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López‐Domínguez P, Ríos‐López M, Rivera‐Peláez JE, Barragán‐Aroche JF, Vivaldo‐Lima E. Modelling of polymerization kinetics and molar mass development in the nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (
NMP
) of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide using the
PC‐SAFT
equation of state. CAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López‐Domínguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140 Saltillo 25294 Mexico
| | - Marlene Ríos‐López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rivera‐Peláez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - José Fernando Barragán‐Aroche
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo‐Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
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Evolution of Molar Mass Distributions Using a Method of Partial Moments: Initiation of RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225013. [PMID: 36433139 PMCID: PMC9696826 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a method of partial moments devised for accurate simulation of the time/conversion evolution of polymer composition and molar mass. Expressions were derived that enable rigorous evaluation of the complete molar mass and composition distribution for shorter chain lengths (e.g., degree of polymerization, Xn = N < 200 units) while longer chains (Xn ≥ 200 units) are not neglected, rather they are explicitly considered in terms of partial moments of the molar mass distribution, μxN(P)=∑n=N+1∞nx[Pn] (where P is a polymeric species and n is its’ chain length). The methodology provides the exact molar mass distribution for chains Xn < N, allows accurate calculation of the overall molar mass averages, the molar mass dispersity and standard deviations of the distributions, provides closure to what would otherwise be an infinite series of differential equations, and reduces the stiffness of the system. The method also allows for the inclusion of the chain length dependence of the rate coefficients associated with the various reaction steps (in particular, termination and propagation) and the various side reactions that may complicate initiation or initialization. The method is particularly suited for the detailed analysis of the low molar mass portion of molar mass distributions of polymers formed by radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and is relevant to designing the RAFT-synthesis of sequence-defined polymers. In this paper, we successfully apply the method to compare the behavior of thermally initiated (with an added dialkyldiazene initiator) and photo-initiated (with a RAFT agent as a direct photo-iniferter) RAFT-single-unit monomer insertion (RAFT-SUMI) and oligomerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAm).
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Pacheco AAC, da Silva Filho AF, Kortsen K, Hanson-Heine MWD, Taresco V, Hirst JD, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F, Howdle SM. Influence of structure and solubility of chain transfer agents on the RAFT control of dispersion polymerisation in scCO 2. Chem Sci 2021; 12:1016-1030. [PMID: 34163868 PMCID: PMC8179044 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is performed in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) with 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (DDMAT) present as chain transfer agent (CTA) and surprisingly shows good control over PMMA molecular weight. Kinetic studies of the polymerisation in scCO2 also confirm these data. By contrast, only poor control of MMA polymerisation is obtained in toluene solution, as would be expected for this CTA which is better suited for acrylates. In this regard, we select a range of CTAs and use them to determine the parameters that must be considered for good control in dispersion polymerisation in scCO2. A thorough investigation of the nucleation stage during the dispersion polymerisation reveals an unexpected “in situ two-stage” mechanism that strongly determines how the CTA works. Finally, using a novel computational solvation model, we identify a correlation between polymerisation control and degree of solubility of the CTAs. All of this ultimately gives rise to a simple, elegant and counterintuitive guideline to select the best CTA for RAFT dispersion polymerisation in scCO2. RAFT dispersion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate is performed in scCO2 with 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (DDMAT) present as chain transfer agent (CTA) and surprisingly shows good control over PMMA molecular weight.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. C. Pacheco
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Vincenzo Taresco
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Steven M. Howdle
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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López-Domínguez P, Rivera-Peláez JE, Jaramillo-Soto G, Barragán-Aroche JF, Vivaldo-Lima E. Modeling of RAFT polymerization of MMA in supercritical carbon dioxide using the PC-SAFT equation of state. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PC-SAFT equation of state was applied to the study of RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate in supercritical CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rivera-Peláez
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Gabriel Jaramillo-Soto
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
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