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Letko A, Brülisauer F, Häfliger IM, Corr E, Scholes S, Drögemüller C. Loss-of-function variant in the ovine TMCO6 gene in North Country Cheviot sheep with motor neuron disease. Genomics 2023; 115:110689. [PMID: 37488055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In North Country Cheviot lambs with early-onset progressive ataxia and motor neuron degeneration, whole-genome sequencing identified a homozygous loss-of-function variant in the ovine transmembrane and coiled-coil domains (TMCO6) gene. The familial recessive form of motor neuron disease in sheep is due to a pathogenic 4 bp deletion leading to a 50% protein truncation that is assumed to result in the absence of a functional TMCO6. This uncharacterised protein is proposed to interact with ubiquilin 1 which is associated with Alzheimer's disease, whereas sporadic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are caused by variants in UBQLN2. Our findings provide a first spontaneous animal model for TMCO6, which could have implications in the studies of other comparative neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, these results will allow the design of a genetic test to prevent the occurrence of this fatal disease in the affected sheep population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Letko
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Franz Brülisauer
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Estate Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Irene M Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Eilidh Corr
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Estate Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra Scholes
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Estate Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
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2
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Omolaoye TS, Hachim MY, du Plessis SS. Using publicly available transcriptomic data to identify mechanistic and diagnostic biomarkers in azoospermia and overall male infertility. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2584. [PMID: 35173218 PMCID: PMC8850557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia, which is the absence of spermatozoa in an ejaculate occurring due to defects in sperm production, or the obstruction of the reproductive tract, affects about 1% of all men and is prevalent in up to 10–15% of infertile males. Conventional semen analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosing and treating male infertility; however, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics now highlight the insufficiency thereof. Hence, the need to widen the scope of investigating the aetiology of male infertility stands pertinent. The current study aimed to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that might serve as potential biomarkers for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and overall male infertility. DEGs across different datasets of transcriptomic profiling of testis from human patients with different causes of infertility/ impaired spermatogenesis and/or azoospermia were explored using the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Following the search using the GEOquery, 30 datasets were available, with 5 meeting the inclusion criteria. The DEGs for datasets were identified using limma R packages through the GEO2R tool. The annotated genes of the probes in each dataset were intersected with DEGs from all other datasets. Enriched Ontology Clustering for the identified genes was performed using Metascape to explore the possible connection or interaction between the genes. Twenty-five DEGs were shared between most of the datasets, which might indicate their role in the pathogenesis of male infertility. Of the 25 DEGs, eight genes (THEG, SPATA20, ROPN1L, GSTF1, TSSK1B, CABS1, ADAD1, RIMBP3) are either involved in the overall spermatogenic processes or at specific phases of spermatogenesis. We hypothesize that alteration in the expression of these genes leads to impaired spermatogenesis and, ultimately, male infertility. Thus, these genes can be used as potential biomarkers for the early detection of NOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S Omolaoye
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mahmood Yaseen Hachim
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Stefan S du Plessis
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Expression and functional analysis of cytoplasmic dynein during spermatogenesis in Portunus trituberculatus. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:191-203. [PMID: 34477967 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of acrosome formation in the crab sperm is a hot topic in crustacean reproduction research. Dynein is a motor protein that performs microtubule-dependent retrograde transport and plays an essential role in spermatogenesis. However, whether cytoplasmic dynein participates in acrosome formation in the crab sperm remains poorly understood. In this study, we cloned the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain gene (Pt-DIC) from Portunus trituberculatus testis. Pt-DIC is composed of a p150glued-binding domain, a dynein light chain (DLC)-binding domain, and a dynein heavy chain (DHC)-binding domain. The Pt-DIC gene is widely expressed in different tissues, showing the highest expression in the testis, and it is expressed in different stages of spermatid development, indicating important functions in spermatogenesis. We further observed the colocalization of Pt-DIC and Pt-DHC, Pt-DHC and tubulin, and Pt-DHC and GM130, and the results indicated that cytoplasmic dynein may participate in nuclear shaping and acrosome formation via vesicle transport. In addition, we examined the colocalization of Pt-DHC and a mitochondrion (MT) tracker and that of Pt-DHC and prohibitin (PHB). The results indicated that cytoplasmic dynein participated in mitochondrial transport and mitochondrial degradation. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic dynein participates in acrosome formation, nuclear shaping, and mitochondrial transport during spermiogenesis in P. trituberculatus. This study will provide valuable guidance for the artificial fertilization and reproduction of P. trituberculatus.
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Wang H, Wang Z, Liu Z, Wang K, Xu W. Membrane disruption of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum induced by myriocin from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LZN01. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:517-534. [PMID: 32954686 PMCID: PMC7936314 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myriocin, which is produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LZN01, can inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon). In the present study, the antifungal mechanism of myriocin against Fon was investigated with a focus on the effects of myriocin on the cell membrane. Myriocin decreased the membrane fluidity and destroyed the membrane integrity of Fon. Significant microscopic morphological changes, including conidial shrinkage, the appearance of larger vacuoles and inhomogeneity of electron density, were observed in myriocin-treated cells. A membrane-targeted mechanism of action was also supported by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses; a total of 560 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 285 common differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. The DEGs were further verified by using RT-qPCR. The combined analysis between the transcriptome and proteome revealed that the expression of some membrane-related genes and proteins, mainly those related to sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, ABC transporters and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, was disordered. Myriocin affected the serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) activity as evidenced through molecular docking. Our results indicate that myriocin has significant antifungal activity owing to its ability to induce membrane damage in Fon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxu Wang
- College of Life Science and AgroforestryQiqihar UniversityQiqihar161006China
- Key Laboratory of Urban AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghai200240China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation IndustrializationQiqihar161006China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science and AgroforestryQiqihar UniversityQiqihar161006China
- Key Laboratory of Urban AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghai200240China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation IndustrializationQiqihar161006China
| | - Zeping Liu
- College of Life Science and AgroforestryQiqihar UniversityQiqihar161006China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation IndustrializationQiqihar161006China
| | - Kexin Wang
- College of Life Science and AgroforestryQiqihar UniversityQiqihar161006China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation IndustrializationQiqihar161006China
| | - Weihui Xu
- College of Life Science and AgroforestryQiqihar UniversityQiqihar161006China
- Key Laboratory of Urban AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghai200240China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation IndustrializationQiqihar161006China
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Unal-Aydin P, Aydin O, Arslan A. Genetic Architecture of Depression: Where Do We Stand Now? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:203-230. [PMID: 33834402 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The research of depression genetics has been occupied by historical candidate genes which were tested by candidate gene association studies. However, these studies were mostly not replicable. Thus, genetics of depression have remained elusive for a long time. As research moves from candidate gene association studies to GWAS, the hypothesis-free non-candidate gene association studies in genome-wide level, this trend will likely change. Despite the fact that the earlier GWAS of depression were not successful, the recent GWAS suggest robust findings for depression genetics. These altogether will catalyze a new wave of multidisciplinary research to pin down the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Unal-Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Orkun Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ayla Arslan
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia.
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Liu L, Li F, Wen Z, Li T, Lv M, Zhao X, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang L, Ma X. Preliminary investigation of the function of hsa_circ_0049356 in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13814. [PMID: 32894622 DOI: 10.1111/and.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which is considered the most severe form of male infertility, has placed a heavy burden on families and society. As vital regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely related to all the pathophysiological processes involved in infertility in males, especially spermatogenesis. Our study explored the expression levels of circ_0049356 in both the whole blood and seminal plasma samples of idiopathic NOA patients via quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the relative expression of its host gene (CARM1) was also determined using the same methods. In addition, as circRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate gene expression as miRNAs sponge, we predicted a total of five miRNAs and 101 mRNAs as putative downstream targets and constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Based on the predictions, Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses were performed for further bioinformatics analysis to explore the potential function and investigate the circ_0049356-miRNA-mRNA interactions. Our results show target mRNAs that have been predicted to regulate guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity to mediate the GTP/GDP exchange, and downstream targets possibly involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which play a significant role in cytoskeleton rearrangement of germ cells during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Zhen Wen
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Kaneko T, Toh S, Mochida I, Iwamori N, Inai T, Iida H. Identification of TMCO2 as an acrosome-associated protein during rat spermiogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:808-818. [PMID: 32592233 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We isolated the transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 2 (Tmco2) gene using a polymerase chain reaction-based subtraction technique. Tmco2 is predominantly expressed in rat testes starting from 4 weeks of age. Rat TMCO2 consists of 187 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 20.6 kDa. When expressed in COS7 cells, TMCO2 was found as vesicle-like structures in the cytoplasm, whereas TMCO2ΔTM lacking the transmembrane (TM) region was found diffused in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that the TM region in TMCO2 is essential for its specificity of localization. Immunocytochemical analyzes indicated that rat TMCO2 was localized as small semiluminate bodies or cap-like structures in the vicinity of round spermatid nuclei and as curved lines associated with nuclei of elongated spermatids and caput epididymal spermatozoa. However, it was detected in only a small part of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Double immunolabeling of the spermatids and spermatozoa with the anti-TMCO2 antibody and the monoclonal anti-MN7 antibody showed that TMCO2 was predominantly associated with the inner acrosomal membrane in spermatids and caput epididymal spermatozoa. Our findings suggest that TMCO2 might be involved in the process of acrosome biogenesis, especially binding of acrosome to a nucleus, during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takane Kaneko
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Toh
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izumi Mochida
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwamori
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Teves ME, Roldan ERS, Krapf D, Strauss III JF, Bhagat V, Sapao P. Sperm Differentiation: The Role of Trafficking of Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3702. [PMID: 32456358 PMCID: PMC7279445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm differentiation encompasses a complex sequence of morphological changes that takes place in the seminiferous epithelium. In this process, haploid round spermatids undergo substantial structural and functional alterations, resulting in highly polarized sperm. Hallmark changes during the differentiation process include the formation of new organelles, chromatin condensation and nuclear shaping, elimination of residual cytoplasm, and assembly of the sperm flagella. To achieve these transformations, spermatids have unique mechanisms for protein trafficking that operate in a coordinated fashion. Microtubules and filaments of actin are the main tracks used to facilitate the transport mechanisms, assisted by motor and non-motor proteins, for delivery of vesicular and non-vesicular cargos to specific sites. This review integrates recent findings regarding the role of protein trafficking in sperm differentiation. Although a complete characterization of the interactome of proteins involved in these temporal and spatial processes is not yet known, we propose a model based on the current literature as a framework for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA;
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Krapf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Jerome F. Strauss III
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA;
| | - Virali Bhagat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA;
| | - Paulene Sapao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, 23298, USA;
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Schaschl H, Wallner B. Population-specific, recent positive directional selection suggests adaptation of human male reproductive genes to different environmental conditions. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:27. [PMID: 32054438 PMCID: PMC7020506 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent human transcriptomic analyses revealed a very large number of testis-enriched genes, many of which are involved in spermatogenesis. This comprehensive transcriptomic data lead us to the question whether positive selection was a decisive force influencing the evolution and variability of testis-enriched genes in humans. We used two methodological approaches to detect different levels of positive selection, namely episodic positive diversifying selection (i.e., past selection) in the human lineage within primate phylogeny, potentially driven by sperm competition, and recent positive directional selection in contemporary human populations, which would indicate adaptation to different environments. Results In the human lineage (after correction for multiple testing) we found that only the gene TULP2, for which no functional data are yet available, is subject to episodic positive diversifying selection. Using less stringent statistical criteria (uncorrected p-values), also the gene SPATA16, which has a pivotal role in male fertility and for which episodes of adaptive evolution have been suggested, also displays a putative signal of diversifying selection in the human branch. At the same time, we found evidence for recent positive directional selection acting on several human testis-enriched genes (MORC1, SLC9B1, ROPN1L, DMRT1, PLCZ1, RNF17, FAM71D and WBP2NL) that play important roles in human spermatogenesis and fertilization. Most of these genes are population-specifically under positive selection. Conclusion Episodic diversifying selection, possibly driven by sperm competition, was not an important force driving the evolution of testis-enriched genes in the human lineage. Population-specific, recent positive directional selection suggests an adaptation of male reproductive genes to different environmental conditions. Positive selection acts on eQTLS and sQTLs, indicating selective effects on important gene regulatory functions. In particular, the transcriptional diversity regulated by sQTLs in testis-enriched genes may be important for spermatocytes to respond to environmental and physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schaschl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Yamase K, Tanigawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka H, Komiya T. Mouse TMCO5 is localized to the manchette microtubules involved in vesicle transfer in the elongating spermatids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220917. [PMID: 31393949 PMCID: PMC6687282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of a high-throughput in situ hybridization screening for adult mouse testes, we found that the mRNA for Tmco5 is expressed in round and elongating spermatids. Tmco5 belongs to the Tmco (Transmembrane and coiled-coil domains) gene family and has a coiled-coil domain in the N-terminal and a transmembrane domain in the C-terminal region. A monoclonal antibody raised against recombinant TMCO5 revealed that the protein is expressed exclusively in the elongating spermatids of step 9 to 12 and is localized to the manchette, a transiently emerging construction, which predominantly consists of cytoskeleton microtubules and actin filaments. This structure serves in the transport of Golgi-derived non-acrosomal vesicles. Moreover, induced expression of TMCO5 in CHO cells resulted in the co-localization of TMCO5 with β-tubulin besides the reorganization of the Golgi apparatus. Judging from the results and considering the domain structure of TMCO5, we assume that Tmco5 may have a role in vesicle transport along the manchette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Yamase
- Department of Biological Function, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanigawa
- Department of Biological Function, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Function, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tohru Komiya
- Department of Biological Function, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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