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Ou LP, Liu YJ, Qiu ST, Yang C, Tang JX, Li XY, Liu HF, Ye ZN. Glutaminolysis is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:2789-2807. [PMID: 39072347 PMCID: PMC11283263 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s471711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming contributes to the progression and prognosis of various kidney diseases. Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and participates in more metabolic processes than other amino acids. Altered glutamine metabolism is a prominent feature in different kidney diseases. Glutaminolysis converts glutamine into the TCA cycle metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate, via a cascade of enzymatic reactions. This metabolic pathway plays pivotal roles in inflammation, maladaptive repair, cell survival and proliferation, redox homeostasis, and immune regulation. Given the crucial role of glutaminolysis in bioenergetics and anaplerotic fluxes in kidney pathogenesis, studies on this cascade could provide a better understanding of kidney diseases, thus inspiring the development of potential methods for targeted therapy. Emerging evidence has shown that targeting glutaminolysis is a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating kidney disease. In this narrative review, equation including keywords related to glutamine, glutaminolysis and kidney are subjected to an exhaustive search on Pubmed database, we identified all relevant articles published before 1 April, 2024. Afterwards, we summarize the regulation of glutaminolysis in major kidney diseases and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we highlight therapeutic strategies targeting glutaminolysis and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Ou
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Tong Qiu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- Institute of Nephrology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
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Li J, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Zhu P, Yin T, Wan Q. Metabonomic analysis of follicular fluid in patients with diminished ovarian reserve. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132621. [PMID: 36923223 PMCID: PMC10009106 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian reserve is an important factor determining female reproductive potential. The number and quality of oocytes in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) are reduced, and even if in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is used to assist their pregnancy, the clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate are still low. Infertility caused by reduced ovarian reserve is still one of the most difficult clinical problems in the field of reproduction. Follicular fluid is the microenvironment for oocyte survival, and the metabolic characteristics of follicular fluid can be obtained by metabolomics technology. By analyzing the metabolic status of follicular fluid, we hope to find the metabolic factors that affect the quality of oocytes and find new diagnostic markers to provide clues for early detection and intervention of patients with DOR. METHODS In this research, 26 infertile women with DOR and 28 volunteers with normal ovarian reserve receiving IVF/ET were recruited, and their follicular fluid samples were collected for a nontargeted metabonomic study. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model was used to understand the separation trend of the two groups, KEGG was used to analyze the possible metabolic pathways involved in differential metabolites, and the random forest algorithm was used to establish the diagnostic model. RESULTS 12 upregulated and 32 downregulated differential metabolites were detected by metabolic analysis, mainly including amino acids, indoles, nucleosides, organic acids, steroids, phospholipids, fatty acyls, and organic oxygen compounds. Through KEGG analysis, these metabolites were mainly involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and purine metabolism. The AUC value of the diagnostic model based on the top 10 metabolites was 0.9936. CONCLUSION The follicular fluid of patients with DOR shows unique metabolic characteristics. These data can provide us with rich biochemical information and a research basis for exploring the pathogenesis of DOR and predicting ovarian reserve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhourui Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiqiu Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pujia Zhu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tailang Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Tailang Yin, ; Qiongqiong Wan,
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Tailang Yin, ; Qiongqiong Wan,
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Seo H, Kramer AC, McLendon BA, Cain JW, Burghardt RC, Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA. Elongating porcine conceptuses can utilize Glutaminolysis as an Anaplerotic pathway to maintain the TCA cycle. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:823-833. [PMID: 35552608 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, the trophectoderm of pig conceptuses utilize glucose via multiple biosynthetic pathways to support elongation and implantation, resulting in limited availability of pyruvate for metabolism via the TCA cycle. Therefore, we hypothesized that porcine trophectoderm cells replenish TCA cycle intermediates via a process known as anaplerosis, and that trophectoderm cells convert glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, a TCA cycle intermediate, through glutaminolysis. Results demonstrate: 1) that expression of glutaminase (GLS) increases in trophectoderm and glutamine synthetase (GLUL) increases in extra-embryonic endoderm of conceptuses, suggesting that extra-embryonic endoderm synthesizes glutamine, and trophectoderm converts glutamine into glutamate; and 2) that expression of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) decreases and expression of aminotransferases including PSAT1 increase in trophectoderm, suggesting that glutaminolysis occurs in the trophectoderm through the GLS-aminotransferase pathway during the peri-implantation period. We then incubated porcine conceptuses with 13C-glutamine in the presence or absence of glucose in the culture media, and then monitored the movement of glutamine-derived carbons through metabolic intermediates within glutaminolysis and the TCA cycle. The accumulation of 13C-labeled carbons significantly increased in glutamate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate, citrate, and aspartate in the absence of glucose in the media. Collectively, our results indicate that during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, the proliferating and migrating trophectoderm cells of elongating porcine conceptuses utilize glutamine via glutaminolysis as an alternate carbon source to maintain TCA cycle flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Avery C Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Bryan A McLendon
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Joe W Cain
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Greg A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Chen PR, Lucas CG, Cecil RF, Pfeiffer CA, Fudge MA, Samuel MS, Zigo M, Seo H, Spate LD, Whitworth KM, Sutovsky P, Johnson GA, Wells KD, Geisert RD, Prather RS. Disrupting porcine glutaminase does not block preimplantation development and elongation nor decrease mTORC1 activation in conceptuses†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1104-1113. [PMID: 34453429 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation of pig conceptuses is a dynamic process, requiring adequate nutrient provisions. Glutamine is used as an energy substrate and is involved in the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) during porcine preimplantation development. However, the roles of glutamine have not been extensively studied past the blastocyst stage. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine if glutaminase (GLS), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in glutamine metabolism, was necessary for conceptus elongation to proceed and was involved in mTORC1 activation. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to induce loss-of-function mutations in the GLS gene of porcine fetal fibroblasts. Wild type (GLS+/+) and knockout (GLS-/-) fibroblasts were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and GLS+/+ and GLS-/- blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into surrogates. On day 14 of gestation, GLS+/+ conceptuses primarily demonstrated filamentous morphologies, and GLS-/- conceptuses exhibited spherical, ovoid, tubular, and filamentous morphologies. Thus, GLS-/- embryos were able to elongate despite the absence of GLS protein and minimal enzyme activity. Furthermore, spherical GLS-/- conceptuses had increased abundance of transcripts related to glutamine and glutamate metabolism and transport compared to filamentous conceptuses of either genotype. Differences in phosphorylation of mTORC1 components and targets were not detected regarding conceptus genotype or morphology, but abundance of two transcriptional targets of mTORC1, cyclin D1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was increased in spherical conceptuses. Therefore, porcine GLS is not essential for conceptus elongation and is not required for mTORC1 activation at this developmental timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Fudge
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Chen PR, Redel BK, Kerns KC, Spate LD, Prather RS. Challenges and Considerations during In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102770. [PMID: 34685749 PMCID: PMC8535139 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs have become valuable tools for generating advances in animal agriculture and human medicine. Importantly, in vitro production and manipulation of embryos is an essential step in the process of creating porcine models. As the in vitro environment is still suboptimal, it is imperative to examine the porcine embryo culture system from several angles to identify methods for improvement. Understanding metabolic characteristics of porcine embryos and considering comparisons with other mammalian species is useful for optimizing culture media formulations. Furthermore, stressors arising from the environment and maternal or paternal factors must be taken into consideration to produce healthy embryos in vitro. In this review, we progress stepwise through in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture in pigs to assess the status of current culture systems and address points where improvements can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Karl C. Kerns
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lee D. Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chen PR, Lucas CG, Spate LD, Prather RS. Glutaminolysis is involved in the activation of mTORC1 in in vitro-produced porcine embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:490-499. [PMID: 34075648 PMCID: PMC8361685 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine supplementation to porcine embryo culture medium improves development, increases leucine consumption, and enhances mitochondrial activity. In cancer cells, glutamine has been implicated in the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to support rapid proliferation. The objective of this study was to determine if glutamine metabolism, known as glutaminolysis, was involved in mTORC1 activation in porcine embryos. Culture with 3.75 mM GlutaMAX improved development to the blastocyst stage compared to culture with 1 mM GlutaMAX, and culture with 0 mM GlutaMAX decreased development compared to all groups with GlutaMAX. Ratios of phosphorylated to total MTOR were increased when embryos were cultured with 3.75 or 10 mM GlutaMAX, which was enhanced by the absence of leucine, but ratios for RPS6K were unchanged. As another indicator of mTORC1 activation, colocalization of MTOR and a lysosomal marker was increased in embryos cultured with 3.75 or 10 mM GlutaMAX in the absence of leucine. Culturing embryos with glutaminase inhibitors decreased development and the ratio of phosphorylated to total MTOR, indicating reduced activation of the complex. Therefore, glutaminolysis is involved in the activation of mTORC1 in porcine embryos, but further studies are needed to characterize downstream effects on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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