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Razza EM, Satrapa RA, Emanuelli IP, Barros CM, Nogueira MF. Screening of biotechnical parameters for production of bovine inter-subspecies embryonic chimeras by the aggregation of tetraploid Bos indicus and diploid crossbred Bos taurus embryos. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Lee KH. Generating chimeric mice from embryonic stem cells via vial coculturing or hypertonic microinjection. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:77-111. [PMID: 25064099 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a fertile embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived or F0 (100 % coat color chimerism) mice is the final criterion in proving that the ESC is truly pluripotent. Many methods have been developed to produce chimeric mice. To date, the most popular methods for generating chimeric embryos is well sandwich aggregation between zona pellucida (ZP) removed (denuded) 2.5-day post-coitum (dpc) embryos and ESC clumps, or direct microinjection of ESCs into the cavity (blastocoel) of 3.5-dpc blastocysts. However, due to systemic limitations and the disadvantages of conventional microinjection, aggregation, and coculturing, two novel methods (vial coculturing and hypertonic microinjection) were developed in recent years at my laboratory.Coculturing 2.5-dpc denuded embryos with ESCs in 1.7-mL vials for ~3 h generates chimeras that have significantly high levels of chimerism (including 100 % coat color chimerism) and germline transmission. This method has significantly fewer instrumental and technological limitations than existing methods, and is an efficient, simple, inexpensive, and reproducible method for "mass production" of chimeric embryos. For laboratories without a microinjection system, this is the method of choice for generating chimeric embryos. Microinjecting ESCs into a subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos can generate germline-transmitted chimeras including 100 % coat color chimerism. However, this method is adopted rarely due to the very small and tight space between ZP and blastomeres. Using a laser pulse or Piezo-driven instrument/device to help introduce ESCs into the subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos demonstrates the superior efficiency in generating ESC-derived (F0) chimeras. Unfortunately, due to the need for an expensive instrument/device and extra fine skill, not many studies have used either method. Recently, ESCs injected into the large subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos in an injection medium containing 0.2-0.3 M sucrose very efficiently generated viable, healthy, and fertile chimeric mice with 100 % coat color chimerism.Both vial coculture and hypertonic microinjection methods are useful and effective alternatives for producing germline chimeric or F0 mice efficiently and reliably. Furthermore, both novel methods are also good for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate chimeric embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, 23, Chunan (35053), Miaoli, Taiwan,
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He W, Kong Q, Shi Y, Xie B, Jiao M, Huang T, Guo S, Hu K, Liu Z. Generation and developmental characteristics of porcine tetraploid embryos and tetraploid/diploid chimeric embryos. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 11:327-33. [PMID: 24120753 PMCID: PMC4357820 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize electrofusion conditions for generating porcine tetraploid (4n) embryos and produce tetraploid/diploid (4n/2n) chimeric embryos. Different electric field intensities were tested and 2 direct current (DC) pulses of 0.9 kV/cm for 30 μs was selected as the optimum condition for electrofusion of 2-cell embryos to produce 4n embryos. The fusion rate of 2-cell embryos and the development rate to blastocyst of presumably 4n embryos, reached 85.4% and 28.5%, respectively. 68.18% of the fused embryos were found to be 4n as demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Although the number of blastomeres in 4n blastocysts was significantly lower than in 2n blastocysts (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in developmental rates of blastocysts between 2n and 4n embryos (P>0.05), suggesting that the blastocyst forming capacity in 4n embryos is similar to those in 2n embryos. Moreover, 4n/2n chimeric embryos were obtained by aggregation of 4n and 2n embryos. We found that the developmental rate and cell number of blastocysts of 4-cell (4n)/4-cell (2n) chimeric embryos were significantly higher than those of 2-cell (4n)/4-cell (2n), 4-cell (4n)/8-cell (2n), 4-cell (4n)/2-cell (2n) chimeric embryos (P<0.05). Consistent with mouse chimeras, the majority of 4n cells contribute to the trophectoderm (TE), while the 2n cells are mainly present in the inner cell mass (ICM) of porcine 4n/2n chimeric embryos. Our study established a feasible and efficient approach to produce porcine 4n embryos and 4n/2n chimeric embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteng He
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
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Carstea AC, Pirity MK, Dinnyes A. Germline competence of mouse ES and iPS cell lines: Chimera technologies and genetic background. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:22-9. [PMID: 21607104 PMCID: PMC3097913 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, gene targeting by homologous recombination continues to play an essential role in the understanding of functional genomics. This strategy allows precise location of the site of transgene integration and is most commonly used to ablate gene expression ("knock-out"), or to introduce mutant or modified alleles at the locus of interest ("knock-in"). The efficacy of producing live, transgenic mice challenges our understanding of this complex process, and of the factors which influence germline competence of embryonic stem cell lines. Increasingly, evidence indicates that culture conditions and in vitro manipulation can affect the germline-competence of Embryonic Stem cell (ES cell) lines by accumulation of chromosome abnormalities and/or epigenetic alterations of the ES cell genome. The effectiveness of ES cell derivation is greatly strain-dependent and it may also influence the germline transmission capability. Recent technical improvements in the production of germline chimeras have been focused on means of generating ES cells lines with a higher germline potential. There are a number of options for generating chimeras from ES cells (ES chimera mice); however, each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology have opened new avenues for generation of animals from genetically modified somatic cells by means of chimera technologies. The aim of this review is to give a brief account of how the factors mentioned above are influencing the germline transmission capacity and the developmental potential of mouse pluripotent stem cell lines. The most recent methods for generating specifically ES and iPS chimera mice, including the advantages and disadvantages of each method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Carstea
- Ana Claudia Carstea, Genetic Reprogramming Group, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent Györgyi A u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllö, Hungary
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Devolder K. To be, or not to be? Are induced pluripotent stem cells potential babies, and does it matter? EMBO Rep 2009; 10:1285-7. [PMID: 19949407 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Devolder
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Yang RR, Zhou RY, Gao SM, Wen XH, Li XY. [Methylation of H19 gene in ES mice and embryonic stem cells]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:765-70. [PMID: 18550501 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the methylation status of imprinted gene H19 and the development of mice derived completely from Embryonic stem cells (ES) by tetraploid embryo complementation. The methylation status of two loci at 5'UTR region in imprinted gene H19 in normal adult control mice, 22 adult ES mice, 8 newborn dead ES mice and embryonic stem (ES) cells with different passage number were detected by using of methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease-PCR technique. The results indicated that the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 in adult ES mice were identical to that of adult control mice. However, some significant differences in the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 were found among newborn dead ES mice, adult ES mice and normal adult control mice. Furthermore, the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 in ES cells were probably different from that of adult ES mice and normal adult control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Cattle & Sheep Embryo Engineering Center of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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Jia W, Yang W, Lei A, Gao Z, Yang C, Hua J, Huang W, Ma X, Wang H, Dou Z. A caprine chimera produced by injection of embryonic germ cells into a blastocyst. Theriogenology 2008; 69:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gao S, Wen X, Yang R, Di K, Tong J, Li X. Decreased surfactant protein B expression in mice derived completely from embryonic stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 44:10-6. [PMID: 18074187 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-007-9070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ES mice that are derived completely from embryonic stem (ES) cells can be obtained by tetraploid embryo complementation. Many neonate ES mice die because of respiratory distress, but it is not clear what contributes to the phenomenon. Using five microsatellite DNA markers, we confirmed that our ES mice were completely derived from ES cells and contained no tetraploid component. The neonatal ES mice that exhibited respiratory distress were tested for surfactant protein B (SP-B) expression by Western blotting. These mice had no SP-B expression, and even apparently healthy adult ES mice had decreased SP-B levels and aberrant SP-B phenotypes. These data suggest that the expression of SP-B protein is an important factor in the survival of ES mice to term and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
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MacAulay K, Doble BW, Patel S, Hansotia T, Sinclair EM, Drucker DJ, Nagy A, Woodgett JR. Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha-specific regulation of murine hepatic glycogen metabolism. Cell Metab 2007; 6:329-37. [PMID: 17908561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 comprises two isoforms (GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta) that are implicated in type II diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. GSK-3 activity is elevated in human and rodent models of diabetes, and various GSK-3 inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in rodent models of obesity and diabetes. Here, we report the generation of mice lacking GSK-3alpha. Unlike GSK-3beta mutants, which die before birth, GSK-3alpha knockout (GSK-3alpha KO) animals are viable but display enhanced glucose and insulin sensitivity accompanied by reduced fat mass. Fasted and glucose-stimulated hepatic glycogen content was enhanced in GSK-3alpha KO mice, whereas muscle glycogen was unaltered. Insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and GSK-3beta phosphorylation was higher in GSK-3alpha KO livers compared to wild-type littermates, and IRS-1 expression was markedly increased. We conclude that GSK-3 isoforms exhibit tissue-specific physiological functions and that GSK-3alpha KO mice are insulin sensitive, reinforcing the potential of GSK-3 as a therapeutic target for type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina MacAulay
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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Deng T, Kuang Y, Zhang D, Wang L, Sun R, Xu G, Wang Z, Fei J. Disruption of imprinting and aberrant embryo development in completely inbred embryonic stem cell-derived mice. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:603-10. [PMID: 17635532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The completely embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived mice (ES mice) produced by tetraploid embryo complementation provide us with a rapid and powerful approach for functional genome analysis. However, inbred ES cell lines often fail to generate ES mice. The genome of mouse ES cells is extremely unstable during in vitro culture and passage, and the expression of the imprinted genes is most likely to be affected. Whether the ES mice retain or repair the abnormalities of the donor ES cells has still to be determined. Here we report that the inbred ES mice were efficiently produced with the inbred ES cell line (SCR012). The ES fetuses grew more slowly before day 17.5 after mating, but had an excessive growth from day 17.5 to birth. Five imprinted genes examined (H19, Igf2, Igf2r, Peg1, Peg3) were expressed abnormally in ES fetuses. Most remarkably, the expression of H19 was dramatically repressed in the ES fetuses through the embryo developmental stage, and this repression was associated with abnormal biallelic methylation of the H19 upstream region. The altered methylation pattern of H19 was further demonstrated to have arisen in the donor ES cells and persisted on in vivo differentiation to the fetal stage. These results indicate that the ES fetuses did retain the epigenetic alterations in imprinted genes from the donor ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Model Organism Research Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Li XY, Jia Q, Di KQ, Gao SM, Wen XH, Zhou RY, Wei W, Wang LZ. Passage number affects the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells as judged by tetraploid embryo aggregation. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 327:607-14. [PMID: 17216193 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the number of passages affected the developmental pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells as measured by the attainment of adult fertile mice derived from embryonic stem (ES) cell/tetraploid embryo complementation. Thirty-six newborns were produced by the aggregation of tetraploid embryos and hybrid ES cells after various numbers of passages. These newborns were entirely derived from ES cells as judged by microsatellite DNA, coat-color phenotype, and germline transmission. Although 15 survived to adulthood, 17 died of respiratory failure, and four were eaten by their foster mother. From the 15 mice that reached adulthood and that could reproduce, none arose from ES cells at passage level 15 or more. All 15 arose from cells at passages 3-11. Our results demonstrate that the number of passages affects the developmental pluripotency of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Wei W, Yong J, Jia Q, Yu Y, Di K. The genetic heterozygosity and fitness of tetraploid embryos and embryonic stem cells are crucial parameters influencing survival of mice derived from embryonic stem cells by tetraploid embryo aggregation. Reproduction 2005; 130:53-9. [PMID: 15985631 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to determine whether the genetic background of tetraploid embryos contributed to the survival of mice derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells by tetraploid embryo complementation. Twenty-five newborns were produced by aggregation of hybrid ES cells and tetraploid embryos with different genetic backgrounds. These newborns were entirely derived from ES cells judged by microsatellite DNA (A specific sequence of DNA bases or nucleotides that contains mono, di, tri or tetra repeats) and coat colour phenotype and germline transmission. Fifteen survived to adulthood while seven died of respiratory failure. All newborns were derived from outbred or hybrid tetraploid aggregates and no newborns were from the inbreds. Our results demonstrate that the genetic heterozygosity, fitness of tetraploid embryos and fitness of ES cells are crucial parameters influencing survival of mice derived from ES cells by tetraploid embryo aggregation. In addition, this method represents a simple and efficient procedure for immediate generation of targeted mouse mutants from genetically modified ES cell clones, in contrast to the standard protocol, which involves the production of chimeras and several breeding steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Yu Y, Yong J, Li X, Qing T, Qin H, Xiong X, You J, Ding M, Deng H. The proteasomal inhibitor MG132 increases the efficiency of mouse embryo production after cloning by electrofusion. Reproduction 2005; 130:553-8. [PMID: 16183873 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we cloned mice from ES cells by a post-electrofusion MG132 treatment and improved development of cloned embryos with a sequential cultivation protocol. When 5 μM MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, were used to treat the reconstructed embryos, the capacity of in vitro development, implantation and full-term development were significantly improved. Blastocyst formation rates of the reconstructed embryos from X4 ES cells (F1 strain derived from C57BL/6 × 129sv) and J1 ES cells obtained with or without MG132 treatment were 66.9% and 26.6%, and 66.1% and 34.5% respectively (P < 0.05). A total of 146 two-cell embryos cloned from X4 ES cells with MG132 treatment were transferred to recipients, and five cloned pups (3.4%) were born, of which four survived. When the same numbers of two-cell embryos cloned from X4 ES cells without MG132 treatment were transferred, however, no live-born mice were obtained. When embryos cloned from J1 ES cells without MG132 treatment were cultured in KSOM medium for 54 h followed by culture in CZB medium containing 5.6 mM glucose for 42 h, the blastocyst rate was significantly higher than when they were cultured in KSOM continuously for 96 h (34.5% vs 17.1%). However, sequential cultivation did not improve the development of embryos cloned with MG132 treatment and that of parthenotes. In conclusion, MG132 treatment increased the developmental potential of reconstructed mouse embryos, and sequential cultivation improved development of the embryos cloned by electrofusion without MG132 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing 100871, China, Beijing Laboratory Animal Research Center, Beijing 100012, China
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