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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Characterizing the Molecular Architecture of Hydrogels and Crosslinked Polymer Networks beyond Flory-Rehner. II: Experiments. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1585-1603. [PMID: 36929746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously [Borges, F. T. P. Biomacromolecules 2020, 21(12), 5104-5118] introduced a novel methodology for the characterization of the dimensions and architecture of hydrogel networks that provides more detailed information than the classical Flory-Rehner theory [Canal, T.; Peppas, N. A. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1989, 23, 1183-1193]. In this article, we illustrate our methodology by applying it to the phototerpolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate (EGA), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The experimental design includes 120 formulations using different fractions of the three monomers. Experimental measurements determined the mass swelling ratio and were coupled with theory to compute the internal dimensions of the network. Results demonstrate how the use of a macromeric crosslinker leads to unique network architectures not predicted by classical F-R theory, e.g., the figure shows that the mass between crosslinks predicted by F-R is actually distributed between branches and the backbone. The methodology presented offers a path toward optimizing/customizing hydrogel properties to suit the size and shape of the specific therapeutic targeted for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T P Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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Marouch S, Benbellat N, Duran A, Yilmaz E. Nanoclay- and TiO 2 Nanoparticle-Modified Poly( N-vinyl pyrrolidone) Hydrogels: A Multifunctional Material for Application in Photocatalytic Degradation and Adsorption-Based Removal of Organic Contaminants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35256-35268. [PMID: 36211033 PMCID: PMC9535731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, access to clean water has become increasingly difficult and one of the most important problems for the sustainability of life due to environmental pollution. Based on this thought, in this study, a multifunctional hydrogel nanocomposite (nanoclay@TiO2@PNVP) containing linear poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PNVP), nanoclay, and TiO2 nanoparticles was synthesized and used as an adsorbent and photocatalyst for the adsorption-based and photocatalytic degradation-based removal of organic and pharmaceutical pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and sildenafil citrate (SLD). The modification of the hydrogel with TiO2 nanoparticles and nanoclay aimed to increase the adsorption capacity of the PNVP hydrogel as well as to gain photocatalytic properties for the effective removal of organic contaminants. This hybrid material, which can be cleaned in two different ways, can be reused and recycled at least 10 times. Characterization studies were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and viscosimetry techniques. Optimization studies for the adsorption-based removal of organic contaminants were carried out on MB and SLD as model organic compounds. The optimum parameters for MB were found at pH 10 of the sample solution when 50 mg of the nanoclay@TiO2@PNVP hydrogel nanocomposite was used for 420 min of contact time. It was observed that 99% of the MB was photocatalytically degraded within 150 min at pH 10. Our material had multifunctional applicability properties, showing high adsorption and photocatalytic performances over 99% for at least 10 times of use. For the removal of organic and pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater, the synthesized material can be used in two treatment processes separately or in combination in one step, providing an important advantage for its usability in environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabil Marouch
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (LCCE), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Matter Sciences, Batna-1 University, 05000 Batna, Algeria
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, ERNAM Erciyes
University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Noura Benbellat
- Laboratory
of Chemistry of Materials and Living: Activity & Reactivity (LCMVAR),
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Matter Sciences, Batna-1 University, 05000 Batna, Algeria
| | - Ali Duran
- Department
of Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, 38080 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (LCCE), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Matter Sciences, Batna-1 University, 05000 Batna, Algeria
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology
Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Characterizing the Molecular Architecture of Hydrogels and Crosslinked Polymer Networks beyond Flory-Rehner-I. Theory. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5104-5118. [PMID: 33253542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1940s, Paul Flory and John Rehner published a series of papers on the properties of swellable polymeric networks. Originally intended for vulcanized rubber, their development has since been extensively used and extended to much more complex systems, such as hydrogels, and used to estimate the mesh size of such networks. In this article, we take a look at the development of the Flory-Rehner equation and highlight several issues that arise when using such a theory for the described hydrogel networks. We then propose a new approach and equations to accurately calculate the backbone molecular weight in-between crosslinks while explicitly accounting for the molecular mass of the crosslinker and branch segments. The approach also provides more applicable mesh dimensions, for complex networks with macromeric crosslinkers and/or a high degree of branching, as is the case of biocompatible hydrogels. The approach is finally illustrated by a case study comparing the values obtained with our proposed approach to those using the state-of-the-art approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T P Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Synthesis of Polyphosphate-Loaded Nanoparticles Using Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization for Sustained Delivery to the Gastrointestinal Tract. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2019; 13:1800068. [PMID: 34335984 PMCID: PMC8323765 DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate salts, such as sodium hexametaphosphate (PPi), are effective in the attenuation of collagenase and biofilm production and prevention of anastomotic leak in mice models. However, systemic administration of polyphosphate solutions to the gut presents a series of difficulties such as uncontrolled delivery to target and off-site tissues. In this article a process to produce PPi-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel nanoparticles through miniemulsion polymerization is developed. The effects of using a polyphosphate salt, as compared to a monophosphate salt, is investigated through cloud point measurements, which is then translated to a change in the required HLB of the miniemulsion system. A parametric study is developed and yields a way to control particle swelling ratio and mean diameter based on the surfactant and/or initiator concentration, among other parameters. Finally, release kinetics of two different crosslink density particles shows a sustained and tunable release of the encapsulated polyphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T P Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Vadlamudi S, Nichols D, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Phosphate-Loaded Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Sepsis Prevention Prepared via Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srivishnu Vadlamudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Dylan Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
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