 India
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11
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Sharma K, Madhu PK, Mote KR. A suite of pulse sequences based on multiple sequential acquisitions at one and two radiofrequency channels for solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR studies of proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2016; 65:127-141. [PMID: 27364976 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges in the application of solid-state NMR is its limited sensitivity, yet a majority of experiments do not make efficient use of the limited polarization available. The loss in polarization in a single acquisition experiment is mandated by the need to select out a single coherence pathway. In contrast, sequential acquisition strategies can encode more than one pathway in the same experiment or recover unused polarization to supplement a standard experiment. In this article, we present pulse sequences that implement sequential acquisition strategies on one and two radiofrequency channels with a combination of proton and carbon detection to record multiple experiments under magic-angle spinning. We show that complementary 2D experiments such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] or DARR and [Formula: see text], and 3D experiments such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be combined in a single experiment to ensure time savings of at least 40 %. These experiments can be done under fast or slow-moderate magic-angle spinning frequencies aided by windowed [Formula: see text] acquisition and homonulcear decoupling. The pulse sequence suite is further expanded by including pathways that allow the recovery of residual polarization, the so-called 'afterglow' pathways, to encode a number of pulse sequences to aid in assignments and chemical-shift mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Sharma
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad, 500 075, India
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad, 500 075, India.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad, 500 075, India.
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12
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Kovacs H, Kupče Ē. Parallel NMR spectroscopy with simultaneous detection of (1) H and (19) F nuclei. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:544-60. [PMID: 27021630 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recording NMR signals of several nuclear species simultaneously by using parallel receivers provides more information from a single measurement and at the same time increases the measurement sensitivity per unit time. Here we present a comprehensive series of the most frequently used NMR experiments modified for simultaneous direct detection of two of the most sensitive NMR nuclei - (1) H and (19) F. We hope that the presented material will stimulate interest in and further development of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kovacs
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Ēriks Kupče
- Bruker UK Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
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Dona AC, Kyriakides M, Scott F, Shephard EA, Varshavi D, Veselkov K, Everett JR. A guide to the identification of metabolites in NMR-based metabonomics/metabolomics experiments. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:135-53. [PMID: 27087910 PMCID: PMC4821453 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabonomics/metabolomics is an important science for the understanding of biological systems and the prediction of their behaviour, through the profiling of metabolites. Two technologies are routinely used in order to analyse metabolite profiles in biological fluids: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), the latter typically with hyphenation to a chromatography system such as liquid chromatography (LC), in a configuration known as LC-MS. With both NMR and MS-based detection technologies, the identification of the metabolites in the biological sample remains a significant obstacle and bottleneck. This article provides guidance on methods for metabolite identification in biological fluids using NMR spectroscopy, and is illustrated with examples from recent studies on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Dona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kyriakides
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Flora Scott
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorsa Varshavi
- Medway Metabonomics Research Group, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R Everett
- Medway Metabonomics Research Group, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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