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Wissman R, Cook C, Cook JL, Okoye M, Rucisnki K, Stannard JP. Initial Validation of a Modified MRI Scoring System for Assessing Outcomes after Single-Surface Osteochondral Shell Allograft Transplantation in the Knee. J Knee Surg 2021; 36:548-554. [PMID: 34781396 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Osteochondral Allograft Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System (OCAMRISS) provides a reproducible method for imaging-based grading for osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplants. However, the OCAMRISS does not account for larger whole-surface OCA shell grafts, and has not been validated for assessing outcomes after shell OCA transplantation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a modified OCAMRISS for assessing single-surface shell OCAs in the knee based on strength of correlations for a modified OCAMRISS score with graft success and patient-reported outcomes for pain and function. With institutional review board approval and informed patient consent, patients who underwent large single-surface shell OCA transplantation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams at 1-year postsurgery were identified from a prospectively enrolled registry. All patients with a minimum of 2 years of clinical follow-up were included in the present study. A modified OCAMRISS, as well as assessment of the percentage of OCA bone incorporation, was used to score each knee. Two radiologists, blinded to patient demographics and outcomes, reviewed all MRIs together to determine a consensus score for each category and %-incorporation for each OCA. Thirteen patients (7 F, 6 M; mean age = 29.8 ± 9.4; mean body mass index = 27.1 ± 5.8); 8 medial femoral condyle, 4 patella, and 1 medial tibial plateau shell OCAs were evaluated. Mean modified OCAMRISS score was 5.2 ± 2.8, range (2-12) and %-integration was 72.7 ± 33.8, range (0-100). Moderate to strong correlations were noted for 1-year modified OCAMRISS total score with final follow-up (FFU) visual analog scale (VAS) pain (r = +0.58) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) function (r = -0.7) scores, and for 1-year %-incorporation with FFU VAS pain (r = -0.76) and SANE function (r = +0.83) scores. The modified OCAMRISS total score and %-incorporation assessments determined at 1 year following single-surface shell OCA transplantation correlate well with initial patient outcomes and have clinical applicability for monitoring patients after large-shell OCA transplants in the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wissman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Cristi Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Munachukwudi Okoye
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kylee Rucisnki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James P Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Link TM, Neumann J, Li X. Prestructural cartilage assessment using MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 45:949-965. [PMID: 28019053 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage loss is irreversible, and to date, no effective pharmacotherapies are available to protect or regenerate cartilage. Quantitative prestructural/compositional MR imaging techniques have been developed to characterize the cartilage matrix quality at a stage where abnormal findings are early and potentially reversible, allowing intervention to halt disease progression. The goal of this article is to critically review currently available technologies, present the basic concept behind these techniques, but also to investigate their suitability as imaging biomarkers including their validity, reproducibility, risk prediction and monitoring of therapy. Moreover, we highlighted important clinical applications. This review article focuses on the currently most relevant and clinically applicable technologies, such as T2 mapping, T2*, T1ρ, delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), sodium imaging and glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). To date, most information is available for T2 and T1ρ mapping. dGEMRIC has also been used in multiple clinical studies, although it requires Gd contrast administration. Sodium imaging and gagCEST are promising technologies but are dependent on high field strength and sophisticated software and hardware. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:949-965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jan Neumann
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zhang L, Liang S, Liu R, Yuan T, Zhang S, Xu Z, Xu H. Facile preparation of multifunctional uniform magnetic microspheres for T1-T2 dual modal magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 144:344-354. [PMID: 27110910 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is of significant importance for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Herein, a novel core-shell magnetic microsphere for dual modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging was produced by one-pot emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, which could provide high resolution rate of histologic structure information and realize high sensitive detection at the same time. The synthesized magnetic microspheres composed of cores containing oleic acid (OA) and sodium undecylenate (NaUA) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles and styrene (St), Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and polymerizable lanthanide complexes (Gd(AA)3Phen and Eu(AA)3Phen) polymerized on the surface for outer shells. Fluorescence spectra show characteristic emission peaks from Eu(3+) at 590nm and 615nm and vivid red fluorescence luminescence can be observed by 2-photon confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM). In vitro cytotoxicity tests based on the MTT assay demonstrate good cytocompatibility, the composites have longitudinal relaxivity value (r1) of 8.39mM(-1)s(-1) and also have transverse relaxivity value (r2) of 71.18mM(-1)s(-1) at clinical 3.0 T MR scanner. In vitro and in vivo MRI studies exhibit high signal enhancement on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images. These fascinating multifunctional properties suggest that the polymer microspheres have large clinical potential as multi-modal MRI/optical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Radiology at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ruiqing Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Tianmeng Yuan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Shulai Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Zushun Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China.
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Feasibility of Dual Flip Angle-Based Fast 3-Dimensional T1 Mapping for Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage of the Knee: A Histologically Controlled Study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 40:442-6. [PMID: 26938692 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to validate dual-flip angle-based fast 3-dimensional (3D) T1 mapping for delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cartilage (dGEMRIC) by means of histological analyses in the assessment of the cartilage of the knee in a porcine model. METHODS A total of 15 mini pigs were included in this study. The left knee anterior cruciate ligaments of all mini pigs were transected. The mini pigs were divided into 3 groups postoperatively, with 5 pigs randomly assigned to 1 group. Dual-flip angle-based fast T1 mapping for dGEMRIC was obtained in the sagittal planes at 0 week (group 1), 3 weeks (group 2), and 6 weeks (group 3) after operation, using an 8-channel knee coil. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 3T with dual-flip angle-based fast 3D T1 mapping sequence for morphological cartilage assessment of dGEMRIC T1 values. After MRI analysis, histological and biochemical composition (water, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan [GAG]) of the knee cartilage in the medial femoral condyle was quantified ex vivo. RESULTS The T1 values obtained by the dual-flip angle-based fast 3D T1 mapping were positively correlated with the glycosaminoglycan content (r = 0.85; P < 0.05). The values had no significant correlation with the collagen content. The dGEMRIC-T1 values obtained by this method showed the medial femoral condyle cartilage in the anterior cruciate ligament-transected knee after transection decreased with time (P < 0.05). Histological sections of cartilage damage were correlated with MRI data. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the reliability of using dual-flip angle-based fast T1 mapping for dGEMRIC for the biochemical assessment of early cartilage degeneration. This technique is a powerful tool for researchers and clinicians to acquire sufficient resolution data within a reasonable scan time.
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Meric G, Gracitelli GC, McCauley JC, Pulido PA, Chang EY, Chung CB, Bugbee WD. Osteochondral Allograft MRI Scoring System (OCAMRISS) in the Knee: Interobserver Agreement and Clinical Application. Cartilage 2015; 6:142-9. [PMID: 26175859 PMCID: PMC4481388 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515573987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is a suitable treatment option for large osteochondral defects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an objective, reproducible, noninvasive monitoring tool for postoperative assessment after cartilage surgery. OBJECTIVE To correlate Osteochondral Allograft MRI Scoring System (OCAMRISS) in patients undergoing OCA transplantation in the knee with clinical outcomes and determine interobserver agreement of this scoring system. METHODS Fifteen patients underwent OCA transplantation in the knee and received a postoperative MRI. Four examiners read each MRI and completed an OCAMRISS. Interobserver agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were assessed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated. Correlation between the OCAMRISS and clinical outcomes was calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS Interobserver agreement on individual features of the OCAMRISS was superior (κ = 0.81-1.0) in 65% of comparisons, substantial (κ = 0.61-0.8) in 14%, moderate (κ = 0.41-0.6) in 18%, and fair (κ = 0.21-0.4) in 3%. Agreement among readers was very strong for the cartilage, bone, ancillary, and total scores with 96% of comparisons having an ICC >0.80. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) function scores were correlated with OCAMRISS cartilage score (ρ = 0.53, P = 0.044) and total score (ρ = 0.67, P = 0.006). The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) sports/recreation subscale was correlated with OCAMRISS ancillary score (ρ = 0.58, P = 0.049) and total score (ρ = 0.64, P = 0.024). No correlation was observed with subchondral bone features of OCAMRISS and any of the outcome scores. CONCLUSIONS The recently described OCAMRISS is a reproducible grading system for in vivo evaluation after osteochondral allograft transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Meric
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Guilherme C. Gracitelli
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julie C. McCauley
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela A. Pulido
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine B. Chung
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William D. Bugbee
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wang L, Regatte RR. T₁ρ MRI of human musculoskeletal system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:586-600. [PMID: 24935818 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the direct visualization of the human musculoskeletal (MSK) system, especially all diarthrodial tissues including cartilage, bone, menisci, ligaments, tendon, hip, synovium, etc. Conventional MRI techniques based on T1 - and T2 -weighted, proton density (PD) contrast are inconclusive in quantifying early biochemically degenerative changes in MSK system in general and articular cartilage in particular. In recent years, quantitative MR parameter mapping techniques have been used to quantify the biochemical changes in articular cartilage, with a special emphasis on evaluating joint injury, cartilage degeneration, and soft tissue repair. In this article we focus on cartilage biochemical composition, basic principles of T1ρ MRI, implementation of T1ρ pulse sequences, biochemical validation, and summarize the potential applications of the T1ρ MRI technique in MSK diseases including osteoarthritis (OA), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and knee joint repair. Finally, we also review the potential advantages, challenges, and future prospects of T1ρ MRI for widespread clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Cartilage repair surgery: outcome evaluation by using noninvasive cartilage biomarkers based on quantitative MRI techniques? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:840170. [PMID: 24877139 PMCID: PMC4024422 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly applied as outcome measures after cartilage repair. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature on the use of quantitative MRI biomarkers for evaluation of cartilage repair at the knee and ankle. METHODS Using PubMed literature research, studies on biochemical, quantitative MR imaging of cartilage repair were identified and reviewed. RESULTS Quantitative MR biomarkers detect early degeneration of articular cartilage, mainly represented by an increasing water content, collagen disruption, and proteoglycan loss. Recently, feasibility of biochemical MR imaging of cartilage repair tissue and surrounding cartilage was demonstrated. Ultrastructural properties of the tissue after different repair procedures resulted in differences in imaging characteristics. T2 mapping, T1rho mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) are applicable on most clinical 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners. Currently, a standard of reference is difficult to define and knowledge is limited concerning correlation of clinical and MR findings. The lack of histological correlations complicates the identification of the exact tissue composition. CONCLUSIONS A multimodal approach combining several quantitative MRI techniques in addition to morphological and clinical evaluation might be promising. Further investigations are required to demonstrate the potential for outcome evaluation after cartilage repair.
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Brown DS, Durkan MG, Foss EW, Szumowski J, Crawford DC. Temporal in vivo assessment of fresh osteochondral allograft transplants to the distal aspect of the femur by dGEMRIC (delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage) and zonal T2 mapping MRI. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:564-72. [PMID: 24695923 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zonal T2 mapping and dGEMRIC (delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage) are diagnostic quantitative techniques to evaluate the biochemical health of articular cartilage. We adapted these techniques to investigate the results of osteochondral allograft transplantation and correlated the findings with patient-reported outcomes. METHODS Nine patients with contained ICRS (International Cartilage Repair Society) grade-4 defects of the articular portion of a femoral condyle were treated with fresh osteochondral allografts and were evaluated prospectively with dGEMRIC and T2 mapping before and after gadolinium administration. The KOOS (Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) and IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) subjective scores were obtained at baseline and at one and two years postoperatively. For quantitative T2 mapping, regions of interest were drawn in the deep and superficial layers of allograft and control cartilage. For dGEMRIC analyses, the relaxation rate, post-gadolinium change in relaxation rate, and ratio between changes in the allograft and control regions of interest were calculated from T1 values. RESULTS The mean ratio between the post-gadolinium changes in the allograft and control cartilage was 1.13 at one year and 1.55 at two years, and the ratio increased in eight of nine patients from one to two years. There was no difference between the mean T2 values in the deep zone of the allograft and control cartilage at one or two years (p > 0.05), but mean T2 values were higher in the superficial zone of the allograft cartilage at one (p < 0.0001) and two (p < 0.028) years. The mean improvement from baseline was significant at one and two years for the IKDC and all five KOOS subdomains (p < 0.05). All or nearly all patients showed improvements in all clinical outcomes scores at one year. CONCLUSIONS Functional MRI techniques can be applied to noninvasively assess the biochemical health of cartilage after osteochondral allograft transplantation. The MRI findings correlated with certain patient-reported outcomes in the early postoperative period. Relative glycosaminoglycan content and the collagen structure of allograft cartilage may undergo time-dependent degeneration. A patient's perception of clinical outcome and quality of life is likely multifactorial and is impacted by more than the health of the allograft cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson S Brown
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (D.S.B. and D.C.C.) and Radiology (E.W.F. and J.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code OP31, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail address for D.C. Crawford:
| | | | - Erik W Foss
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (D.S.B. and D.C.C.) and Radiology (E.W.F. and J.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code OP31, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail address for D.C. Crawford:
| | - Jerzy Szumowski
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (D.S.B. and D.C.C.) and Radiology (E.W.F. and J.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code OP31, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail address for D.C. Crawford:
| | - Dennis C Crawford
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (D.S.B. and D.C.C.) and Radiology (E.W.F. and J.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code OP31, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail address for D.C. Crawford:
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Mosher TJ, Walker EA, Petscavage-Thomas J, Guermazi A. Osteoarthritis year 2013 in review: imaging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1425-35. [PMID: 23891696 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review recent original research publications related to imaging of osteoarthritis (OA) and identify emerging trends and significant advances. METHODS Relevant articles were identified through a search of the PubMed database using the query terms "OA" in combination with "imaging", "radiography", "MRI", "ultrasound", "computed tomography", and "nuclear medicine"; either published or in press between March 2012 and March 2013. Abstracts were reviewed to exclude review articles, case reports, and studies not focused on imaging using routine clinical imaging measures. RESULTS Initial query yielded 932 references, which were reduced to 328 citations following the initial review. MRI (118 references) and radiography (129 refs) remain the primary imaging modalities in OA studies, with fewer reports using computed tomography (CT) (35 refs) and ultrasound (23 refs). MRI parametric mapping techniques remain an active research area (33 refs) with growth in T2*- and T1-rho mapping publications compared to prior years. Although the knee is the major joint studied (210 refs) there is interest in the hip (106 refs) and hand (29 refs). Imaging continues to focus on evaluation of cartilage (173 refs) and bone (119 refs). CONCLUSION Imaging plays a major role in OA research with publications continuing along traditional lines of investigation. Translational and clinical research application of compositional MRI techniques is becoming more common driven in part by the availability of T2 mapping data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). New imaging techniques continue to be developed with a goal of identifying methods with greater specificity and responsiveness to changes in the joint, and novel functional neuroimaging techniques to study central pain. Publications related to imaging of OA continue to be heavily focused on quantitative and semiquantitative MRI evaluation of the knee with increasing application of compositional MRI techniques in the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mosher
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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