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Ginami G, Neji R, Phinikaridou A, Whitaker J, Botnar RM, Prieto C. Simultaneous bright- and black-blood whole-heart MRI for noncontrast enhanced coronary lumen and thrombus visualization. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1460-1472. [PMID: 28722267 PMCID: PMC5811778 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a 3D whole-heart Bright-blood and black-blOOd phase SensiTive (BOOST) inversion recovery sequence for simultaneous noncontrast enhanced coronary lumen and thrombus/hemorrhage visualization. METHODS The proposed sequence alternates the acquisition of two bright-blood datasets preceded by different preparatory pulses to obtain variations in blood/myocardium contrast, which then are combined in a phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR)-like reconstruction to obtain a third, coregistered, black-blood dataset. The bright-blood datasets are used for both visualization of the coronary lumen and motion estimation, whereas the complementary black-blood dataset potentially allows for thrombus/hemorrhage visualization. Furthermore, integration with 2D image-based navigation enables 100% scan efficiency and predictable scan times. The proposed sequence was compared to conventional coronary MR angiography (CMRA) and PSIR sequences in a standardized phantom and in healthy subjects. Feasibility for thrombus depiction was tested ex vivo. RESULTS With BOOST, the coronary lumen is visualized with significantly higher (P < 0.05) contrast-to-noise ratio and vessel sharpness when compared to conventional CMRA. Furthermore, BOOST showed effective blood signal suppression as well as feasibility for thrombus visualization ex vivo. CONCLUSION A new PSIR sequence for noncontrast enhanced simultaneous coronary lumen and thrombus/hemorrhage detection was developed. The sequence provided improved coronary lumen depiction and showed potential for thrombus visualization. Magn Reson Med 79:1460-1472, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ginami
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Radhouene Neji
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
| | - Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Whitaker
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - René M Botnar
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Prieto
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Coronary atherosclerosis and dilation in hyper IgE syndrome patients: Depiction by magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging and pathological correlation. Atherosclerosis 2017; 258:20-25. [PMID: 28167354 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE (AD-HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in STAT3. Elevated levels of IgE, an ineffective immune response, connective tissue abnormalities, and coronary arterial dilation and tortuosity characterize AD-HIES. To date, coronary artery evaluation in AD-HIES patients has been limited to lumenography measurements. Direct in vivo coronary vessel wall (VW) imaging may allow for better interrogation of coronary vessel abnormalities. The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the coronary VW of AD-HIES patients using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and histology. VW image findings were compared in healthy subjects and subjects with coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD). METHODS A total of 28 subjects (10 with AD-HIES, 8 healthy, 10 with CAD) were studied by coronary VW MRI imaging. Additionally, a post-mortem coronary artery from one VW imaged AD-HIES patient was examined. RESULTS Coronary VW in AD-HIES was thicker than in healthy controls but not significantly different from VW thickness in CAD subjects. AD-HIES coronaries showed increased VW area compared to healthy controls and CAD subjects. On histology, the AD-HIES coronary artery had findings consistent with atherosclerotic plaque, but had minimal luminal narrowing, deficient adventitia thickening and absence of both internal and external elastic laminae. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in AD-HIES patients on VW imaging by MRI. Histologic evaluation confirmed the presence of atherosclerosis with lack of supportive adventitial thickening and elastic components. These findings suggest mechanisms for coronary dilation in AD-HIES and thereby help direct clinical management.
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Ginami G, Yerly J, Masci PG, Stuber M. Golden angle dual-inversion recovery acquisition coupled with a flexible time-resolved sparse reconstruction facilitates sequence timing in high-resolution coronary vessel wall MRI at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:961-969. [PMID: 26900941 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The need for performing dual-inversion recovery (DIR) coronary vessel wall MRI in correspondence to minimal cardiac motion and optimal blood signal nulling is a major challenge. We propose to address this hurdle by combining DIR with a prolonged acquisition window in conjunction with a golden angle radial trajectory and k-t sparse sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction to enable a flexible a-posteriori selection of optimized imaging parameters. METHODS Coronary vessel wall data acquisition was performed with DIR golden angle radial imaging in n=15 healthy subjects. Images reconstructed using k-t sparse SENSE and different reconstruction window settings were quantitatively (vessel wall conspicuity, thickness, acquisition, and reconstruction window settings) compared with those obtained with more conventional radial DIR imaging. RESULTS A flexible retrospective selection of the reconstruction window width and position improved vessel wall conspicuity with respect to baseline acquisitions (P < 0.01). Vessel wall thickness remained unchanged (P = nonsignificant (NS)). Temporal window widths were similar for both approaches (P = NS), yet their position within the cardiac cycle differed significantly (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A flexible DIR coronary vessel wall MRI technique that alleviates constraints associated with sophisticated sequence timing was proposed. When compared with a more conventional approach, the technique significantly improved image quality. Magn Reson Med 77:961-969, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ginami
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Yerly
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pier Giorgio Masci
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stuber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
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BALBI LUCA, BORTOLOTTI VILLIAM, BRIZI LEONARDO, FANTAZZINI PAOLA, GRECO DANILO, MARIANI MANUEL, VANNINI MARIANNA, VASINI ESTERMARIA. PERFIDI FILTERS VALIDATION: FROM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE RELAXOMETRY TO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to well distinguish different tissues of the human body by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is of great importance to find procedures to improve the image contrast. In particular, a valuable feature is to image only specific parts of organs and/or tissues while ignoring all the others. Dedicated MRI sequences able to filter the 1 H nuclei signals based on the different longitudinal relaxation times (T1) of the tissues have been developed. Standard signal selection/attenuation sequences, such as the Short Time Inversion Recovery and Multiple Inversion Recovery, have the effect to zero the signal for a discrete number of T1 values. Parametrically Enabled Relaxation Filters with Double and multiple Inversion (PERFIDI) sequences act on a range of T1 values and behave as an electronic band-pass or high-pass or low-pass filters. PERFIDI filters are therefore primarily focused on the components that pass through, rather than on those that are blocked. These filters have been developed and tested by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. Here, these sequences have been validated for MRI on phantom samples to mimic T1 distributions present in tissues. Preliminary applications show that PERFIDI filters can effectively work on a range of T1 values to give well contrasted images.
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Affiliation(s)
- LUCA BALBI
- ESAOTE S.p.A. Via A. Siffredi 58, 16153 Genova, Italy
| | - VILLIAM BORTOLOTTI
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini, 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Energy and Environment, Via Angherà 22, 47900 Rimini, Italy
| | - LEONARDO BRIZI
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, DIFA, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, Roma, Italy
| | - PAOLA FANTAZZINI
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, DIFA, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, Roma, Italy
| | - DANILO GRECO
- ESAOTE S.p.A. Via A. Siffredi 58, 16153 Genova, Italy
| | - MANUEL MARIANI
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, DIFA, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, Roma, Italy
| | - MARIANNA VANNINI
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini, 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Energy and Environment, Via Angherà 22, 47900 Rimini, Italy
| | - ESTER MARIA VASINI
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini, 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
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Phase-Sensitive Dual-Inversion Recovery for Accelerated Carotid Vessel Wall Imaging. Invest Radiol 2015; 50:135-43. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Keegan J. Coronary artery wall imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:1190-202. [PMID: 25303707 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like X-Ray contrast angiography, MR coronary angiograms show the vessel lumens rather than the vessels themselves. Consequently, outward remodeling of the vessel wall, which occurs in subclinical coronary disease before luminal narrowing, cannot be seen. The current gold standard for assessing the coronary vessel wall is intravascular ultrasound, and more recently, optical coherence tomography, both of which are invasive and use ionizing radiation. A noninvasive, low-risk technique for assessing the vessel wall would be beneficial to cardiologists interested in the early detection of preclinical disease and for the safe monitoring of the progression or regression of disease in longitudinal studies. In this review article, the current state of the art in MR coronary vessel wall imaging is discussed, together with validation studies and recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keegan
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London
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Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Unsal AB, Eshera S, Matta JR, Muldoon N, McAreavey D, Purdy JB, Hazra R, Hadigan C, Gharib AM. Increased coronary vessel wall thickness in HIV-infected young adults. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1779-86. [PMID: 25159580 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with long-term human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at risk for premature vasculopathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated coronary vessel wall thickening, coronary plaque, and epicardial fat in patients infected with HIV early in life compared with healthy controls. METHODS This is a prospective cross-sectional study of 35 young adults who acquired HIV in early life and 11 healthy controls, free of CVD. Time resolved phase-sensitive dual inversion recovery black-blood vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (TRAPD) was used to measure proximal right coronary artery (RCA) wall thickness, and multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography was used to quantify coronary plaque and epicardial fat. RESULTS RCA vessel wall thickness was significantly increased in HIV-infected patients compared with sex- and race-matched controls (1.32 ± 0.21 mm vs 1.09 ± 0.14 mm, P = .002). No subject had discrete plaque on CT sufficient to cause luminal narrowing, and plaque was not related to RCA wall thickness. In multivariate regression analyses, smoking pack-years (P = .004) and HIV infection (P = .007) were independently associated with thicker RCA vessel walls. Epicardial fat did not differ between groups. Among the HIV-infected group, duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (P = .02), duration of stavudine exposure (P < .01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .04), and smoking pack-years (P < .01) were positively correlated with RCA wall thickness. CONCLUSIONS This investigation provides evidence of subclinical coronary vascular disease among individuals infected with HIV in early life. Increased duration of ART, hyperlipidemia, and smoking contributed to proximal RCA thickening, independent of atherosclerotic plaque quantified by CT. These modifiable risk factors appear to influence early atherogenesis as measured by coronary wall thickness and may be important targets for CVD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Z Abd-Elmoniem
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
| | - Aylin B Unsal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Sarah Eshera
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
| | - Jatin R Matta
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
| | | | | | | | - Rohan Hazra
- Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Colleen Hadigan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
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Gharib AM, Zahiri H, Matta J, Pettigrew RI, Abd-Elmoniem KZ. Feasibility of coronary artery wall thickening assessment in asymptomatic coronary artery disease using phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery MRI at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1051-8. [PMID: 23642801 PMCID: PMC3729736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate the image quality of phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery (PS-DIR) coronary wall imaging in healthy subjects and in subjects with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and to (b) investigate the utilization of PS-DIR at 3T in the assessment of coronary artery thickening in subjects with asymptomatic but variable degrees of CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 37 subjects participated in this institutional review board-approved and HIPAA-compliant study. These included 21 subjects with known CAD as identified on multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCT). Sixteen healthy subjects without known history of CAD were included. All subjects were scanned using free-breathing PS-DIR magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of coronary wall thickness at 3T. Lumen-tissue contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and quantitative vessel parameters including lumen area and wall thickness were measured. Statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS PS-DIR was successfully completed in 76% of patients and in 88% of the healthy subjects. Phase-sensitive signed-magnitude reconstruction, compared to modulus-magnitude images, significantly improved lumen-tissue CNR in healthy subjects (26.73±11.95 vs. 14.65±9.57, P<.001) and in patients (21.45±7.61 vs. 16.65±5.85, P<.001). There was no difference in image CNR and SNR between groups. In arterial segments free of plaques, coronary wall was thicker in patients in comparison to healthy subjects (1.74±0.27 mm vs. 1.17±0.14 mm, P<.001), without a change in lumen area (4.51±2.42 mm2 vs. 5.71±3.11mm2, P=.25). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of successfully obtaining vessel wall images at 3T using PS-DIR in asymptomatic patients with known variable degrees of CAD as detected by MDCT. This was achieved with a fixed subject-invariant planning of blood signal nulling. With that limitation alleviated, PS-DIR coronary wall MRI is capable of detecting arterial thickening and positive arterial remodeling at 3T in asymptomatic CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Gharib AM, Pettigrew RI. Coronary vessel wall 3-T MR imaging with time-resolved acquisition of phase-sensitive dual inversion-recovery (TRAPD) technique: initial results in patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Radiology 2012; 265:715-23. [PMID: 23047838 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a technique for time-resolved acquisition of phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery (TRAPD) coronary vessel wall magnetic resonance (MR) images, to investigate the success rate in coronary wall imaging compared with that of single-frame imaging, and to assess vessel wall thickness in healthy subjects and subjects with risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight subjects (12 healthy subjects, 26 subjects with at least one CAD risk factor) provided informed consent for participation in this institutional review board-approved and HIPAA-compliant study. The TRAPD coronary vessel wall imaging sequence was developed and validated with a flow phantom. Time-resolved coronary artery wall images at three to five cine phases were obtained in all subjects. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made between TRAPD and conventional single-image wall measurements. Measurement reproducibility also was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed for all comparisons. RESULTS The TRAPD sequence successfully restored the negative polarity of lumen signal and enhanced lumen wall contrast on the cine images of the flow phantom and in all subjects. Use of three to five frames increased the success rate of acquiring at least one image of good to excellent quality from 76% in single-image acquisitions to 95% with the TRAPD sequence. The difference in vessel wall thickness between healthy subjects and subjects with CAD risk factors was significant (P < .05) with the TRAPD sequence (1.07 vs 1.46 mm, respectively; 36% increase) compared with single-frame dual inversion-recovery imaging (1.24 vs 1.55 mm, respectively; 25% increase). Intraobserver, interobserver, and interexamination agreement for wall thickness measurement were 0.98, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSION TRAPD imaging of coronary arteries improved arterial wall visualization and quantitative assessment by increasing the success rate of obtaining good- to excellent-quality images and sections orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. This also resulted in vessel wall thickness measurements that show a more distinct difference between healthy subjects and those with CAD risk factors. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12120068/-/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Z Abd-Elmoniem
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gharib AM, Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Pettigrew RI, Hadigan C. Noninvasive coronary imaging for atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2011; 40:262-7. [PMID: 21939819 PMCID: PMC3181085 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to morbidity and mortality among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors as well as aspects of HIV infection and its therapy contribute to the increased coronary artery disease observed in HIV. Advances in noninvasive imaging methodologies in both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide opportunities to evaluate coronary artery atherosclerosis in ways not possible by conventional invasive x-ray angiography. Application of these techniques may prove very useful in the study of atherosclerosis in many diseases, such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Howarth AG, Friedrich MG. Imaging as an End Point in Ischemia Trials. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2011; 4:90-97. [PMID: 21475396 PMCID: PMC3047679 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-011-9068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of cardiac function and anatomy has advanced at an exponential rate over the past two decades. Our ability to quantitatively assess the degree of myocardial ischemia and accurately define the vascular anatomy using noninvasive techniques is greater than ever before. Current advances is cardiac imaging are allowing us to more safely assess patients for myocardial ischemia and better understand the prognostic implications of our findings. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge in cardiac imaging for the assessment of cardiac ischemia with a focus on the use of cardiac MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Howarth
- University of Calgary, Suite 700, SSB, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada Canada
| | - Matthias G. Friedrich
- University of Calgary, Suite 700, SSB, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada Canada
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