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Laporte L, Gobeaux F, Pouget T, Benoot N, Foisnon J, Touboul D, Ducouret G, de Viguerie L. Multiscale organisation of lead carboxylates in artistic oil binders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2657-2665. [PMID: 38174429 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02993j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The supramolecular and mesoscopic architectures of lead-saponified linseed oil, used by painters since the Renaissance, have been characterised and linked to their rheological properties. The multi-scale organization of saponified oils has been demonstrated by SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering), FF-TEM (Freeze-Fracture Transmission Electron Microscopy) and DIC (Differential Interference Contrast): some of the lead soaps (formed when the oil is heated in the presence of PbO) are organized into microscopic lamellar domains, distributed in a continuous matrix made up of unorganized species (partially saponified triglycerides, glycerol, remaining soaps, etc.). The concentration of lead soaps in the oil controls the average size and interaction between the lamellar domains. Linseed oil + PbO 17 mol% is viscous and consists of aggregates of lamellar domains isolated within the continuous unorganized matrix. In contrast, in linseed oil + PbO 50 mol%, the domains are homogeneously dispersed and form what can be described as a three-dimensional network, giving the system viscoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Laporte
- LAMS (Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale), CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Gobeaux
- LIONS - NIMBE (Nanosciences and Innovation for Materials, Biomedicine and Energy), CEA/CNRS UMR 3685, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Pouget
- LVMH Research, Helios Research Center, Materials Innovation Department, 45800 Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France
| | - Nicolas Benoot
- LVMH Research, Helios Research Center, Materials Innovation Department, 45800 Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France
| | - Julien Foisnon
- LCM (Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire), CNRS UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - David Touboul
- ICSN (Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guylaine Ducouret
- Laboratoire SIMM (Science et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle), CNRS UMR 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurence de Viguerie
- LAMS (Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale), CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
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Barannikov R, Kočí E, Bezdička P, Kobera L, Mahun A, Rohlíček J, Plocek J, Švarcová S. Long-chain mercury carboxylates relevant to saponification in oil and tempera paintings: XRPD and ssNMR complementary study of their crystal structures. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4019-4032. [PMID: 35174830 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04160f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Saponification, resulting from pigment-binder interactions, is one of the most endangering phenomena affecting the appearance and stability of painted works of art. The crystallization of metal carboxylates (soaps) in paint layers is recently assumed as the most critical point for the development of undesirable changes induced by saponification, however, the factors triggering it are not fully understood. The red pigment cinnabar (HgS) has been suspected of contributing to saponification, however, the paucity of reliable reference structural data limited the experimental research of its effect at the molecular level. Within this study we synthesized mercury(II) carboxylates of the formula Hg(C16)x(C18)2-x (x = 0.0; 0.2; 0.5; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.0) where C16 and C18 are hexadecanoate (palmitate) and octadecanoate (stearate), respectively, and characterize them by combination of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and 13C and 199Hg solid state NMR (ssNMR). For a more detailed interpretation of their structural and thermal behavior, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used. The crystal structure of the studied mercury carboxylates was described on the basis of complementary ssNMR and XRPD measurements, Rietveld refinement and DFT calculations. All the subjected compounds crystallize in a monoclinic lattice of the C2/c symmetry. Mercury atoms are arranged in a slightly distorted square antiprismatic geometry and are monodentatically bonded to carboxylate anions. The structural disorder at the aliphatic end of the stearic acid chains was detected in the mixed carboxylates. Within the paper, the structural (dis)similarity with the corresponding lead carboxylates is discussed. The synthesized and characterized mercury carboxylates were applied to describe neo-formed mercury soaps in a model experiment simulating an egg-based paint system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Barannikov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic. .,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kočí
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bezdička
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Rohlíček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Plocek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Švarcová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ALMA Laboratory, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
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Nardelli F, Martini F, Lee J, Lluvears-Tenorio A, La Nasa J, Duce C, Ormsby B, Geppi M, Bonaduce I. The stability of paintings and the molecular structure of the oil paint polymeric network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14202. [PMID: 34244532 PMCID: PMC8270892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular-level understanding of the structure of the polymeric network formed upon the curing of air-drying artists' oil paints still represents a challenge. In this study we used a set of analytical methodologies classically employed for the characterisation of a paint film-based on infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-in combination with solid state NMR (SSNMR), to characterise model paint layers which present different behaviours towards surface cleaning with water, a commonly applied procedure in art conservation. The study demonstrates, with the fundamental contribution of SSNMR, a relationship between the painting stability and the chemical structure of the polymeric network. In particular, it is demonstrated for the first time that a low degree of cross-linking in combination with a high degree of oxidation of the polymeric network render the oil paint layer sensitive to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Judith Lee
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Anna Lluvears-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bronwyn Ormsby
- Conservation Department, Tate, Millbank, London, SW1P 4RG, UK
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Per L'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Scientifica Dell'Università Di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Špačková J, Fabra C, Mittelette S, Gaillard E, Chen CH, Cazals G, Lebrun A, Sene S, Berthomieu D, Chen K, Gan Z, Gervais C, Métro TX, Laurencin D. Unveiling the Structure and Reactivity of Fatty-Acid Based (Nano)materials Thanks to Efficient and Scalable 17O and 18O-Isotopic Labeling Schemes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21068-21081. [PMID: 33264006 PMCID: PMC7877562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are ubiquitous in biological systems and widely used in materials science, including for the formulation of drugs and the surface-functionalization of nanoparticles. However, important questions regarding the structure and reactivity of these molecules are still to be elucidated, including their mode of binding to certain metal cations or materials surfaces. In this context, we have developed novel, efficient, user-friendly, and cost-effective synthetic protocols based on ball-milling, for the 17O and 18O isotopic labeling of two key fatty acids which are widely used in (nano)materials science, namely stearic and oleic acid. Labeled molecules were analyzed by 1H and 13C solution NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF and LC-MS), as well as 17O solid state NMR (for the 17O labeled species). In both cases, the labeling procedures were scaled-up to produce up to gram quantities of 17O- or 18O-enriched molecules in just half-a-day, with very good synthetic yields (all ≥84%) and enrichment levels (up to an average of 46% per carboxylic oxygen). The 17O-labeled oleic acid was then used for the synthesis of a metal soap (Zn-oleate) and the surface-functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which were characterized for the first time by high-resolution 17O NMR (at 14.1 and 35.2 T). This allowed very detailed insight into (i) the coordination mode of the oleate ligand in Zn-oleate to be achieved (including information on Zn···O distances) and (ii) the mode of attachment of oleic-acid at the surface of ZnO (including novel information on its photoreactivity upon UV-irradiation). Overall, this work demonstrates the high interest of these fatty acid-enrichment protocols for understanding the structure and reactivity of a variety of functional (nano)materials systems using high resolution analyses like 17O NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlyn Fabra
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | | | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Aurélien Lebrun
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Saad Sene
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Kuizhi Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL),
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,
United States
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL),
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,
United States
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière
Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), UMR 7574, Sorbonne Université,
CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Jie D, Wu S, Wang P, Li Y, Ye D, Wei X. Research on Citrus grandis Granulation Determination Based on Hyperspectral Imaging through Deep Learning. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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