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Xu T, Pan Y, Ding Q, Cao F, Chang K, Qiu J, Zhuge H, Hao L, Wei H, Si C, Dou X, Li S. The micro-743a-3p-GSTM1 pathway is an endogenous protective mechanism against alcohol-related liver disease in mice. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:35. [PMID: 38475733 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological evidence suggests that the phenotype of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), a hepatic high-expressed phase II detoxification enzyme, is closely associated with the incidence of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). However, whether and how hepatic GSTM1 determines the development of ALD is largely unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the role and potential mechanism(s) of hepatic GSTM1 in the pathological process of ALD. METHODS GSTM1 was detected in the liver of various ALD mice models and cultured hepatocytes. Liver-specific GSTM1 or/and micro (miR)-743a-3p deficiency mice were generated by adenoassociated virus-8 delivered shRNA, respectively. The potential signal pathways involving in alcohol-regulated GSTM1 and GSTM1-associated ALD were explored via both genetic manipulation and pharmacological approaches. RESULTS GSTM1 was significantly upregulated in both chronic alcohol-induced mice liver and ethanol-exposed murine primary hepatocytes. Alcohol-reduced miR-743a-3p directly contributed to the upregulation of GSTM1, since liver specific silencing miR-743a-3p enhanced GSTM1 and miR-743a-3p loss protected alcohol-induced liver dysfunctions, which was significantly blocked by GSTM1 knockdown. GSTM1 loss robustly aggravated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and early fibrotic-like changes, which was associated with the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. GSTM1 antagonized ASK1 phosphorylation and its downstream JNK/p38 signaling pathway upon chronic alcohol consumption via binding with ASK1. ASK1 blockage significantly rescued hepatic GSTM1 loss-enhanced disorders in alcohol-fed mice liver. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol consumption-induced upregulation of GSTM1 in the liver provides a feedback protection against hepatic steatosis and liver injury by counteracting ASK1 activation. Down-regulation of miR-743a-3p improves alcohol intake-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury via direct targeting on GSTM1. The miR-743a-3p-GSTM1 axis functions as an innate protective pathway to defend the early stage of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Pan
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinchao Ding
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiwei Cao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixin Chang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Qiu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhuge
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyi Hao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Wei
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijuan Si
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Liu A, Li X, Zhou L, Yan X, Xia N, Song Z, Cao J, Hao Z, Zhang Z, Liang R, Zhang H. BPDE-DNA adduct formation and alterations of mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 induced by benzo[a]pyrene and the intervention of aspirin in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:106549-106561. [PMID: 37730975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), one typical environmental pollutant, the toxicity mechanisms, and potential prevention remain perplexing. Available evidence suggests cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) metabolize B[a]P, resulting in metabolic activation and detoxification of B[a]P. This study aimed to reveal the impact of B[a]P exposure on trans-7,8-diol-anti-9,10-epoxide DNA (BPDE-DNA) adduct formation, level of CYP1A1, glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) and glutathione S-transferase mu1 (GSTM1) mRNA, protein and DNA methylation in mice, and the potential prevention of aspirin (ASP). This study firstly determined the BPDE-DNA adduct formation in an acute toxicity test of a large dose in mice induced by B[a]P, which subsequently detected CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 at levels of mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation in the organs of mice in a subacute toxicity test at appropriate doses and the potential prevention of ASP, using the methods of real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR), western blotting, and real-time methylation-specific PCR (MSP), respectively. The results verified that B[a]P induced the formation of BPDE-DNA adduct in all the organs of mice in an acute toxicity test, and the order of concentration of which was lung > kidney > liver > brain. In a subacute toxicity test, following B[a]P treatment, mice showed a dose-dependent slowdown in body weight gain and abnormalities in behavioral and cognitive function and which were alleviated by ASP co-treatment. Compared to the controls, following B[a]P treatment, CYP1A1 was significantly induced in all organs in mice at mRNA level (P < 0.05), was suppressed in the lung and cerebrum of mice at protein level, and inhibited at DNA methylation level in the liver, lung, and cerebrum, whereas GSTP1 and GSTM1 at mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation levels showed organ-specific changes in mice following B[a]P treatment, which was generally alleviated by ASP intervention. In conclusion, B[a]P induced BPDE-DNA adduct formation in all organs in mice and altered the mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation levels in CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in an organ-dependent pattern, which could be related to the organ toxicity and mechanism of B[a]P. ASP intervention may be an effective measure to prevent B[a]P toxicity. The findings provide scientific evidence for further study on the organ toxicity and mechanisms of B[a]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Department of Health Information Management, Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Taiyuan, 030003, Shanxi, China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhanfei Song
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongsuo Hao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Gan M, Jing Y, Xie Z, Ma J, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Li X, Zhu L, Shen L. Potential Function of Testicular MicroRNAs in Heat-Stress-Induced Spermatogenesis Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108809. [PMID: 37240155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is temperature-dependent, and the increase in testicular temperature seriously affects mammalian spermatogenesis and semen quality. In this study, the testicular heat stress model of mice was made with a 43 °C water bath for 25 min, and the effects of heat stress on semen quality and spermatogenesis-related regulators were analyzed. On the 7th day after heat stress, testis weight shrank to 68.45% and sperm density dropped to 33.20%. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that 98 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 369 mRNAs were down-regulated, while 77 miRNAs and 1424 mRNAs were up-regulated after heat stress. Through gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes and miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks, it was found that heat stress may be involved in the regulation of testicular atrophy and spermatogenesis disorders by affecting cell meiosis process and cell cycle. In addition, through functional enrichment analysis, co-expression regulatory network, correlation analysis and in vitro experiment, it was found that miR-143-3p may be a representative potential key regulatory factor affecting spermatogenesis under heat stress. In summary, our results enrich the understanding of miRNAs in testicular heat stress and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of heat-stress-induced spermatogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunhong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Wang S, Ma J, Qiu H, Liu S, Zhang S, Liu H, Zhang P, Ge RL, Li G, Cui S. Plasma exosomal microRNA expression profiles in patients with high-altitude polycythemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2023; 98:102707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2022.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu A, Li X, Hao Z, Cao J, Li H, Sun M, Zhang Z, Liang R, Zhang H. Alterations of DNA methylation and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:127-138. [PMID: 35193440 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211069233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a known human carcinogen and plays a major function in the initiation of lung cancer at its first proximity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are less well understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of B[a]P treatment on the DNA methylation and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBEs), and provide scientific evidence for the mechanism study on the carcinogenesis of B[a]P. We treated 16HBEs with DMSO or concentrations of B[a]P at 1, 2, and 5 mmol/L for 24 h, observed the morphological changes, determined the cell viability, DNA methylation, and mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1. Compared to the DMSO controls, B[a]P treatment had significantly increased the neoplastic cell number and cell viability in 16HBEs at all three doses (1, 2, and 5 mmol/L), and had significantly reduced the CYP1A1 and GSTP1 DNA promoter methylation levels. Following B[a]P treatment, the GSTM1 promoter methylation level in 16HBEs was profoundly reduced at low dose group compared to the DMSO controls, yet it was significantly increased at both middle and high dose groups. The mRNA levels of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 were significantly decreased in 16HBEs following B[a]P treatment at all three doses. The findings demonstrate that B[a]P promoted cell proliferation in 16HBEs, which was possibly related to the altered DNA methylations and the inhibited mRNA levels in CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Health Information Management, 74648Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 442190Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongsuo Hao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Asadpour R, Mofidi Chelan E. Using microRNAs as molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of male infertility. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14298. [PMID: 34738652 DOI: 10.1111/and.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a multiplex disorder in the reproductive system, and men are responsible for more than half of the cases. Nowadays, semen analysis has been considered the critical assessment test to diagnose infertile men; however, it has limitations so that the cause behind infertility in 40% of infertile men is unrevealed. Weaknesses of semen assessment indicate a global need for novel and better diagnostic tools and biomarkers. MicroRNAs are short (about 18-22 nucleotide length) non-coding RNAs that control most (>60%) of our protein-coding genes post-transcriptionally. These molecules are aberrant in the body fluids, and abnormal alterations in their expression level can signify a specific disease such as infertility. Therefore, microRNAs can be novel candidate biomarkers that can diagnose different types of male infertility, including azoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia. This narrative review aimed to collect and sum up new papers published about the significant role of microRNAs in different male infertility categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Asadpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mofidi Chelan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Turri F, Capra E, Lazzari B, Cremonesi P, Stella A, Pizzi F. A Combined Flow Cytometric Semen Analysis and miRNA Profiling as a Tool to Discriminate Between High- and Low-Fertility Bulls. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:703101. [PMID: 34355036 PMCID: PMC8329915 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.703101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting bull fertility is one of the main challenges for the dairy breeding industry and artificial insemination (AI) centers. Semen evaluation performed in the AI center is not fully reliable to determine the level of bull fertility. Spermatozoa are rich in active miRNA. Specific sperm-borne miRNAs can be linked to fertility. The aim of our study is to propose a combined flow cytometric analysis and miRNA profiling of semen bulls with different fertility to identify markers that can be potentially used for the prediction of field fertility. Sperm functions were analyzed in frozen-thawed semen doses (CG: control group) and high-quality sperm (HQS) fraction collected from bulls with different field fertility levels (estimated relative conception rate or ERCR) by using advanced techniques, such as the computer-assisted semen analysis system, flow cytometry, and small RNA-sequencing. Fertility groups differ for total and progressive motility and in the abnormality degree of the chromatin structure (P < 0.05). A backward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis was applied to define a model with high relation between in vivo (e.g., ERCR) and in vitro (i.e., semen quality and DE-miRNA) fertility data. The analysis produced two models that accounted for more than 78% of the variation of ERCR (CG: R2 = 0.88; HQS: R2 = 0.78), identifying a suitable combination of parameters useful to predict bull fertility. The predictive equation on CG samples included eight variables: four kinetic parameters and four DNA integrity indicators. For the HQS fraction, the predictive equation included five variables: three kinetic parameters and two DNA integrity indicators. A significant relationship was observed between real and predicted fertility in CG (R2 = 0.88) and HQS fraction (R2 = 0.82). We identified 15 differentially expressed miRNAs between high- and low-fertility bulls, nine of which are known (miR-2285n, miR-378, miR-423-3p, miR-191, miR-2904, miR-378c, miR-431, miR-486, miR-2478) while the remaining are novel. The multidimensional preference analysis model partially separates bulls according to their fertility, clustering three semen quality variable groups relative to motility, DNA integrity, and viability. A positive association between field fertility, semen quality parameters, and specific miRNAs was revealed. The integrated approach could provide a model for bull selection in AI centers, increasing the reproductive efficiency of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turri
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
| | - Barbara Lazzari
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
| | - Flavia Pizzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Lodi, Italy
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