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Zhang B, Mathoor A, Junkers T. High Throughput Multidimensional Kinetic Screening in Continuous Flow Reactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308838. [PMID: 37537139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
An automated high throughput multidimensional reaction screening platform based on an inline Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is presented. By combining flow chemistry, machine automation and inline analysis, the platform is able to screen reactions in multidimensions (residence time, monomer concentration, degree of polymerization, reaction temperature and monomer conversion) rapidly and efficiently way. Kinetic data libraries associated with high data precision (absolute error <4 %), high reproducibility and high data density are built with ease from the platform. To test the method, we screened the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of methyl acrylate in unmatched detail, and the ring opening metathesis polymerization of methyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate. The method we introduce is a key step in providing "big data" for data driven research in the future, and already at present allows for precise prediction of reaction outcomes within the high-dimensional chemical parameter space that is screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Polymer Reaction Design group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC-3800, Australia
| | - Ansila Mathoor
- Polymer Reaction Design group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC-3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23, Clayton, VIC-3800, Australia
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2
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Patterson SBH, Wong R, Barker G, Vilela F. Advances in continuous polymer analysis in flow with application towards biopolymers. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiopolymers, polymers derived from renewable biomass sources, have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential to replace traditional petroleum-based polymers in a range of applications. Among the many advantages of biopolymers can be included their biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and availability from renewable feedstock. However, the development of biopolymers has been limited by a lack of understanding of their properties and processing behaviours. Continuous analysis techniques have the potential to hasten progress in this area by providing real-time insights into the properties and processing of biopolymers. Significant research in polymer chemistry has focused on petroleum-derived polymers and has thus provided a wealth of synthetic and analytical methodologies which may be applied to the biopolymer field. Of particular note is the application of flow technology in polymer science and its implications for accelerating progress towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based polymers. In this mini review we have outlined several of the most prominent use cases for biopolymers along with the current state-of-the art in continuous analysis of polymers in flow, including defining and differentiating atline, inline, online and offline analysis. We have found several examples for continuous flow analysis which have direct application to the biopolymer field, and we demonstrate an atline continuous polymer analysis method using size exclusion chromatography.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Eisele NF, Peters M, Koszinowski K. Live Monitoring of Anionic Living Polymerizations by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203762. [PMID: 36596722 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anionic polymerizations are of exceptional practical importance, but difficult to analyze due to the high reactivity of the growing polymer chains. Here, we demonstrate that electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) permits direct observation of the active carbanionic intermediates formed in the anionic ring-opening polymerization of 1-cyanocyclopropanecarboxylate in tetrahydrofuran. This includes the identification of a side product, as well as real-time analysis of the polymerization reaction. From the mass spectra obtained, we can derive not only the mean molar mass and the polydispersity, but also the rate constants for the initiation and the individual propagation steps. The initiation proceeds significantly faster than the propagation steps. Accordingly, the examined reaction corresponds to a living polymerization, as we also confirmed by additional control experiments. Besides giving detailed insight into the reaction system probed here, we also expect the presented methodology to make possible the in-situ analysis of further anionic polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas F Eisele
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Peters
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Szymaszek P, Tomal W, Świergosz T, Kamińska-Borek I, Popielarz R, Ortyl J. Review of quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring photopolymerization reactions. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Authomatic in-situ monitoring and characterization of photopolymerization.
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5
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Kreyenschmidt F, Eisele NF, Hevelke V, Rahrt R, Kreyenschmidt A, Koszinowski K. In-Situ Analysis of Anionic Coordination Polymerizations by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210211. [PMID: 35977914 PMCID: PMC9828445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anionic coordination polymerizations proceed via highly reactive intermediates, whose in situ analysis has remained difficult. Here, we show that electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry is a promising method to obtain detailed information on the polymerization process. Focusing on polymerization reactions of 1,3-dienes initiated by CoCl2 /RLi (R=Me, nBu, tBu, Ph), we directly observe the growing polymer chains and characterize the active anionic cobalt centers by gas-phase fragmentation experiments. On the basis of these results, we suggest a plausible mechanism for the polymerization reaction. Moreover, the ESI mass spectra permit the determination of molecular weight distributions, which are in good agreement with those derived from NMR-spectroscopic as well as MALDI mass-spectrometric measurements, and afford a wealth of kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kreyenschmidt
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Niklas F. Eisele
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Valentin Hevelke
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Rene Rahrt
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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6
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Kreyenschmidt F, Eisele NF, Hevelke V, Rahrt R, Kreyenschmidt AK, Koszinowski K. In‐Situ Analysis of Anionic Coordination Polymerizations by Electrospray‐Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kreyenschmidt
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Niklas F. Eisele
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Valentin Hevelke
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Rene Rahrt
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | | | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen GERMANY
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7
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8
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Knox ST, Parkinson SJ, Wilding CYP, Bourne R, Warren NJ. Autonomous polymer synthesis delivered by multi-objective closed-loop optimisation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning for polymer discovery offers an opportunity to meet the drastic need for the next generation high performing and sustainable polymer materials. Here, these...
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9
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Edeleva M, Marien YW, D'hooge DR, Van Steenberge PHM. Exploiting (Multicomponent) Semibatch and Jacket Temperature Procedures to Safely Tune Molecular Properties for Solution Free Radical Polymerization of
n
‐Butyl Acrylate. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE) Ghent University Technologiepark 70A Ghent 9052 Belgium
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10
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Nasresfahani A, Heidarzadeh N, Bygott EG, Hutchinson RA. Stochastic Modeling of Poly(acrylate) Distributions Obtained by Radical Polymerization under High‐Temperature Semi‐Batch Starved‐Feed Conditions: Investigation of Model Predictions versus Experimental Data. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nasresfahani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Dupuis Hall Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Nina Heidarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Dupuis Hall Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Elizabeth G. Bygott
- Department of Chemical Engineering Dupuis Hall Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering Dupuis Hall Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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11
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Basuri P, Das S, Jenifer SK, Jana SK, Pradeep T. Microdroplet Impact-Induced Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MISI MS) for Online Reaction Monitoring and Bacteria Discrimination. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:355-363. [PMID: 33200609 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplet impact-induced spray ionization (MISI) is demonstrated involving the impact of microdroplets produced from a paper and their impact on another, leading to the ionization of analytes deposited on the latter. This cascaded process is more advantageous in comparison to standard spray ionization as it performs reactions and ionization simultaneously in the absence of high voltage directly applied on the sample. In MISI, we apply direct current (DC) potential only to the terminal paper, used as the primary ion source. Charge transfer due to microdroplet/ion deposition on the flowing analyte solution on the second surface generates secondary charged microdroplets from it carrying the analytes, which ionize and get detected by a mass spectrometer. In this way, up to three cascaded spray sources could be assembled in series. We show the detection of small molecules and proteins in such ionization events. MISI provides a method to understand chemical reactions by droplet impact. The C-C bond formation reactions catalyzed by palladium and alkali metal ion encapsulation using crown ether were studied as our model reactions. To demonstrate the application of our ion source in a bioanalytical context, we studied the noninvasive in situ discrimination of bacteria samples under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Subhashree Das
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Shantha Kumar Jenifer
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sourav Kanti Jana
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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12
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Edeleva M, Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Jacket temperature regulation allowing well-defined non-adiabatic lab-scale solution free radical polymerization of acrylates. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional batch solution free radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate with thermal initiators such as AIBN is known to be strongly exothermic and influenced by highly activated side reactions such as backbiting and β-scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
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13
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Edeleva M, Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Impact of side reactions on molar mass distribution, unsaturation level and branching density in solution free radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate under well-defined lab-scale reactor conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the influence of side reactions in isothermal solution free-radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate accounting for chain-length dependent diffusional limitations on termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
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14
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Zaquen N, Rubens M, Corrigan N, Xu J, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C, Junkers T. Polymer Synthesis in Continuous Flow Reactors. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Rubens M, Van Herck J, Junkers T. Automated Polymer Synthesis Platform for Integrated Conversion Targeting Based on Inline Benchtop NMR. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1437-1441. [PMID: 35651185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated polymer synthesis platform based on an inline low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is developed. Flow chemistry and automated inline analyses are an excellent combination for automated kinetic screening and for self-optimizing reactions with programmable conversion targeting. By monitoring monomer conversion over a continuous range of reactor residence times, the platform is able to construct kinetic profiles of polymerizations in an accurate and efficient way. The machine-assisted self-optimization routine allows the reaction to be stopped at any given preselected conversion, giving rise to unprecedented reproducibility in polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joren Van Herck
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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16
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Zaquen N, Haven JJ, Rubens M, Altintas O, Bohländer P, Offenloch JT, Barner‐Kowollik C, Junkers T. Exploring the Photochemical Reactivity of Multifunctional Photocaged Dienes in Continuous Flow. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neomy Zaquen
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
| | - Ozcan Altintas
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peggy Bohländer
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Janin T. Offenloch
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of ChemistryPhysics and Mechanical EngineeringQueensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitut für Technische und PolymerchemieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC)Universiteit Hasselt Agoralaan Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
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17
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Rubens M, Vrijsen JH, Laun J, Junkers T. Precise Polymer Synthesis by Autonomous Self‐Optimizing Flow Reactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3183-3187. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
| | | | - Joachim Laun
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
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18
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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19
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5170-5189. [PMID: 30066456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry to polymer and material science has led to the development of complex yet efficient systems for polymerization, polymer post-functionalization, and advanced materials production. Using light to activate chemical reaction pathways in these systems not only leads to exquisite control over reaction dynamics, but also allows complex synthetic protocols to be easily achieved. Compared to polymerization systems mediated by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical means, photoinduced polymerization systems can potentially offer more versatile methods for macromolecular synthesis. We highlight the utility of light as an energy source for mediating photopolymerization, and present some promising examples of systems which are advancing materials production through their exploitation of photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Haven JJ, Junkers T. Quasi-monodisperse polymer libraries via flash column chromatography: correlating dispersity with glass transition. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01603h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quasi-monodisperse (Đ = 1.005–1.040) poly(methyl) acrylate (PMA) polymer libraries are obtained via flash column chromatography separation of disperse (Đ = 1.130) PMA. The influence of dispersity on the glass transition is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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21
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Shirali Zadeh N, Cooze MJ, Barr NR, Hutchinson RA. An efficient process for the Cu(0)-mediated synthesis and subsequent chain extension of poly(methyl acrylate) macroinitiator. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A process combining a continuous tubular and a semi-batch reactor is established as an efficient method for the synthesis of block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan J. Cooze
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dupuis Hall
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Nathaniel R. Barr
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dupuis Hall
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dupuis Hall
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
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22
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Drache M, Stehle M, Mätzig J, Brandl K, Jungbluth M, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A, Beuermann S. Identification of β scission products from free radical polymerizations of butyl acrylate at high temperature. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated low molar mass species were identified via ESI-MS after fractionation of poly(butyl acrylate) from high temperature radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Drache
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Maria Stehle
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Jonas Mätzig
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Katrin Brandl
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Marcel Jungbluth
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Clausthal University of Technology
- Institute of Technical Chemistry
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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23
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Rubens M, Vrijsen JH, Laun J, Junkers T. Precise Polymer Synthesis by Autonomous Self‐Optimizing Flow Reactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
| | | | - Joachim Laun
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design GroupSchool of ChemistryMonash University 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
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24
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Haven JJ, Junkers T. Mapping Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization Products via Online Microreactor/Mass Spectrometry Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1228. [PMID: 30961153 PMCID: PMC6290620 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoates (CPDB)-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was monitored by online flow microreactor/mass spectrometry. This enabled the reactions to be followed in a time-resolved manner, closely resolving product patterns in the reaction mixtures at any point in time. RAFT polymerization was investigated for low RAFT to monomer ratios, enabling the monitoring of the early stages of a typical RAFT polymerization. The expected transition from pre- to the RAFT main equilibrium is observed. However, very high abundancies for cross-termination products were also identified, both in the pre- and main equilibrium stage. This is a somewhat surprising result as such products have always been expected, but to date have not been observed in the majority of studies. Product isolation and NMR analysis revealed that cross-termination occurs in the para position of the benzoate ring and becomes fully irreversible via re-aromatization of the ring in a H-shift reaction. The present data suggest a pronounced chain-length dependence of the cross-termination reaction, which would explain why the products are seen here, but not in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
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25
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Lauterbach F, Rubens M, Abetz V, Junkers T. Ultraschnelle Photo-RAFT-Blockcopolymerisation von Isopren und Styrol im kontinuierlichen Flussreaktor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lauterbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; School of Chemistry; Monash University; 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australien
- Hasselt University; Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgien
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
- Institut für Polymerforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; School of Chemistry; Monash University; 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australien
- Hasselt University; Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgien
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26
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Lauterbach F, Rubens M, Abetz V, Junkers T. Ultrafast PhotoRAFT Block Copolymerization of Isoprene and Styrene Facilitated through Continuous-Flow Operation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14260-14264. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lauterbach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; School of Chemistry; Monash University; 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
- Hasselt University; Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; School of Chemistry; Monash University; 19 Rainforest Walk, Building 23 Clayton Vic 3800 Australia
- Hasselt University; Martelarenlaan 42 3500 Hasselt Belgium
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC division IMOMEC; Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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28
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Baeten E, Haven JJ, Junkers T. RAFT multiblock reactor telescoping: from monomers to tetrablock copolymers in a continuous multistage reactor cascade. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined multiblock copolymers were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization in a fully continuous multireactor cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Baeten
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
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