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Dasgupta M, Kumaresan A, Saraf KK, Nag P, Sinha MK, Aslam M. K. M, Karthikkeyan G, Prasad TSK, Modi PK, Datta TK, Ramesha K, Manimaran A, Jeyakumar S. Deep Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Alterations in Fatty Acid Synthesis and Ketone Body Degradations in Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma of Astheno-Oligozoospermic Bulls. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:755560. [PMID: 35087889 PMCID: PMC8787163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fertility is extremely important in dairy animals because semen from a single bull is used to inseminate several thousand females. Asthenozoospermia (reduced sperm motility) and oligozoospermia (reduced sperm concentration) are the two important reasons cited for idiopathic infertility in crossbred bulls; however, the etiology remains elusive. In this study, using a non-targeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based approach, we carried out a deep metabolomic analysis of spermatozoa and seminal plasma derived from normozoospermic and astheno-oligozoospermic bulls. Using bioinformatics tools, alterations in metabolites and metabolic pathways between normozoospermia and astheno-oligozoospermia were elucidated. A total of 299 and 167 metabolites in spermatozoa and 183 and 147 metabolites in seminal plasma were detected in astheno-oligozoospermic and normozoospermic bulls, respectively. Among the mapped metabolites, 75 sperm metabolites were common to both the groups, whereas 166 and 50 sperm metabolites were unique to astheno-oligozoospermic and normozoospermic bulls, respectively. Similarly, 86 metabolites were common to both the groups, whereas 45 and 37 seminal plasma metabolites were unique to astheno-oligozoospermic and normozoospermic bulls, respectively. Among the differentially expressed metabolites, 62 sperm metabolites and 56 seminal plasma metabolites were significantly dysregulated in astheno-oligozoospermic bulls. In spermatozoa, selenocysteine, deoxyuridine triphosphate, and nitroprusside showed significant enrichment in astheno-oligozoospermic bulls. In seminal plasma, malonic acid, 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, D-cysteine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate were significantly upregulated, whereas tetradecanoyl-CoA was significantly downregulated in the astheno-oligozoospermia. Spermatozoa from astheno-oligozoospermic bulls showed alterations in the metabolism of fatty acid and fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathways, whereas seminal plasma from astheno-oligozoospermic bulls showed alterations in synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, pyruvate metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism pathways. The present study revealed vital information related to semen metabolomic differences between astheno-oligozoospermic and normospermic crossbred breeding bulls. It is inferred that fatty acid synthesis and ketone body degradations are altered in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma of astheno-oligozoospermic crossbred bulls. These results open up new avenues for further research, and current findings can be applied for the modulation of identified pathways to restore sperm motility and concentration in astheno-oligozoospermic bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohua Dasgupta
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kaustubh Kishor Saraf
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pradeep Nag
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sinha
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muhammad Aslam M. K.
- Base Farm, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kolahalamedu, India
| | - Gayathree Karthikkeyan
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Tirtha Kumar Datta
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Kerekoppa Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ayyasamy Manimaran
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sakthivel Jeyakumar
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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Grasa P, Pérez-Pé R, Báguena O, Forcada F, Abecia A, Cebrián-Pérez JA, Muiño-Blanco T. Ram Sperm Selection by a Dextran/Swim-Up Procedure Increases Fertilization Rates Following Intrauterine Insemination in Superovulated Ewes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:982-90. [PMID: 15477373 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 dextran/swim-up media to increase the sperm quality parameters and the maintenance of these parameters at 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C over 6 hours. Additionally, this study examined whether differences in sperm quality reflect different reproductive efficiencies following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes. The study involved 2 selected samples (SS) obtained by dextran/swim-up, performed either with (SS+) or without (SS-) capacitating compounds, and a control sample consisting of raw semen diluted in the same medium. The efficacies of the swim-up sperm selection procedures were similar in both media, and no significant differences were found among the evaluated parameters. Conversely, we found important differences between selected and control samples. Sperm motility, viability (as assessed by carboxifluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide [PI] staining), and mitochondrial activity (as assessed by rhodamine 123/PI) were significantly higher in the selected samples than in the control. Additionally, following incubation at 15 degrees C, the preservation of sperm quality was significantly better in the selected samples than in the control samples. After 6 hours of incubation at 15 degrees C, selected samples had a motility value of 46%, which was significantly (P < .001) higher than the value observed in control samples (27%). The percentage of viable cells observed after 6 hours of incubation at 15 degrees C was significantly (P < .0001) higher in selected samples than in the control samples. Furthermore, after 2 hours of incubation at 30 degrees C, swim-up samples had viability values that were significantly (P < .0001) higher than those of the control samples. SS+ and SS- samples did not differ significantly in spermatozoa yield, sperm quality, or survival. Differences between selected samples and controls were reflected in the fertilization rate obtained following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes that experienced a 52-hour interval between progestagen removal and artificial insemination. A restricted criterion for fertilization rate evaluation was established, and only the percentage of embryos recovered from the uterine horns 6 days after insemination was considered with respect to the total number of corpora lutea counted in the ovaries. The fertilization rate of SS- samples (50%) was significantly higher (P > .001) than those of the SS+ (2%) and control samples (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Univeristy of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
Starting from an historical overview of lasting Cannabis use over the centuries, we will focus on a description of the cannabinergic system, with a comprehensive analysis of chemical and pharmacological properties of endogenous and synthetic cannabimimetic analogues. The metabolic pathways and the signal transduction mechanisms, activated by cannabinoid receptors stimulation, will also be discussed. In particular, we will point out the action of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids on the different neuronal networks involved in reproductive axis, and locally, on male and female reproductive tracts, by emphasizing the pivotal role played by this system in the control of fertility.
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Anel L, Alvarez M, Martinez-Pastor F, Garcia-Macias V, Anel E, de Paz P. Improvement strategies in ovine artificial insemination. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 41 Suppl 2:30-42. [PMID: 16984467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination in ram is scarcely widespread comparing with other domestic species. This has been due not only to fertility results being irregular and low but also because of the difficulty in the application of enhancements such as the use of frozen-thawed sperm. Although there is a lot of information on the use of different options to improve these AI results (such as transcervical application, the use of thawed sperm, etc.) commercial programmes can be classified on two general categories: those using refrigerated semen (15 degrees C) by superficial intracervical deposition (vaginal), and, more restricted, those using thawed sperm by intrauterine deposition (laparoscopy). In the present work, we have summarized our viewpoint on three general research lines for the improvement of AI results in sheep: semen preservation, AI procedures and semen assessment. Briefly, in ram it is necessary to develop a medium term methodology of sperm refrigeration (3-5 days), which would allow the distribution of sperm doses to a widespread area. Nevertheless, it is also necessary to develop an intrauterine transcervical AI technique, which allows thawed semen to be applied by vaginal insemination. Besides, the low predictive value of classic assessment techniques limits the ability to adjust the number of spermatozoa per dose according to its actual fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anel
- Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of León, Leon, Spain.
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Turner RM. Moving to the beat: a review of mammalian sperm motility regulation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:25-38. [PMID: 16478600 DOI: 10.1071/rd05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because it is generally accepted that a high percentage of poorly motile or immotile sperm will adversely affect male fertility, analysis of sperm motility is a central part of the evaluation of male fertility. In spite of its importance to fertility, poor sperm motility remains only a description of a pathology whose underlying cause is typically poorly understood. The present review is designed to bring the clinician up to date with the most current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate sperm motility and to raise questions about how aberrations in these mechanisms could be the underlying causes of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Turner
- Department of Clinical Studies, Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Centurion F, Vazquez JM, Calvete JJ, Roca J, Sanz L, Parrilla I, Garcia EM, Martinez EA. Influence of porcine spermadhesins on the susceptibility of boar spermatozoa to high dilution. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:640-6. [PMID: 12724275 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.016527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of heparin-binding and non-heparin-binding spermadhesins on the viability, motility, and mitochondrial activity of boar spermatozoa at the high dilution (300,000 sperm/ml) to which sperm are exposed during the process of sex sorting by flow cytometry was investigated. Incubation of spermatozoa with heparin-binding spermadhesins caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of functional spermatozoa. The percentage of viable spermatozoa incubated at 38 degrees C with heparin-binding spermadhesins diluted in PBS (1 mg/ml) dropped from 75% (0.5 h) to 4% (5 h), whereas the percentage of viable spermatozoa incubated in PBS without proteins (control) decreased from 85% (0.5 h) to 19% (5 h). Addition of non-heparin-binding PSP-I/PSP-II spermadhesin to the PBS resulted in a concentration-dependent increment of the percentage of viable cells (65% after 5-h incubation), with maximum effect at 1.5 mg/ml. The heparin-binding spermadhesins totally suppressed sperm motility and mitochondrial activity after 5 h of incubation. The same parameters of sperm incubated in the presence of 1.5 mg/ml of PSP-I/PSP-II were 50% and 58%, respectively, and the percentages of control sperm displaying motility and mitochondrial activity were 21% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the viability, motility, and mitochondrial activity all decreased on incubation of spermatozoa with mixtures of PSP-I/PSP-II and heparin-binding spermadhesins as the concentration of the latter increased. We conclude that PSP-I/PSP-II and the heparin-binding spermadhesins exert antagonistic effects on the functionality of highly diluted boar spermatozoa. The finding that PSP-I/PSP-II contributes to maintaining sperm with high viability, motility, and mitochondrial activity for at least 5 h at physiological temperature points to its potential use as an additive for sperm preservation, specifically of highly diluted, flow-sorted spermatozoa for sex preselection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Centurion
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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O'Connell M, McClure N, Lewis SEM. The effects of cryopreservation on sperm morphology, motility and mitochondrial function. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:704-9. [PMID: 11870124 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of cryoinjury were determined simultaneously on the mitochondrial function, motility, morphology and viability of ejaculated human sperm. METHOD Rhodamine 123 (R123) uptake (% of sperm) and stain intensity were used to determine sperm mitochondrial activity before and after cryopreservation from the semen of 50 men attending for infertility investigation. Morphology was assessed using Tygerberg's strict criteria and viability was assessed by eosin Y. Sperm motility was measured using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). RESULTS Freeze-thawing caused a 37% (P = 0.001) reduction in normal morphological forms of sperm. All CASA sperm motility parameters except amplitude of lateral head displacement were similarly reduced. R123 uptake and intensity within sperm mitochondria decreased by 36 and 47% respectively (both P = 0.001). In addition, there was a similar significant decrease (31%, P = 0.001) in the viability of the sperm. CONCLUSIONS Sperm morphology, motility, mitochondrial activities and viability are equally susceptible to cryopreservation-induced damage. R123 intensity is a novel and robust indicator of mitochondrial function before and after such trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O'Connell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland
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Mikkola R, Kolari M, Andersson MA, Helin J, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4068-74. [PMID: 10866808 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxins from three Bacillus licheniformis strains connected to a fatal food poisoning were isolated and their structures elucidated. Toxins were purified from methanol extracts of the B. licheniformis biomass using boar sperm cells as the toxicity indicator. The HPLC purified toxins showed protonated masses m/z 1007, 1021 and 1035 in MALDI-TOF-MS. The toxins isolated from the strains of different origins contained the same three components of which and each had a same amino-acid residues L-Gln, L-Leu, D-Leu, L-Val, L-Asp, D-Leu and L-Ile in that order. Toxins were identified as lichenysin A, a cyclic lactonic heptalipopeptide in which the main 3-hydroxy fatty acids are 13-15 carbons in length. We showed that the toxins from food and food poisoning isolates of B. licheniformis were identical to lichenysin A both in the structure and in the toxic symptoms induced to boar spermatozoa. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the acrosome and the plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa were the targets of lichenysin A toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikkola
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Vidament M, Cognard E, Yvon JM, Sattler M, Palmer E, Magistrini M. Evaluation of Stallion Semen Before and After Freezing. Reprod Domest Anim 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1998.tb01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Papaioannou KZ, Murphy RP, Monks RS, Hynes N, Ryan MP, Boland MP, Roche JF. Assessment of viability and mitochondrial function of equine spermatozoa using double staining and flow cytometry. Theriogenology 1997; 48:299-312. [PMID: 16728129 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)84077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1996] [Accepted: 03/06/1997] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An objective double-staining method was developed to evaluate viability and mitochondrial function of stallion spermatozoa using flow cytometry. Sperm viability was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion, and mitochondrial function was measured by the intensity of rhodamine 123 (R123) fluorescence. Flow cytometry estimates of sperm viability measured by PI were equivalent (P > 0.05) to estimates made using Hoechst 33258 stain and fluorescent microscopy (% dead: 25 +/- 2.4 vs 21.5 +/- 3.5). The use of both PI and R123 was validated by addition of various proportions of freeze-shocked (membrane damaged) cells to viable spermatozoa. There was a high correlation (r(2) = 0.996) between increased PI positivestained (dead) cells and the number of membrane-damaged spermatozoa added (% dead: 29 +/- 0.4, 44 +/- 1.4, 58 +/- 0.9, 75 +/- 0.7 and 91+/- 0.25 vs 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% damaged cells, respectively). Optimal mitochondrial activity (OMA), as assessed by R123 uptake, was also reduced proportionally (r(2) = 0.976) by the percentage of membrane-damaged cells added (% OMA: 48 +/- 0.6, 37 +/- 1.7, 29 +/- 0.5, 16 +/- 1, 3.8 +/- 1.3 vs 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% damaged cells, respectively). The mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone and monensin significantly depressed optimal mitochondrial activity (P < 0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation (r(2) = 0.959) between the dose of inhibitors added and the population of sperm cells exhibiting minimal R123 staining (4 -/+ 0.9, 12 -/+ 1.6, 14 -/+ 0.1 and 28 -/+ 2% for treatments with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 x 10(-5) M rotenone and 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 x 10(-4) M monensin, respectively). Finally, it was shown that treatments containing identical proportions of membrane-damaged cells yielded similar results in terms of viability and mitochondrial activity, irrespective of whether the staining procedure was single or double (P > 0.05). The results of the double-staining method revealed that the percentage of spermatozoa with optimally functioning mitochondria was significantly correlated with the percentage of viable (PI negative) sperm cells (r(2) = 0.998). Flow cytometric analyses using this staining procedure provides reliable and rapid (10,000 cells/min) qualitative assessment of stallion semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Papaioannou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Morisson M, Bordas A, Petit JM, Jayat-Vignoles C, Julien R, Minvielle F. Associated effects of divergent selection for residual feed consumption on reproduction, sperm characteristics, and mitochondria of spermatozoa. Poult Sci 1997; 76:425-31. [PMID: 9068039 DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteen generations of divergent selection for residual feed intake have been completed in two Rhode Island Red lines of domestic fowl. The high intake R+ line and the low intake R- line cocks used to sire Generation 19 of the selection experiment have been compared for associated responses on fertility, hatching, and sperm quality. Evaluations of sperm samples were based on volume, cell concentration, biochemical parameters (pH, uric acid and protein concentrations), and motility and morphology of spermatozoa. Finally, individual spermatozoa were analyzed by flow-cytometry (FCM) using Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and nonyl-acrydine-orange (NAO) specific fluorochromes to assess, respectively, overall mitochondrial activity and overall mitochondrial content. Hatchability of incubated eggs was 20 points higher for the R- line, mainly because unfertilized eggs were only 6 vs 30% in the R+ line. Early embryo mortality was also twice as high in the R+ line (21%). The ratio of Rh123 to NAO fluorescence was identical for both lines. This result suggests that there was no difference in the energy producing potential of the individual mitochondria. Therefore, the difference seen for both dyes between the two lines might be attributed to a difference in the quantity of mitochondrial inner membranes present in the cell (with 17% less for the R+ line). In the R+ line, the poor performance at fertilization and during early embryonic development was associated with lower production of motile spermatozoa, possibly in relation to a lower quantity of mitochondria in spermatozoa from R+ cocks. Although the female contribution to the differences between lines was not explored separately, results suggest that selection for residual feed intake may have altered some cellular function related to the production of energy in the R+ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morisson
- Laboratoire de Génétique Factorielle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Plásek J, Sigler K. Slow fluorescent indicators of membrane potential: a survey of different approaches to probe response analysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1996; 33:101-24. [PMID: 8691353 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(96)07283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Basic tenets related to the use of three main classes of potentiometric redistribution fluorescent dyes (carbocyanines, oxonols, and rhodamines) are discussed in detail. They include the structure/function relationship, formation of nonfluorescent (H-type) and fluorescent (J-type) dimers and higher aggregates, probe partitioning between membranes and medium and binding to membranes and intracellular components (with attendant changes in absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime). The crucial importance of suitable probe-to-cell concentration ratio and selection of optimum monitored fluorescence wavelength is illustrated in schematic diagrams and possible artifacts or puzzling results stemming from faulty experimental protocol are pointed out. Special attention is paid to procedures used for probe-response calibration (potential clamping by potassium in the presence of valinomycin, use of gramicidin D in combination with N-methylglucamine, activation of Ca-dependent K-channels by A23187, the null-point technique). Among other problems treated are dye toxicity, interaction with mitochondria and other organelles, and possible effects of intracellular pH and the quantity of cytosolic proteins and/or RNA on probe response. Individual techniques using redistribution dyes (fluorescence measurements in cuvettes, flow cytometry and microfluorimetry of individual cells including fluorescence confocal microscopy) are discussed in terms of reliability, limitations and drawbacks, and selection of suitable probes. Up-to-date examples of application of slow dyes illustrate the broad range of problems in which these probes can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plásek
- Institute of Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. ,cz
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Windsor D, White I. Mitochondrial injury to ram sperm during procedures associated with artificial insemination or frozen storage. Anim Reprod Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4320(95)01416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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