1
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Sakamoto M, Ito D, Inoue R, Wakayama S, Kikuchi Y, Yang L, Hayashi E, Emura R, Shiura H, Kohda T, Namekawa SH, Ishiuchi T, Wakayama T, Ooga M. Paternally inherited H3K27me3 affects chromatin accessibility in mouse embryos produced by round spermatid injection. Development 2022; 149:276384. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Round spermatid injection (ROSI) results in a lower birth rate than intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which has hampered its clinical application. Inefficient development of ROSI embryos has been attributed to epigenetic abnormalities. However, the chromatin-based mechanism that underpins the low birth rate in ROSI remains to be determined. Here, we show that a repressive histone mark, H3K27me3, persists from mouse round spermatids into zygotes in ROSI and that round spermatid-derived H3K27me3 is associated with less accessible chromatin and impaired gene expression in ROSI embryos. These loci are initially marked by H3K27me3 but undergo histone modification remodelling in spermiogenesis, resulting in reduced H3K27me3 in normal spermatozoa. Therefore, the absence of epigenetic remodelling, presumably mediated by histone turnover during spermiogenesis, leads to dysregulation of chromatin accessibility and transcription in ROSI embryos. Thus, our results unveil a molecular logic, in which chromatin states in round spermatids impinge on chromatin accessibility and transcription in ROSI embryos, highlighting the importance of epigenetic remodelling during spermiogenesis in successful reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sakamoto
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Daiyu Ito
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Rei Inoue
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi 2 , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kikuchi
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Li Yang
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Erika Hayashi
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Rina Emura
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Hirosuke Shiura
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Takashi Kohda
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Satoshi H. Namekawa
- University of California Davis 3 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , , Davis, CA 95616 , USA
| | - Takashi Ishiuchi
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi 2 , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ooga
- University of Yamanashi 1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , , Yamanashi, 400-8510 , Japan
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2
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Tricostatin A-treated round spermatid enhances preimplantation embryo developmental competency following round spermatid injection in mice. ZYGOTE 2021; 30:373-379. [PMID: 34823620 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has been documented that the inefficacy of round spermatid injection (ROSI) might be caused by abnormal epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) as an epigenetic modifier of preimplantation embryo development in activated ROSI oocytes. Matured oocytes were collected from superovulated female mice. Testes were placed in human tubal fluid medium and masses were then cut into small pieces to disperse spermatogenic cells. Round spermatids were treated with TSA and subsequently injected into oocytes. The expression level of the development-related genes including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Dnmt and Hdac transcripts were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the presence of Oct-4 protein at the blastocyst stage. There was no statistically significant difference in fertilization rate following ROSI/+TSA compared with the non-treated ROSI and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) groups. Importantly, TSA treatment increased blastocyst formation from 38% in non-treated ROSI to 68%. The relative expression level of developmentally related genes increased and Dnmt transcripts decreased in ROSI/+TSA-derived embryos, similar to the expression levels observed in the ICSI-derived embryos. In conclusion, our results indicate that spermatid treatment with TSA prior to ROSI would increase the success rate of development to the blastocyst stage and proportion of pluripotent cells.
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Matsumura T, Sato T, Abe T, Sanjo H, Katagiri K, Kimura H, Fujii T, Tanaka H, Hirabayashi M, Ogawa T. Rat in vitro spermatogenesis promoted by chemical supplementations and oxygen-tension control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3458. [PMID: 33568686 PMCID: PMC7875995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) using air-liquid interphase organ culture method is possible with mouse testis tissues. The same method, however, has been hardly applicable to animals other than mice, only producing no or limited progression of spermatogenesis. In the present study, we challenged IVS of rats with modifications of culture medium, by supplementing chemical substances, including hormones, antioxidants, and lysophospholipids. In addition, reducing oxygen tension by placing tissues in an incubator of lower oxygen concentration and/or applying silicone cover ceiling on top of the tissue were effective for improving the spermatogenic efficiency. Through these modifications of the culture condition, rat spermatogenesis up to round spermatids was maintained over 70 days in the cultured tissue. Present results demonstrated a significant progress in rat IVS, revealing conditions commonly favorable for mice and rats as well as finding rat-specific optimizations. This is an important step towards successful IVS in many animal species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Matsumura
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Takeru Abe
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sanjo
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kumiko Katagiri
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tanaka
- grid.411871.a0000 0004 0647 5488Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- grid.467811.d0000 0001 2272 1771Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan ,grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
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4
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Kaneko T. Reproductive technologies for the generation and maintenance of valuable animal strains. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:209-215. [PMID: 29657233 PMCID: PMC6021608 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of mutant and genetically engineered strains have been produced in various animal species. Their numbers have dramatically increased in recent years, with new strains being
rapidly produced using genome editing techniques. In the rat, it has been difficult to produce knockout and knock-in strains because the establishment of stem cells has been insufficient.
However, a large number of knockout and knock-in strains can currently be produced using genome editing techniques, including zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like
effector nuclease (TALEN), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system. Microinjection technique has also
contributed widely to the production of various kinds of genome edited animal strains. A novel electroporation method, the “Technique for Animal Knockout system by Electroporation (TAKE)”
method, is a simple and highly efficient tool that has accelerated the production of new strains. Gamete preservation is extremely useful for maintaining large numbers of these valuable
strains as genetic resources in the long term. These reproductive technologies, including microinjection, TAKE method, and gamete preservation, strongly support biomedical research and the
bio-resource banking of animal models. In this review, we introduce the latest reproductive technologies used for the production of genetically engineered animals, especially rats, using
genome editing techniques and the efficient maintenance of valuable strains as genetic resources. These technologies can also be applied to other laboratory animals, including mice, and
domestic and wild animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Kaneko
- Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Science, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.,Soft-Path Science and Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
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Ogonuki N, Inoue H, Matoba S, Kurotaki YK, Kassai H, Abe Y, Sasaki E, Aiba A, Ogura A. Oocyte-activating capacity of fresh and frozen-thawed spermatids in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus
). Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:376-386. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoko K. Kurotaki
- Department of Marmoset Research; Central Institute for Experimental Animals; Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kassai
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Research; Central Institute for Experimental Animals; Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
- Keio Advanced Research Center; Keio University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
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6
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Kong P, Yin M, Chen D, Li S, Li Y, Xing F, Jiang M, Fang Z, Lyu Q, Chen X. Effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor 'Scriptaid' on the developmental competence of mouse embryos generated through round spermatid injection. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:76-87. [PMID: 27864358 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can the histone deacetylase inhibitor Scriptaid improve the efficiency of the development of round spermatid injection (ROSI)-fertilized embryos in a mouse model? SUMMARY ANSWER Treatment of ROSI mouse zygotes with Scriptaid increased the expression levels of several development-related genes at the blastocyst stage, resulting in more efficient in vitro development of the blastocyst and an increased birth rate of ROSI-derived embryos. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The full-term development of embryos derived through ROSI is significantly lower than that following ICSI in humans and other species. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Oocytes, spermatozoa and round spermatids were collected from BDF1 (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) mice. For in vitro development experiments, mouse ROSI-derived zygotes were treated with Scriptaid at different concentrations (0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 nM) and for different exposure times (0, 6, 10, 16 or 24 h). Next, blastocysts of the optimal Scriptaid-treated group and the non-treated ROSI group were separately transferred into surrogate ICR mice to compare in vivo development with the ICSI group (control). Each experiment was repeated at least three times. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Metaphase II (MII) oocytes, spermatozoa and round spermatids were obtained from sexually mature BDF1 female or male mice. The developmental potential of embryos among the three groups (the ICSI, ROSI and optimal Scriptaid-treated ROSI groups) was assessed based on the rates of obtaining zygotes, two-cell stage embryos, four-cell stage embryos, blastocysts and full-term offspring. In addition, the expression levels of development-related genes (Oct4, Nanog, Klf4 and Sox2) were analysed using real-time PCR, and the methylation states of imprinted genes (H19 and Snrpn) in these three groups were detected using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) sequencing following bisulfite treatment. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The in vitro experiments revealed that treating ROSI-derived zygotes with 250 nM Scriptaid for 10 h significantly improved the blastocyst formation rate (59%) compared with the non-treated group (38%) and further increased the birth rates of ROSI-derived embryos from 21% to 40% in vivo. Moreover, in ROSI-derived embryos, the expression of the Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 genes at the blastocyst stage was decreased, but the optimal Scriptaid treatment restored expression to a level similar to their ICSI counterparts. In addition, Scriptaid treatment moderately repaired the abnormal DNA methylation pattern in the imprinting control regions (ICRs) of H19 and Snrpn. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Because of the ethics regarding the use of human gametes for ROSI studies, the mouse model was used as an approach to explore the effects of Scriptaid on the developmental potential of ROSI-derived embryos. However, to determine whether these findings can be applied to humans, further investigation will be required. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Scriptaid treatment provides a new means of improving the efficiency and safety of clinical human ROSI. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The study was financially supported through grants from the National Key Research Program of China (No. 2016YFC1304800); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 81170756, 81571486); the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Nos: 15140901700, 15ZR1424900) and the Programme for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Kong
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Mingru Yin
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju road, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Dongbao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Shangang Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengying Xing
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Manxi Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfu Fang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju road, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing, 200025 Shanghai, China
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7
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Gumbilai V, Ebihara K, Aizawa-Abe M, Ebihara C, Zhao M, Yamamoto Y, Mashimo T, Hosoda K, Serikawa T, Nakao K. Fat Mass Reduction With Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Insulin Resistance in Heterozygous PPARγ Mutant Rats. Diabetes 2016; 65:2954-65. [PMID: 27381370 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-induced activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) stimulates adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Patients with heterozygous PPARγ dominant-negative mutation develop partial lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Inconsistent with this evidence in humans, it was reported that heterozygous PPARγ knockout mice have increased insulin sensitivity and that mice with heterozygous PPARγ dominant-negative mutation have normal insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. In the context of the interspecies intranslatability of PPARγ-related findings, we generated a PPARγ mutant rat with a loss-of-function mutation (Pparg(mkyo)) without dominant-negative activity by using the ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) mutagenesis method. Heterozygous Pparg(mkyo/+) rats showed reduced fat mass with adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance, which were highly predictable from known actions of PPARγ agonists and phenotypes of patients with the PPARγ mutation. This report is the first in our knowledge to clearly demonstrate that both alleles of PPARγ are required for normal adipocyte development and insulin sensitivity in vivo. Furthermore, the study indicates that PPARγ regulates mainly adipocyte number rather than adipocyte size in vivo. The choice of appropriate species as experimental models is critical, especially for the study of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Gumbilai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Aizawa-Abe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ebihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan Department of Health and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Hayama T, Yamaguchi T, Kato‐Itoh M, Ishii Y, Mizuno N, Umino A, Sato H, Sanbo M, Hamanaka S, Masaki H, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. Practical selection methods for rat and mouse round spermatids without DNA staining by flow cytometric cell sorting. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:488-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Hayama
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Megumi Kato‐Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yumiko Ishii
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of BehaviorNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiAichiJapan
| | - Sanae Hamanaka
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of BehaviorNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiAichiJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell TherapyCenter for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoMinato‐kuTokyoJapan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
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9
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Generation of Hprt-disrupted rat through mouse←rat ES chimeras. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24215. [PMID: 27062982 PMCID: PMC4827079 DOI: 10.1038/srep24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We established rat embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from a double transgenic rat line which harbours CAG-GFP for ubiquitous expression of GFP in somatic cells and Acr3-EGFP for expression in sperm (green body and green sperm: GBGS rat). By injecting the GBGS rat ES cells into mouse blastocysts and transplanting them into pseudopregnant mice, rat spermatozoa were produced in mouse←rat ES chimeras. Rat spermatozoa from the chimeric testis were able to fertilize eggs by testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESE-ICSI). In the present paper, we disrupted rat hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) gene in ES cells and produced a Hprt-disrupted rat line using the mouse←rat ES chimera system. The mouse←rat ES chimera system demonstrated the dual advantages of space conservation and a clear indication of germ line transmission in knockout rat production.
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10
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Pradhan BS, Majumdar SS. An Efficient Method for Generation of Transgenic Rats Avoiding Embryo Manipulation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e293. [PMID: 27111419 PMCID: PMC5014465 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although rats are preferred over mice as an animal model, transgenic animals are generated predominantly using mouse embryos. There are limitations in the generation of transgenic rat by embryo manipulation. Unlike mouse embryos, most of the rat embryos do not survive after male pronuclear DNA injection which reduces the efficiency of generation of transgenic rat by this method. More importantly, this method requires hundreds of eggs collected by killing several females for insertion of transgene to generate transgenic rat. To this end, we developed a noninvasive and deathless technique for generation of transgenic rats by integrating transgene into the genome of the spermatogonial cells by testicular injection of DNA followed by electroporation. After standardization of this technique using EGFP as a transgene, a transgenic disease model displaying alpha thalassemia was successfully generated using rats. This efficient method will ease the generation of transgenic rats without killing the lives of rats while simultaneously reducing the number of rats used for generation of transgenic animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhola Shankar Pradhan
- Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Subeer S Majumdar
- Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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11
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Ebihara C, Ebihara K, Aizawa-Abe M, Mashimo T, Tomita T, Zhao M, Gumbilai V, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y, Aotani D, Yamamoto-Kataoka S, Sakai T, Hosoda K, Serikawa T, Nakao K. Seipin is necessary for normal brain development and spermatogenesis in addition to adipogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4238-49. [PMID: 25934999 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seipin, encoded by BSCL2 gene, is a protein whose physiological functions remain unclear. Mutations of BSCL2 cause the most-severe form of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL). BSCL2 mRNA is highly expressed in the brain and testis in addition to the adipose tissue in human, suggesting physiological roles of seipin in non-adipose tissues. Since we found BSCL2 mRNA expression pattern among organs in rat is similar to human while it is not highly expressed in mouse brain, we generated a Bscl2/seipin knockout (SKO) rat using the method with ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) mutagenesis. SKO rats showed total lack of white adipose tissues including mechanical fat such as bone marrow and retro-orbital fats, while physiologically functional brown adipose tissue was preserved. Besides the lipodystrophic phenotypes, SKO rats showed impairment of spatial working memory with brain weight reduction and infertility with azoospermia. We confirmed reduction of brain volume and number of sperm in human patients with BSCL2 mutation. This is the first report demonstrating that seipin is necessary for normal brain development and spermatogenesis in addition to white adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Aizawa-Abe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Toru Kusakabe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Medical Innovation Center
| | | | - Daisuke Aotani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Medical Innovation Center
| | | | | | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan Department of Health and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan and
| | | | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Medical Innovation Center
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12
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FACS selection of valuable mutant mouse round spermatids and strain rescue via round spermatid injection. ZYGOTE 2013; 23:336-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199413000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SummaryRound spermatid injection (ROSI) into mammalian oocytes can result in the development of viable embryos and offspring. One current limitation to this technique is the identification of suitable round spermatids. In the current paper, round spermatids were selected from testicular cells with phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and ROSI was performed in two strains of mice. The rates of fertilization, embryonic development and offspring achieved were the same in all strains. Significantly, round spermatids selected by PCM and FACS were effectively used to rescue the infertile Pten-null mouse. The current results indicate that FACS selection of round spermatids can not only provide high-purity and viable round spermatids for use in ROSI, but also has no harmful effects on the developmental capacity of subsequently fertilized embryos. It was concluded that round spermatids selected by FACS are useful for mouse strain rederivation and rescue of infertile males; ROSI should be considered as a powerful addition to the armamentarium of assisted reproduction techniques applicable in the mouse.
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Kong PC, Zhu Y, Wang MS, Li HP, Chen XJ, Jiang MX. Reprogramming of round spermatids by the germinal vesicle cytoplasm in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78437. [PMID: 24167624 PMCID: PMC3805568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The birthrate following round spermatid injection (ROSI) remains low in current and evidence suggests that factors in the germinal vesicle (GV) cytoplasm and certain substances in the GV such as the nucleolus might be responsible for genomic reprogramming and embryonic development. However, little is known whether the reprogramming factors in GV oocyte cytoplasm and/or nucleolus in GV are beneficial to the reprogramming of round spermatids and development of ROSI embryos. Here, round spermatids were treated with GV cytolysates and injected this round spermatid alone or co-injected with GV oocyte nucleolus into mature metaphase II oocytes. Subsequent embryonic development was assessed morphologically and by Oct4 expression in blastocysts. There was no significant difference between experimental groups at the zygote to four-cell development stages. Blastocysts derived from oocytes which were injected with cytolysate treated-round spermatid alone or co-injected with nucleoli injection yielded 63.6% and 70.3% high quality embryos, respectively; comparable to blastocysts derived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), but higher than these oocytes which were co-injected with lysis buffer-treated round spermatids and nucleoli or injected with the lysis buffer-treated round spermatids alone. Furthermore, the proportion of live offspring resulting from oocytes which were co-injected with cytolysate treated-round spermatids and nucleoli or injected with cytolysate treated-round spermatids alone was higher than those were injected with lysis buffer treated-round spermaids, but comparable with the ICSI group. Our results demonstrate that factors from the GV cytoplasm improve round spermatid reprogramming, and while injection of the extra nucleolus does not obviously improve reprogramming its potential contribution, although which cannot be definitively excluded. Thus, some reprogramming factors are evidently present in GV oocyte cytoplasm and could significantly facilitate ROSI technology, while the nucleolus in GV seems also having a potential to improve reprogramming of round spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Kong
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices of National Population and Family Planning Committee, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Shan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Jin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MXJ); (XJC)
| | - Man-Xi Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MXJ); (XJC)
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Aizawa-Abe M, Ebihara K, Ebihara C, Mashimo T, Takizawa A, Tomita T, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y, Aotani D, Yamamoto-Kataoka S, Sakai T, Hosoda K, Serikawa T, Nakao K. Generation of leptin-deficient Lepmkyo/Lepmkyo rats and identification of leptin-responsive genes in the liver. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:786-93. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00040.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is one of the key molecules in maintaining energy homeostasis. Although genetically leptin-deficient Lep ob /Lep ob mice have greatly contributed to elucidating leptin physiology, the use of more than one species can improve the accuracy of analysis results. Using the N-ethyl- N-nitrosourea mutagenesis method, we generated a leptin-deficient Lep mkyo /Lep mkyo rat that had a nonsense mutation (Q92X) in leptin gene. Lep mkyo /Lep mkyo rats showed obese phenotypes including severe fatty liver, which were comparable to Lep ob /Lep ob mice. To identify genes that respond to leptin in the liver, we performed microarray analysis with Lep mkyo /Lep mkyo rats and Lep ob /Lep ob mice. We sorted out genes whose expression levels in the liver of Lep mkyo /Lep mkyo rats were changed from wild-type (WT) rats and were reversed toward WT rats by leptin administration. In this analysis, livers were sampled for 6 h, a relatively short time after leptin administration to avoid the secondary effect of metabolic changes such as improvement of fatty liver. We did the same procedure in Lep ob /Lep ob mice and selected genes whose expression patterns were common in rat and mouse. We verified their gene expressions by real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, we identified eight genes that primarily respond to leptin in the liver commonly in rat and mouse. These genes might be important for the effect of leptin in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Aizawa-Abe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ebihara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Akiko Takizawa
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Tsutomu Tomita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aotani
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamamoto-Kataoka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeru Sakai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Teperek M, Miyamoto K. Nuclear reprogramming of sperm and somatic nuclei in eggs and oocytes. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 12:133-149. [PMID: 24273450 PMCID: PMC3824936 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-013-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs and oocytes have a prominent ability to reprogram sperm nuclei for ensuring embryonic development. The reprogramming activity that eggs/oocytes intrinsically have towards sperm is utilised to reprogram somatic nuclei injected into eggs/oocytes in nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. NT embryos of various species can give rise to cloned animals, demonstrating that eggs/oocytes can confer totipotency even to somatic nuclei. However, many studies indicate that reprogramming of somatic nuclei is not as efficient as that of sperm nuclei. In this review, we explain how and why sperm and somatic nuclei are differentially reprogrammed in eggs/oocytes. Recent studies have shown that sperm chromatin is epigenetically modified to be adequate for early embryonic development, while somatic nuclei do not have such modifications. Moreover, epigenetic memories encoded in sperm chromatin are transgenerationally inherited, implying unique roles of sperm. We also discuss whether somatic nuclei can be artificially modified to acquire sperm-like chromatin states in order to increase the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Teperek
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QN Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Liu XY, Miao YL, Zhang J, Qiu JH, Cui XZ, Gao WQ, Luo MJ, Tan JH. Effects of activation on functional aster formation, microtubule assembly, and blastocyst development of goat oocytes injected with round spermatids. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:436-47. [PMID: 22908906 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic study was conducted on round spermatids (ROS) injection (ROSI) using the goat model. After ROSI, the oocytes were treated or not with ionomycin (ROSI+I and ROSI-I, respectively) and compared with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After ROSI-I, most oocytes were arrested with premature chromatin condensation and few oocytes formed pronuclei. In contrast, most oocytes formed pronuclei after ROSI+I. Some ROS were observed to form asters that organized a dense microtubule network after ROSI+I, but after ROSI-I, no ROS asters were observed. Whereas most of the oocytes showed Ca(2+) rises and a significant decline in maturation-promoting factor (MPF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities after ROSI+I, no such changes were observed after ROSI-I. Due to the lack of Ca(2+) oscillations after ROSI-I, oocytes were injected with more ROS. Interestingly, different from the results observed in a single ROS injection, injection with four ROS effectively activated oocytes by inducing typical Ca(2+) oscillations. Whereas ROSI+I oocytes and ICSI oocytes both showed extensive microtubule networks, no such a network was observed in parthenogenetic oocytes. Together, the results suggest that goat ROS is not able to trigger intracellular Ca(2+) rises and thus to inhibit MPF and MAPK activities, but artificial activation improved fertilization and development of ROSI goat oocytes. Goat ROS can organize functional microtubular asters in activated oocytes. A ROS-derived factor(s) may be essential for organization of a functional microtubule network to unite pronuclei. Goat centrosome is of paternal origin because both ROS and sperm asters organized an extensive microtubule network after intra-oocyte injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an City, P.R. China
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17
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Ogonuki N, Mori M, Shinmen A, Inoue K, Mochida K, Ohta A, Ogura A. The effect on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome of genotype, male germ cell stage and freeze-thawing in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11062. [PMID: 20552034 PMCID: PMC2884038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely used to study the mechanisms of mammalian fertilization and to rescue male-factor infertility in humans and animals. However, very few systematic analyses have been conducted to define factors affecting the efficiency of ICSI. In this study, we undertook a large-scale series of ICSI experiments in mice to define the factors that might affect outcomes. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a 5×3×2 factorial design with the following factors: mouse genotype (ICR, C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H/He, and 129/Sv strains), type of male germ cells (epididymal sperm, elongated or round spermatids), and their freeze–thawing treatment. The efficiencies (parameters) of each developmental step were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (significance level P<0.01). The type of male germ cells affected all the four parameters observed: oocyte survival after injection, cleavage of oocytes, implantation, and birth of offspring. Genotype affected the oocyte survival, cleavage and birth rates, whereas freeze–thawing had no effects on any of the parameters. There were significant genotype/cell type interactions for oocyte survival and cleavage, indicating that they were determined by a combination of strain and germ cell maturity. Multiple comparisons revealed that spermatozoa and elongated spermatids gave better implantation and birth rates than did round spermatids, while spermatozoa and elongated spermatozoa were indistinguishable in their ability to support embryonic development. The best overall efficiency (birth rate per oocytes injected) was obtained with frozen–thawed DBA/2 strain elongated spermatids (23.2±4.2%). Conclusions/Significance The present study provides the first comprehensive information on ICSI using the mouse as a model and will contribute to the efficient use of materials, time, and efforts in biomedical research and clinics involving ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manami Mori
- RIKEN BioResouce Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akie Shinmen
- RIKEN BioResouce Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN BioResouce Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Ohta
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResouce Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Hirabayashi M, Kato M, Kitada K, Ohnami N, Hirao M, Hochi S. Activation regimens for full-term development of rabbit oocytes injected with round spermatids. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 76:573-9. [PMID: 19062169 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of activation regimens on full-term development of rabbit oocytes after round spermatid injection (ROSI). In the first series, rabbit oocytes were treated with 5 microM ionomycin before ROSI, after ROSI, or before and after ROSI. In addition, non-treated oocytes were subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using ejaculated spermatozoa. Cleavage rate of ROSI oocytes activated before and after ROSI (55%) was comparable with that of ICSI oocytes (60%), and significantly higher than those of ROSI oocytes activated either before or after ROSI (29-39%; P < 0.05). No offspring were produced by transfer of the cleaving ROSI oocytes, while 8% of the cleaving ICSI oocytes transferred gave birth to offspring. In the second series, oocytes were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 microM ionomycin, followed by ROSI, 5 microM ionomycin treatment, and incubation with 5 microg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) + 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP). Significantly higher cleavage rates were derived from oocytes activated with 10 and 20 microM ionomycin before ROSI (91% and 82%, respectively; P < 0.05) compared to those activated with 5 microM ionomycin before ROSI (53%). Live offspring were obtained when the cleaving ROSI oocytes with the initial ionomycin treatment at 5 and 10 microM were transferred (offspring rate 2% and 4%, respectively). These activation regimens, however, were not valid for the ROSI using cryopreserved round spermatids. In conclusion, rabbit ROSI oocytes were capable of developing into full-term when the oocytes were activated with a combined treatment of ionomycin and CHX/DMAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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19
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Ogonuki N, Inoue K, Hirose M, Miura I, Mochida K, Sato T, Mise N, Mekada K, Yoshiki A, Abe K, Kurihara H, Wakana S, Ogura A. A high-speed congenic strategy using first-wave male germ cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4943. [PMID: 19333383 PMCID: PMC2659429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In laboratory mice and rats, congenic breeding is essential for analyzing the genes of interest on specific genetic backgrounds and for analyzing quantitative trait loci. However, in theory it takes about 3–4 years to achieve a strain carrying about 99% of the recipient genome at the tenth backcrossing (N10). Even with marker-assisted selection, the so-called ‘speed congenic strategy’, it takes more than a year at N4 or N5. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe a new high-speed congenic system using round spermatids retrieved from immature males (22–25 days of age). We applied the technique to three genetically modified strains of mice: transgenic (TG), knockin (KI) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutants. The donor mice had mixed genetic backgrounds of C57BL/6 (B6)∶DBA/2 or B6∶129 strains. At each generation, males used for backcrossing were selected based on polymorphic marker analysis and their round spermatids were injected into B6 strain oocytes. Backcrossing was repeated until N4 or N5. For the TG and ENU-mutant strains, the N5 generation was achieved on days 188 and 190 and the proportion of B6-homozygous loci was 100% (74 markers) and 97.7% (172/176 markers), respectively. For the KI strain, N4 was achieved on day 151, all the 86 markers being B6-homozygous as early as on day 106 at N3. The carrier males at the final generation were all fertile and propagated the modified genes. Thus, three congenic strains were established through rapid generation turnover between 41 and 44 days. Conclusions/Significance This new high-speed breeding strategy enables us to produce congenic strains within about half a year. It should provide the fastest protocol for precise definition of the phenotypic effects of genes of interest on desired genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ikuo Miura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nathan Mise
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kuniya Abe
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bugos O, Bhide M, Zilka N. Beyond the rat models of human neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:859-69. [PMID: 19263215 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rat is a model of choice in biomedical research for over a century. Currently, the rat presents the best "functionally" characterized mammalian model system. Despite this fact, the transgenic rats have lagged behind the transgenic mice as an experimental model of human neurodegenerative disorders. The number of transgenic rat models recapitulating key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or human tauopathies is still limited. The reason is that the transgenic rats remain more difficult to produce than transgenic mice. The gene targeting technology is not yet established in rats due to the lack of truly totipotent embryonic stem cells and cloning technology. This extremely powerful technique has given the mouse a clear advantage over the rat in generation of new transgenic models. Despite these limitations, transgenic rats have greatly expanded the range of potential experimental approaches. The large size of rats permits intrathecal administration of drugs, stem cell transplantation, serial sampling of the cerebrospinal fluid, microsurgical techniques, in vivo nerve recordings, and neuroimaging procedures. Moreover, the rat is routinely employed to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy and to assess toxicity of novel therapeutic compounds in drug development. Here we suggest that the rat constitutes a slightly underestimated but perspective animal model well-suited for understanding the mechanisms and pathways underlying the human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bugos
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ohta H, Sakaide Y, Wakayama T. Functional Analysis of Male Mouse Haploid Germ Cells of Various Differentiation Stages: Early and Late Round Spermatids Are Functionally Equivalent in Producing Progeny1. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:511-7. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Kikuchi K, Kashiwazaki N, Nagai T, Nakai M, Somfai T, Noguchi J, Kaneko H. Selected aspects of advanced porcine reproductive technology. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:401-6. [PMID: 18638153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes in pigs has become the most popular method of studying gametogenesis and embryogenesis in this species. Furthermore, because of recent advances in in vitro culture (IVC) of IVM-IVF embryos, in vitro production (IVP) of embryos now enables us to generate viable embryos as successfully as for in vivo-derived embryos and with less cost and in less time. These technologies contribute not only to developments in reproductive physiology and agriculture but also to the conservation of porcine genetic resources and the production of cloned or genetically modified pigs. However, in IVP, there still remains the problem of abnormal ploidy, which is caused by performing procedures under non-physiological conditions. In recent years, unique technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or xenografting of gonadal tissue into immunodeficient experimental animals have been developed to help conserve gamete resources. These technologies combined with IVP are expected to be useful for the conservation of gametes from important genetic resources. Here, we discuss the developmental ability and normality of porcine IVP embryos and also the utilization of ICSI and xenografting in advancing biotechnology in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Kato M, Takehashi M, Morimoto H, Takashima S, Chuma S, Nakatsuji N, Hirabayashi M, Shinohara T. Production of Transgenic Rats via Lentiviral Transduction and Xenogeneic Transplantation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells1. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:1121-8. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Availability of subfertile transgenic rats expressing the c-myc gene as recipients for spermatogonial transplantation. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:135-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Hirabayashi M, Kato M, Hochi S. Factors affecting full-term development of rat oocytes microinjected with fresh or cryopreserved round spermatids. Exp Anim 2008; 57:401-5. [PMID: 18633163 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.57.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting full-term development of rat oocytes after round spermatid injection (ROSI) were examined using fresh and cryopreserved spermatids. Regardless of method (DC pulses or ionomycin) and timing (before or after ROSI) for oocyte activation, similar percentages of oocytes injected with cryopreserved spermatids developed to full-term (3.0-4.8%). In contrast, no offspring were obtained when fresh spermatids were injected into DC-treated oocytes (0%), but a higher proportion of oocytes first injected with fresh spermatids and then activated with ionomycin developed to full-term (6.1%). In further experiment, oocytes activated with ionomycin were injected with frozen-thawed spermatids, and then treated with cycloheximide and/or trichostatin-A. Neither chemical had a beneficial effect on full-term development of ROSI oocytes (3.7-7.9% vs 2.5% in control). In conclusion, regardless of timing of oocyte activation, activation treatment with ionomycin is required for full-term development of rat oocytes injected with fresh spermatids, and the higher potential of cryopreserved spermatids contributing to full-term development is notable when DC pulse is applied for oocyte activation.
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26
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In vitro development of non-enucleated rat oocytes following microinjection of a cumulus nucleus and chemical activation. ZYGOTE 2008; 16:117-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199408004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe present study examined in vitro development and the cytological status of non-enucleated rat oocytes after microinjection of cumulus nuclei and chemical activation. Oocyte–cumulus complexes were collected from gonadotropin-treated prepubertal female Wistar rats 14 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Cumulus nuclei were injected into ovulated oocytes and then stimulated in the presence of 5 mM SrCl2 for 20 min at various time points (0–3.5 h) after injection. Some of the reconstituted eggs were cultured to observe the pronuclear formation, cleavage, and blastocyst formation. The incidences of eggs forming at least one pronucleus or containing two pronuclei were not significantly different among the periods (82.4–83.5% and 43.4–51.9%, respectively). Nor did the incidences of eggs cleaving (86.7–97.7%) and developing to the blastocyst stage (0–3.5%) differ depending on when, after injection, stimulation began. When some of the reconstituted eggs were observed for cytological morphology 1–1.5 h after injection, 71.7% of the eggs caused premature chromatin condensation, but only 46.2% of them formed two spindles around each of maternal and somatic chromatins. However, the morphology of the somatic spindles differed from that of the spindles, which formed around the oocyte chromatins. Only 7.5% of the eggs contained the normal chromosomal number. In many reconstituted oocytes, before activation, an abnormal spindle formation was observed in the somatic chromatins. In conclusion, these results show that non-enucleated rat oocytes injected with cumulus nuclei can form pronuclei and cleave following chemical activation, whereas blastocyst formation is very limited, probably caused by abnormalities in the spindle formation and distribution of somatic chromatids.
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Mazur P, Leibo SP, Seidel GE. Cryopreservation of the Germplasm of Animals Used in Biological and Medical Research: Importance, Impact, Status, and Future Directions. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:2-12. [PMID: 17901073 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetics and developmental biology have created thousands of new strains of laboratory animals, including rodents, Drosophila, and zebrafish. This process will accelerate. A decreasing fraction can be maintained as breeding colonies; hence, the others will be lost irretrievably unless their germplasm can be cryopreserved. Because of the increasingly critical role of cryopreservation, and because of wide differences in the success with which various forms of germplasm can be cryopreserved in various species, the National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources held a workshop on April 10-11, 2007, titled "Achieving High-Throughput Repositories for Biomedical Germplasm Preservation." The species of concern were mouse, rat, domestic swine, rhesus monkey, and zebrafish. Our review/commentary has several purposes. The first is to summarize the status of the cryopreservation of germplasm from these species as assessed in the workshop. The second is to discuss the nature of the major underlying problems when survivals are poor or highly variable and possible ways of addressing them. Third is to emphasize the importance of a balance between fundamental and applied research in the process. Finally, we assess and comment on the factors to be considered in transferring from a base of scientific information to maximally cost-effective processes for the preservation of this germplasm in repositories. With respect to the first purpose, we discuss the three methods of preservation in use: slow equilibrium freezing, rapid nonequilibrium vitrification, and the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection to achieve fertilization with sperm rendered nonviable by other preservation treatments. With respect to the last purpose, we comment on and concur with the workshop's recommendations that cryopreservation largely be conducted by large, centralized repositories, and that both sperm (low front-end but high rederivation costs) and embryos (high front-end but modest rederivation costs) be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mazur
- Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA.
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Yamashiro H, Han YJ, Sugawara A, Tomioka I, Hoshino Y, Sato E. Freezability of rat epididymal sperm induced by raffinose in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (mKRB) based extender solution. Cryobiology 2007; 55:285-94. [PMID: 17923121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an ideal freezing extender and method for rat epididymal sperm cryopreservation. Epididymal sperm collected from 30 Wistar males was frozen, and experiments were conducted to study its post-thaw characteristics when freezing with raffinose-free buffer or various concentrations of raffinose and egg yolk dissolved in distilled and deionised water, PBS, or modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (mKRB)-based extender. Different concentrations of glycerol, Equex STM, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dissolved in either PBS or mKRB containing egg yolk were also tested. Based on the data from these experiments, further experiments tested how different sugars such as raffinose, trehalose, lactose, fructose, and glucose dissolved in mKRB with Equex STM, SDS and egg yolk supplementation affected the post-thaw characteristics of cryopreserved sperm. Cryosurvival of frozen-thawed sperm were judged by microscopic assessment of the sperm motility index (SMI), and acrosome integrity was measured using FITC-PNA staining. Thawed sperm were subjected to 3h of a thermal resistance test. Beneficial effects on the post-thaw survival of sperm were obtained when 0.1M raffinose in mKRB was used with 0.75% Equex STM, 0.05% SDS, and 20% egg yolk. Sperm cryopreserved with this treatment exhibited a higher motility index and maintained greater SMI and acrosome integrity throughout incubation when compared to sperm frozen in various concentrations of other cryoprotectants and trehalose, lactose, fructose, glucose. In conclusion, cryopreservation in an extender solution of raffinose dissolved in mKRB containing Equex STM, SDS and egg yolk greatly enhances the freezability of rat epididymal sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Amemiya K, Hirabayashi M, Ishikawa H, Fukui Y, Hochi S. The ability of whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce calcium oscillations and its relevance to oocyte activation. ZYGOTE 2007; 15:103-8. [PMID: 17462102 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199406004047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryInterspecies microinsemination assay was applied to examine the ability of minke whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce Ca2+oscillations and oocyte activation. Populations of round spermatids (RS), early-stage elongating spermatids (e-ES), late-stage elongating spermatids (1-ES) and testicular spermatozoa (TS) were cryopreserved in the presence of 7.5% glycerol on board ship in the Antarctic Ocean. Repetitive increases of intracellular Ca2+concentration occurred in 0, 65, 81 and 96% of BDF1 mouse oocytes injected with the postthaw RS, e-ES, 1-ES and TS, respectively. A normal pattern of the Ca2+oscillations was observed in 26–47% of the responding oocytes. Most oocytes that exhibited Ca2+oscillations, regardless of the oscillation pattern, resumed meiosis (83–94%). These results indicate that whale spermatogenic cells acquire SOAF activity, which is closely related to their Ca2+oscillation-inducing ability at the relatively early stage of spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amemiya
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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30
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Shinohara T, Kato M, Takehashi M, Lee J, Chuma S, Nakatsuji N, Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Hirabayashi M. Rats produced by interspecies spermatogonial transplantation in mice and in vitro microinsemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13624-8. [PMID: 16945902 PMCID: PMC1564227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial transplantation has demonstrated a unique opportunity for studying spermatogenesis and provided an assay for spermatogonial stem cells. However, it has remained unknown whether germ cells that matured in a xenogeneic environment are functionally normal. In this investigation, we demonstrate the successful production of xenogeneic offspring by using spermatogonial transplantation. Rat spermatogonial stem cells were collected from immature testis and transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of busulfan-treated nude mouse testis. Using rat spermatids or spermatozoa that developed in xenogeneic surrogate mice, rat offspring were born from fresh and cryopreserved donor cells after microinsemination with rat oocytes. These offspring were fertile and had a normal imprinting pattern. The xenogeneic offspring production by interspecies germ cell transplantation and in vitro microinsemination will become a powerful tool in animal transgenesis and species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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31
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Tesson L, Cozzi J, Ménoret S, Rémy S, Usal C, Fraichard A, Anegon I. Transgenic modifications of the rat genome. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:531-46. [PMID: 16245144 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-5077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat (R. norvegicus) is a very important experimental animal in several fields of biomedical research. This review describes the various techniques that have been used to generate transgenic rats: classical DNA microinjection and more recently described techniques such as lentiviral vector-mediated DNA transfer into early embryos, sperm-mediated transgenesis, embryo cloning by nuclear transfer and germline mutagenesis. It will also cover techniques associated to transgenesis such as sperm cryopreservation, embryo freezing and determination of zygosity. The availability of several technologies allowing genetic manipulation in the rat coupled to genomic data will allow biomedical research to fully benefit from the rat as an experimental animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), F-44093, Nantes, France
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32
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Hamra FK, Chapman KM, Nguyen DM, Williams-Stephens AA, Hammer RE, Garbers DL. Self renewal, expansion, and transfection of rat spermatogonial stem cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17430-5. [PMID: 16293688 PMCID: PMC1283987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508780102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of a transgenic line of rats that express enhanced GFP (EGFP) exclusively in the germ line has allowed a separation of feeder layers and contaminating testis somatic cells from germ cells and the identification of a set of spermatogonial stem cell marker transcripts. With these molecular markers as a guide, we have now devised culture conditions where rat spermatogonial stem cells renew and proliferate in culture with a doubling time between 3 and 4 days. The marker transcripts increase in relative abundance as a function of time in culture, and the stem cells retain competency to colonize and develop into spermatids after transplantation to the testes of recipient rats. The cells also remain euploid after at least 12 passages. Cell lines could be isolated and cryopreserved and, upon subsequent thawing, continue to self renew. Transfection of the spermatogonial stem cells with a plasmid containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) selectable marker resulted in selection of G418-resistant cell lines that effectively colonize recipient testes, suggesting that gene targeting is now feasible in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kent Hamra
- The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9051, USA.
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Hirabayashi M, Kato M, Ishikawa A, Kaneko R, Yagi T, Hochi S. Factors affecting production of transgenic rats by ICSI-mediated DNA transfer: effects of sonication and freeze-thawing of spermatozoa, rat strains for sperm and oocyte donors, and different constructs of exogenous DNA. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 70:422-8. [PMID: 15685640 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Factors affecting the efficiency of producing transgenic rats by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated DNA transfer were investigated. Epididymal spermatozoa from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were sonicated and/or frozen-thawed for cutting the tail and membrane disruption. The sperm heads were exposed for 1 min to different concentrations (0.02-2.5 microg/ml) of 3.0 kb enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) DNA solution, and then microinjected into the denuded F1 hybrid (Donryu x LEW) rat oocytes. The optimal concentration of EGFP DNA solution was 0.1 microg/ml, as determined by the in vitro developmental competence into morulae/blastocysts of the ICSI oocytes and the EGFP expression of the resultant embryos. The efficiency of producing transgenic rat offspring (per transferred zygote) was 2.8%, 1.6%, and 3.3% in the oocytes injected with sonicated, frozen-thawed, and sonicated + frozen-thawed sperm heads, respectively. The founder transgenic rats carrying the EGFP gene transmitted their transgenes to their progeny according to the Mendelian fashion, suggesting the stable incorporation of the transgenes into the rat genomes. Four rat strains (F344, LEW, Donryu, and SD) were compared for their suitability as sperm/oocyte donors for the production of transgenic rats by ICSI with sonicated, frozen-thawed and solution of EGFP DNA-exposed sperm heads. The efficiency of producing transgenic rats in the SD strain (8.2%) was higher than that in the LEW strain (0.9%), while those in the F344 and Donryu strains (4.3%-4.4%) were intermediate. One plasmid DNA (Fyn, 5.0 kb) and two BAC DNA (BAC/Fyn, 208 kb; Svet1/IRES-Cre, 186 kb) were successfully introduced into the SD rat genomes via ICSI, with the producing efficiencies of 2.8%, 0.9%, and 2.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Brain Experiment, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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34
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Iwanami Y, Kobayashi T, Kato M, Hirabayashi M, Hochi S. Characteristics of rat round spermatids differentiated from spermatogonial cells during co-culture with Sertoli cells, assessed by flow cytometry, microinsemination and RT-PCR. Theriogenology 2005; 65:288-98. [PMID: 15964619 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate whether rat spermatogonial stem cells can differentiate into developmentally competent round spermatids during co-culture with Sertoli cells. Type-A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were prepared from 7-d-old Wistar-strain male rats, and seeded at 4 x 10(6) cells/ 4 mL/35-mm dish (Day 0). They were co-cultured at 37 degrees C for 3 d and at 34 degrees C for the subsequent 7d in 5% CO(2)/air. Round spermatid-like cells (approximately 15 microm in diameter) were first observed on Day 5. A flow cytometric analysis showed that a single peak of haploid cells was detected in the cell populations harvested on Day 10. The participation of the spermatid-like cells to full-term development was examined by microinjection into activated oocytes. The oviductal transfer of 143 microinseminated oocytes resulted in only 8 implantation sites (6%), but no viable offspring. The expression of the round spermatid-specific marker gene, PRM-2, was confirmed in the Day 10 cell population by RT-PCR; however, no mRNA of two other haploid makers, TP1 or TP2, was detected. These results suggested that rat type-A spermatogonial cells underwent meiosis during the primary co-culture with the Sertoli cells, based on morphology, flow cytometry and PRM-2 expression, but the normality of the spermatid-like cells was not supported by microinsemination and TP1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Iwanami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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35
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Yanagimachi R. Intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells: its biology and applications in humans and animals. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10:247-88. [PMID: 15823233 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the method of choice to overcome male infertility when all other forms of assisted fertilization have failed. Animals in which ICSI has produced normal offspring include many species. Success rate with normal spermatozoa is well above 50% in the mouse but ICSI success rates in other animals have been low, ranging from 0.3 to 16.5%. Mouse ICSI revealed that spermatozoa that cannot participate in normal fertilization can produce normal offspring by ICSI, provided their nuclei are genomically intact. Human ICSI using infertile spermatozoa has been highly successful perhaps because of the intrinsic instability of human sperm plasma membrane. The health of children born after ICSI and other assisted fertilization techniques is of major concern. Careful analyses suggest that higher incidences of congenital malformations and/or low birth weights after assisted fertilization are largely attributable to parental genetic background and increased incidence of multiple births, rather than to the techniques of assisted fertilization. Since the physiological and nutritional environments of developing embryos may cause persisting alteration in DNA methylation, extreme caution must be exercised in handling gametes and embryos in vitro. In the mouse, round spermatid injection (ROSI) has been routinely successful but its use in humans is controversial. Whether human ROSI and assisted fertilization involving younger spermatogenic cells are medically safe must be the subject of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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36
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Ogura A, Ogonuki N, Miki H, Inoue K. Microinsemination and Nuclear Transfer Using Male Germ Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 246:189-229. [PMID: 16164969 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)46005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microinsemination has been widely used in basic reproductive research and in human-assisted reproductive technology for treating infertility. Historically, microinsemination in mammals started with research on the golden hamster; since then, it has provided invaluable information on the mechanisms of mammalian fertilization. Thanks to advances in animal genetic engineering and germ-cell technologies, microinsemination techniques are now used extensively to identify the biological significance of genes of interest or to confirm the genetic normality of gametes produced by experimental manipulations in vitro. Fortunately, in mice, high rates of embryo development to offspring can be obtained so long as postmeiotic spermatogenic cells are used as male gametes-that is, round spermatids, elongated spermatids, and spermatozoa. For some other mammalian species, using immature spermatogenic cells significantly decreases the efficiency of microinsemination. Physically unstable chromatin and low oocyte-activating capacity are the major causes of fertilization failure. The youngest male germ cells, including primordial germ cells and gonocytes, can be used in the construction of diploid embryos by nuclear-transfer cloning. The cloned embryos obtained in this way provide invaluable information on the erasure and reestablishment of genomic imprinting in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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37
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Haigo K, Yamauchi Y, Yazama F, Yanagimachi R, Horiuchi T. Full-Term Development of Hamster Embryos Produced by Injection of Round Spermatids into Oocytes. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:194-8. [PMID: 14998912 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.027706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden hamster is a mammal in which microinjection of round spermatids into oocytes (ROSI) was first attempted. However, no live ROSI offspring have ever been obtained in this species. This is the first report of live hamster offspring obtained by round spermatid injection. Over 90% of oocytes, injected with round spermatids, were activated without any additional stimulation. The proportion of the oocytes that were fertilized normally and that developed to morulae and blastocysts was higher when the plasma membranes of the spermatids were broken before injection, as compared with when the membranes were left intact. Five percent of 57 ROSI morulae/blastocysts developed into live offspring after transfer to foster mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Haigo
- Graduate School of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima Prefectural University, Hiroshima, 727-0023 Japan
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38
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Kishigami S, Wakayama S, Nguyen VT, Wakayama T. Similar time restriction for intracytoplasmic sperm injection and round spermatid injection into activated oocytes for efficient offspring production. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1863-9. [PMID: 14985245 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The injection of male haploid germ cells, such as spermatozoa and round spermatids, into preactivated mouse oocytes can result in the development of viable embryos and offspring. However, it is not clear how the timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) affects the production of offspring. We carried out ICSI and ROSI every 20 min for up to 4 h after the activation of mouse oocytes by Sr(2+) and compared the late-stage development of ICSI- and ROSI- treated oocytes, including the formation of pronuclei, blastocyst formation, and offspring production. The rate of pronucleus formation (RPF) after carrying out ICSI started to decrease from >95% at 100 min following oocyte activation and declined to <20% by 180 min. In comparison, RPF by ROSI decreased gradually from >70% between 0 and 4 h after activation. The RPFs were closely correlated with blastocyst formation. Offspring production for both ICSI and ROSI decreased significantly when injections were conducted after 100 min, a time at which activated oocytes were in the early G1 stage of the cell cycle. These results suggest that spermatozoa and round spermatids have different potentials for inducing the formation of a male pronucleus in activated oocytes, but ICSI and ROSI are both subject to the same time constraint for the efficient production of offspring, which is determined by the cell cycle of the activated oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kishigami
- Laboratory for Genome Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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39
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Miki H, Lee J, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Noguchi Y, Mochida K, Kohda T, Nagashima H, Ishino F, Ogura A. Microinsemination with First-Wave Round Spermatids from Immature Male Mice. J Reprod Dev 2004; 50:131-7. [PMID: 15007210 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.50.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In several mammalian species, including mice, round spermatids have been used to produce normal offspring by means of microinsemination techniques. In this study, we examined whether mouse round spermatids retrieved from immature testes undergoing the first wave of spermatogenesis had acquired fertilizing ability comparable to cells from mature adults. Microinsemination with round spermatids was performed by direct injection into preactivated oocytes, as previously reported. About 60-85% of the successfully injected oocytes developed to the morula/blastocyst stage after 72 h in culture, irrespective of the age of the males (17-25 days old). After embryo transfer, normal pups were obtained from all age groups, including the day-17 group, the stage at which the first round spermatids appeared. A high correlation (r=0.90) was found between the birth rate and male age (P<0.01, Spearman rank correlation), indicating that the efficiency of producing offspring was dependent on the age of the donor males. Imprinted genes (H19, Igf2, Meg3, and Igf2r) were expressed from the correct parental alleles (maternal, paternal, maternal, and maternal, respectively) in all (n=12) day-9.5 fetuses derived from day-20 spermatids. These results clearly indicate that at least some first-wave spermatogenic cells have a normal haploid genome with the correct paternal imprint and are capable of supporting full-term embryo development, as do mature spermatozoa from adults. The use of male germ cells from immature animals may save time in the production of inbred/congenic strains and rescue male-factor infertility of early onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miki
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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40
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Kato M, Ishikawa A, Kaneko R, Yagi T, Hochi S, Hirabayashi M. Production of transgenic rats by ooplasmic injection of spermatogenic cells exposed to exogenous DNA: A preliminary study. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 69:153-8. [PMID: 15293216 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiencies of producing transgenic rats by the ooplasmic injection of sperm heads (intracytoplasmic sperm injection: ICSI) and elongating spermatids (elongating spermatid injection: ELSI) exposed to the EGFP DNA solution. A slightly lower proportion of ICSI oocytes using sperm heads exposed to a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml DNA solution for 1 min developed into offspring (13.3%, 48/361) when compared to that of oocytes injected with nontreated sperm heads (19.4%, 32/165). Eight ICSI offspring were found to be EGFP-carrying transgenic rats (16.7% per offspring; 2.2% per embryo). After a 1-min exposure of the elongating spermatids to 5 microg/ml of DNA solution, 8.8% (45/511) of the ELSI oocytes developed into offspring while 12.7% (22/173) of the ELSI oocytes using nontreated spermatids developed. Six ELSI offspring carried the EGFP DNA (13.3% per offspring; 1.2% per embryo). The conventional pronuclear microinjection of 5 microg/ml of DNA solution resulted in the higher production of offspring (29.7%, 104/350) and the birth of three transgenic rats (2.9% per offspring; 0.9% per embryo). Thus, sperm heads and elongating spermatids were practically useful as the vector of exogenous DNA if the DNA-exposed spermatogenic cells were microinseminated into rat oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kato
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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41
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Said S, Han MS, Niwa K. Development of rat oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of sperm heads isolated from testicular and epididymal spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2003; 60:359-69. [PMID: 12749949 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of obtaining normal development of rat oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of rat sperm heads, obtained by sonicating spermatozoa from testes and epididymides, was evaluated. Irrespective of the source of spermatozoa, sperm heads were successfully injected into approximately 45% of oocytes used; after 9-12h of culture, approximately 55% of injected oocytes still had normal morphology. Of the oocytes injected with testicular sperm heads 45% were activated, with a female pronucleus and a second polar body, but significantly more oocytes (approximately 68%) injected with caput and cauda epididymal sperm heads were activated. Male pronuclear formation was observed in 67-84% of the activated oocytes, with no difference in the proportions among the different sources of sperm heads. When zygotes showing two pronuclei and a second polar body at 10h after injection were cultured in conditions that support development of 1-cell embryos produced in vivo, no embryos derived from testicular sperm heads developed to blastocysts after 120 h of culture. Development of embryos derived from cauda sperm heads was significantly higher at all points of assessment, while embryos from caput sperm showed an intermediate degree of development, compared with embryos from testicular spermatozoa. However, similar proportions (2-4%) of 1-cell embryos derived from all three groups of sperm heads developed into normal offspring after transfer to foster mothers; of the limited number of offspring tested, all were fertile. These results demonstrate that sperm heads from all sources tested are similar in their ability to contribute to full development of normal, fertile offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Said
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Since the development of a reliable mouse intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique in 1995, microinsemination techniques have been widely applied in several laboratory species. As gametes and embryos have specific biological and biochemical features according to the species, technical improvements are necessary for successful microinsemination that subsequently leads to normal fetal development in several species. Recent advanced reproductive research involving genetic engineering often depends on microinsemination techniques that require a high degree of skill, and new human assisted reproductive technology (ART) requires experimental models using laboratory animals. The accumulation of technical improvements in these fields should accelerate the development of microinsemination techniques in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ogura
- Bioresource Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.
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43
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HOCHI S, HIRABAYASHI M. Maintenance of Transgenes in Rats: The Contributions of Embryo Cryopreservation and Intracytoplasmic Sperm/Spermatid Injection. J Reprod Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.48.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi HOCHI
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Masumi HIRABAYASHI
- YS New Technology Institute, Inc
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences
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