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Yoon H, Lee J, Kang I, Choi KW, Lee J, Jun JH. Enhancement of preimplantation mouse embryo development with optimized in vitro culture dish via stabilization of medium osmolarity. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2023; 50:244-252. [PMID: 37995752 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2023.06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed optimized in vitro culture (OIVC) dish for cultivating preimplantation mouse embryos. This dish minimizes the need for mineral oil and incorporates microwells, providing a stable culture environment and enabling independent monitoring of individual embryos. METHODS Mouse pronuclear (PN) zygotes and two-cell-stage embryos were collected at 18 and 46 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin injection, respectively. These were cultured for 120 hours using potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM) to reach the blastocyst stage. The embryos were randomly allocated into three groups, each cultured in one of three dishes: a 60-mm culture dish, a microdrop dish, and an OIVC dish that we developed. RESULTS The OIVC dish effectively maintained the osmolarity of the KSOM culture medium over a 5-day period using only 2 mL of mineral oil. This contrasts with the significant osmolarity increase observed in the 60-mm culture dish. Additionally, the OIVC dish exhibited higher blastulation rates from two-cell embryos (100%) relative to the other dish types. Moreover, blastocysts derived from both PN zygotes and two-cell embryos in the OIVC dish group demonstrated significantly elevated mean cell numbers. CONCLUSION Use of the OIVC dish markedly increased the number of cells in blastocysts derived from the in vitro culture of preimplantation mouse embryos. The capacity of this dish to maintain medium osmolarity with minimal mineral oil usage represents a breakthrough that may advance embryo culture techniques for various mammals, including human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yoon
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Lee
- CNC Biotech Incorporated, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaewang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Chen PR, Redel BK, Kerns KC, Spate LD, Prather RS. Challenges and Considerations during In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102770. [PMID: 34685749 PMCID: PMC8535139 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs have become valuable tools for generating advances in animal agriculture and human medicine. Importantly, in vitro production and manipulation of embryos is an essential step in the process of creating porcine models. As the in vitro environment is still suboptimal, it is imperative to examine the porcine embryo culture system from several angles to identify methods for improvement. Understanding metabolic characteristics of porcine embryos and considering comparisons with other mammalian species is useful for optimizing culture media formulations. Furthermore, stressors arising from the environment and maternal or paternal factors must be taken into consideration to produce healthy embryos in vitro. In this review, we progress stepwise through in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture in pigs to assess the status of current culture systems and address points where improvements can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Karl C. Kerns
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lee D. Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kumbha R, Hosny N, Matson A, Steinhoff M, Hering BJ, Burlak C. Efficient production of GGTA1 knockout porcine embryos using a modified handmade cloning (HMC) method. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:59-68. [PMID: 31722267 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Handmade cloning is a zona-free nuclear transfer approach and an economical, efficient, and simple micromanipulation-free alternative to dolly based traditional cloning (TC). In this study, based on handmade cloning with minor modifications, an optimized bi-oocyte fusion (BOF) cloning method was established to produce GGTA1 KO porcine embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system. The GGTA1 gene is responsible for the generation of Gal epitopes on the surface of porcine cells, triggering hyperacute immune rejection in preclinical porcine-to-human xenotransplantation. The purpose of the present study is to establish an efficient protocol for activation of porcine oocyte cytoplast-fibroblast fused constructs developed to GGTA1 KO blastocysts by the zona-free bi-oocyte fusion cloning method. High percentages of cleavage (90 ± 2.6%) and blastocyst rates (39 ± 4.0%) were achieved upon treatment with demecolcine-assisted oocyte enucleation followed by 6 V alternating current for proper alignment and single-step fusion technique using a single direct current pulse of 1.0 kV/cm for 9 μs duration, compared to the double-step fusion method with combined chemical activation using thimerosal and dithiothreitol. Overall blastocyst rate was higher for oocyte enucleation by demecolcine (0.4 μg/ml) and 45 min incubation (42 ± 1.5%) compared to without demecolcine incubation followed by complete chemical thimerosal/dithiothreitol activation (33 ± 1.1%). The blastocyst rate (39 ± 1.0%) was found to be significantly higher 1 h post-electrofusion, compared to at 0 and 4 h (28 ± 1.5 and 6 ± 1.5%, respectively). Blastocyst development rates for GGTA1 knockout embryos (38 ± 1.76%) were comparable to those obtained with wild-type embryos (41.1 ± 0.67%). In conclusion, we achieved high overall efficiency in production of GGTA1 KO blastocysts by modified HMC protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumbha
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nora Hosny
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Anders Matson
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Magie Steinhoff
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Paternal breed effects on expression of IGF-II, BAK1 and BCL2-L1 in bovine preimplantation embryos. ZYGOTE 2014; 23:712-21. [PMID: 25181591 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the paternal breed on early embryo and later pre- and postnatal development are well documented. Several recent studies have suggested that such paternal effects may be mediated by the paternally induced epigenetic modifications during early embryogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the paternal breed on the early embryonic development and relative expression of the maternally imprinted gene, IGF-II, and the apoptosis-related genes BAK1 and BCL2-L1 in in vitro produced (IVP) bovine embryos derived from two unrelated paternal breeds (Holstein and Brown Swiss). The degree of correlation of IGF-II expression pattern with embryo developmental competence and apoptosis-related genes was also investigated. The relative abundance of IGF-II, BCL2-L1 and BAK1 transcripts in day 8 embryos was measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction using the comparative Cp method. Our data revealed that the paternal breed did not influence cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and relative abundance of IGF-II, BAK1 and BCL2-L1 in day 8 blastocysts (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, IGF-II expression levels were highly correlated with embryonic developmental competence (r = 0.66, P < 0.1), relative expression of BCL2-L1 (r = 0.72, P < 0.05) and ratio of BCL2-L1/BAK1 (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data show that IGF-II, BCL2-L1 and BAK1 expression is not related to the chosen combination of paternal breed, but that IGF-II expression is correlated with embryonic viability and apoptosis-related gene expression.
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Miyoshi K, Mizobe Y. Osmolarity- and stage-dependent effects of glycine on parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:349-54. [PMID: 24990770 PMCID: PMC4219991 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The osmolarities of media that are most effective for in vitro culture of mammalian oocytes and embryos are
lower than that of oviductal fluid. Oocytes and embryos can survive the high physiological osmolarity in
vivo perhaps owing to the presence of amino acids such as glycine, which serve as organic osmolytes in the female
reproductive tract. In the present study, the effects of glycine on the parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes were
examined in hypotonic or isotonic media. The results showed that culturing oocytes in isotonic media improved the cleavage
rates (P<0.01) at 2 days in culture but inhibited any further development beyond cleavage when compared with the hypotonic
media. However, addition of 4 mM glycine to the isotonic media resulted in improved blastocyst formation rates compared with
that observed in the hypotonic media (P<0.01), and there was no inhibition of development beyond the cleavage stages in
oocytes. The beneficial effects of glycine were observed only when oocytes were cultured in isotonic media and glycine was
added at day 2 or 3 in culture. The results from the present study indicate that an isotonic medium with glycine is useful
for in vitro culture of pig oocytes and that glycine may protect pig oocytes against the detrimental effects
of increased osmolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Abstract
In the present study, a porcine system was supplemented with sorbitol during in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC), and the effects of sorbitol on oocyte maturation and embryonic development following parthenogenetic activation were assessed. Porcine immature oocytes were treated with different concentrations of sorbitol during IVM, and the resultant metaphase II stage oocytes were activated and cultured in porcine zygote medium-3 (PZM-3) for 7 days. No significant difference was observed in cumulus expansion and the nuclear maturation between the control and sorbitol-treated groups, with the exception of the 100 mM group, which showed significantly decreased nuclear maturation and cumulus expansion. There was no significant difference in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels between oocytes matured with 10 or 20 mM sorbitol and control groups, but 50 and 100 mM groups had significantly higher ROS levels than other groups. The 20 mM group showed significant increases in intracellular glutathione and subsequent blastocyst formation rates following parthenogenetic activation compared with the other groups. During IVC, supplementation with sorbitol significantly reduced blastocyst formation and increased the apoptotic index compared with the control. The apoptotic index of blastocysts from the sorbitol-treated group for entire culture period was significantly higher than those of the partially sorbitol-exposed groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the addition of a low concentration of sorbitol (20 mM) during IVM of porcine oocytes benefits subsequent blastocyst development and improves embryo quality, whereas sorbitol supplement during IVC has a negative effect on blastocyst formation.
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Leptin and nonessential amino acids enhance porcine preimplantation embryo development in vitro by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Theriogenology 2013; 79:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Halterman JA, Kwon HM, Wamhoff BR. Tonicity-independent regulation of the osmosensitive transcription factor TonEBP (NFAT5). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C1-8. [PMID: 21998140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00327.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 [NFAT5]) is a Rel homology transcription factor classically known for its osmosensitive role in regulating cellular homeostasis during states of hypo- and hypertonic stress. A recently growing body of research indicates that TonEBP is not solely regulated by tonicity, but that it can be stimulated by various tonicity-independent mechanisms in both hypertonic and isotonic tissues. Physiological and pathophysiological stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, receptor and integrin activation, contractile agonists, ions, and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the positive regulation of TonEBP expression and activity in diverse cell types. These new data demonstrate that tonicity-independent stimulation of TonEBP is critical for tissue-specific functions like enhanced cell survival, migration, proliferation, vascular remodeling, carcinoma invasion, and angiogenesis. Continuing research will provide a better understanding as to how these and other alternative TonEBP stimuli regulate gene expression in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Halterman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Mizobe Y, Kurino S, Sata Y, Mori H, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K. Stage-specific effects of osmolarity of a culture medium on development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos activated by ultrasound treatment. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:453-60. [PMID: 20662814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether high osmolarity of a culture medium at the early culture stage affects the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos activated by ultrasound was examined. When oocytes were cultured in modified porcine zygote medium-3 (mPZM-3) with increased NaCl to 138 mmol/L (mPZM-3+NaCl; 326 mOsm) or 50 mmol/L sucrose (mPZM-3+sucrose; 318 mOsm) for the first 2 days and then cultured in normal mPZM-3 (273 mOsm) for 5 days, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of SCNT embryos cultured in mPZM-3+NaCl for the first 2 days and then cultured in mPZM-3 for 5 days were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. These results showed that the high osmolarity of a culture medium induced by increasing NaCl concentration during the first 2 days improves the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig SCNT embryos activated by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Mizobe
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Lin L, Kragh PM, Purup S, Kuwayama M, Du Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Bolund L, Callesen H, Vajta G. Osmotic stress induced by sodium chloride, sucrose or trehalose improves cryotolerance and developmental competence of porcine oocytes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:338-44. [DOI: 10.1071/rd08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of porcine oocytes to increased concentrations of NaCl prior to manipulation has been reported not only to increase cryotolerance after vitrification, but also to improve developmental competence after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In the present study we compared the effects of NaCl with those of concentrated solutions of two non-permeable osmotic agents, namely sucrose and trehalose, on the cryotolerance and developmental competence of porcine oocytes. In Experiment 1, porcine in vitro-matured cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs; n = 1200) were exposed to 588 mOsmol NaCl, sucrose or trehalose solutions for 1 h, allowed to recover for a further 1 h, vitrified, warmed and subjected to parthenogenetic activation. Both Day 2 (where Day 0 is the day of activation) cleavage and Day 7 blastocyst rates were significantly increased after NaCl, sucrose and trehalose osmotic treatments compared with untreated controls (cleavage: 46 ± 5%, 44 ± 7%, 45 ± 4% and 26 ± 6%, respectively; expanded blastocyst rate: 6 ± 1%, 6 ± 2%, 7 ± 2% and 1 ± 1%, respectively). In Experiment 2, COCs (n = 2000) were treated with 588 mOsmol NaCl, sucrose or trehalose, then used as recipients for SCNT (Day 0). Cleavage rates on Day 1 did not differ between the NaCl-, sucrose-, trehalose-treated and the untreated control groups (92 ± 3%, 95 ± 3%, 92 ± 2% and 94 ± 2%, respectively), but blastocyst rates on Day 6 were higher in all treated groups compared with control (64 ± 2%, 69 ± 5%, 65 ± 3% and 47 ± 4%, respectively). Cell numbers of Day 6 blastocysts were higher in the control and NaCl-treated groups compared with the sucrose- and trehalose-treated groups. In conclusion, treatment of porcine oocytes with osmotic stress improved developmental competence after vitrification combined with parthenogenetic activation, as well as after SCNT.
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Li R, Murphy CN, Spate L, Wax D, Isom C, Rieke A, Walters EM, Samuel M, Prather RS. Production of piglets after cryopreservation of embryos using a centrifugation-based method for delipation without micromanipulation. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:563-71. [PMID: 19038857 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still difficult to successfully cryopreserve in vitro-produced (IVP) swine embryos, as they are sensitive to chilling due to the abundance of intracellular lipids. Mechanical delipation through micromanipulation is successful, but this method increases the potential of pathogen transmission because of the damage inflicted upon the zona pellucida during micromanipulation, and it is labor intensive. Reported here is a method to remove the lipid of IVP porcine embryos, without significantly compromising the zona pellucida, by trypsin treating the embryos or exposing the embryo to a high-osmolality solution to enlarge the perivitelline space so that the lipid could be polarized and separated completely after subsequent centrifugation without micromanipulation. The procedures work both for nuclear transfer-derived embryos and in vitro-fertilized embryos. Both methods provide a high-throughput process that leaves the zona pellucida intact (or relatively intact for the trypsin treatment) to aid in preventing disease transmission. It is also demonstrated that this procedure results in viable piglets, a claim that could not be made in many previous reports. Although the efficiencies of cryopreservation have not been dramatically improved, these procedures allow a single person to process very large numbers of embryos without the necessity of manipulating each individual embryo on a micromanipulator. Such high-throughput processing overcomes the lack of high efficiency (i.e., the system can be overloaded with embryos for transfer to surrogates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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