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Kopanoglu E. Actual patient position versus safety models: Specific Absorption Rate implications of initial head position for Ultrahigh Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4876. [PMID: 36385447 PMCID: PMC10802886 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Specific absorption rate (SAR) relates power absorption to tissue heating, and therefore is used as a safety constraint in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study investigates the implications of initial head positioning on local and whole-head SAR. A virtual body model was simulated at 161 positions inside an eight-channel parallel-transmit (pTx) array. On-axis displacements and rotations of up to 20 mm/degrees and off-axis axial/coronal translations were investigated. Single-channel, radiofrequency (RF) shimming (i.e., single-spoke pTx) and multispoke pTx pulses were designed for seven axial, five coronal and five sagittal slices at each position (the slices were consistent across all positions). Whole-head and local SAR were calculated using safety models consisting of a single (centred) body position, multiple representative positions and all simulated body positions. Positional mismatches between safety models and actual positions cause SAR underestimation. For axial imaging, the actual peak local SAR was up to 4.2-fold higher for both single-channel and 5-spoke pTx, 3.5-fold higher for 3-/4-spoke pTx, and 2-fold higher for RF shimming and 2-spoke pTx, compared with that calculated using the centred body position. For sagittal and coronal imaging, the underestimation of peak local SAR was up to 5.2-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively. Using all body positions to estimate SAR prevented SAR underestimation but yielded up to 11-fold SAR overestimation for RF shimming. Local SAR of single-channel and pTx multispoke pulses showed considerable dependence on the initial patient position. RF shimming yielded much lower sensitivity to positional mismatches for axial imaging but not for sagittal and coronal imaging. This was deemed attributable to the higher degrees-of-freedom of control offered by the investigated coil array for axial imaging. Whole-head SAR is less sensitive to positional mismatches compared with local SAR. Nevertheless, whole-head SAR increased by up to 80% for sagittal imaging. Local and whole-head SAR were observed to be more sensitive to positional mismatches in the axial plane, because of larger variations in coil-tissue proximity. Using all possible body positions in the safety model may become substantially over-conservative and limit imaging performance, especially for the RF shimming mode for axial imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Kopanoglu
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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2
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Kopanoglu E, Deniz CM, Erturk MA, Wise RG. Specific absorption rate implications of within-scan patient head motion for ultra-high field MRI. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2724-2738. [PMID: 32301177 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the implications of all degrees of freedom of within-scan patient head motion on patient safety. METHODS Electromagnetic simulations were performed by displacing and/or rotating a virtual body model inside an 8-channel transmit array to simulate 6 degrees of freedom of motion. Rotations of up to 20° and displacements of up to 20 mm including off-axis axial/coronal translations were investigated, yielding 104 head positions. Quadrature excitation, RF shimming, and multi-spoke parallel-transmit excitation pulses were designed for axial slice-selection at 7T, for seven slices across the head. Variation of whole-head specific absorption rate (SAR) and 10-g averaged local SAR of the designed pulses, as well as the change in the maximum eigenvalue (worst-case pulse) were investigated by comparing off-center positions to the central position. RESULTS In their respective worst-cases, patient motion increased the eigenvalue-based local SAR by 42%, whole-head SAR by 60%, and the 10-g averaged local SAR by 210%. Local SAR was observed to be more sensitive to displacements along right-left and anterior-posterior directions than displacement in the superior-inferior direction and rotation. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the effect of all 6 degrees of freedom of motion on safety of practical pulses. Although the results agree with the literature for overlapping cases, the results demonstrate higher increases (up to 3.1-fold) in local SAR for off-axis displacement in the axial plane, which had received less attention in the literature. This increase in local SAR could potentially affect the local SAR compliance of subjects, unless realistic within-scan patient motion is taken into account during pulse design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Kopanoglu
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cem M Deniz
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - M Arcan Erturk
- Restorative Therapies Group, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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3
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Deniz CM, Carluccio G, Collins C. Parallel transmission RF pulse design with strict temperature constraints. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3694. [PMID: 28187249 PMCID: PMC5456413 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RF safety in parallel transmission (pTx) is generally ensured by imposing specific absorption rate (SAR) limits during pTx RF pulse design. There is increasing interest in using temperature to ensure safety in MRI. In this work, we present a local temperature correlation matrix formalism and apply it to impose strict constraints on maximum absolute temperature in pTx RF pulse design for head and hip regions. Electromagnetic field simulations were performed on the head and hip of virtual body models. Temperature correlation matrices were calculated for four different exposure durations ranging between 6 and 24 min using simulated fields and body-specific constants. Parallel transmission RF pulses were designed using either SAR or temperature constraints, and compared with each other and unconstrained RF pulse design in terms of excitation fidelity and safety. The use of temperature correlation matrices resulted in better excitation fidelity compared with the use of SAR in parallel transmission RF pulse design (for the 6 min exposure period, 8.8% versus 21.0% for the head and 28.0% versus 32.2% for the hip region). As RF exposure duration increases (from 6 min to 24 min), the benefit of using temperature correlation matrices on RF pulse design diminishes. However, the safety of the subject is always guaranteed (the maximum temperature was equal to 39°C). This trend was observed in both head and hip regions, where the perfusion rates are very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem M. Deniz
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU WIRELESS, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- RF Test Labs, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe Carluccio
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Collins
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU WIRELESS, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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4
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Kraff O, Quick HH. 7T: Physics, safety, and potential clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1573-1589. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kraff
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Harald H. Quick
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging; University Hospital Essen; Essen Germany
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5
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Fiedler TM, Ladd ME, Bitz AK. SAR Simulations & Safety. Neuroimage 2017; 168:33-58. [PMID: 28336426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
At ultra-high fields, the assessment of radiofrequency (RF) safety presents several new challenges compared to low-field systems. Multi-channel RF transmit coils in combination with parallel transmit techniques produce time-dependent and spatially varying power loss densities in the tissue. Further, in ultra-high-field systems, localized field effects can be more pronounced due to a transition from the quasi stationary to the electromagnetic field regime. Consequently, local information on the RF field is required for reliable RF safety assessment as well as for monitoring of RF exposure during MR examinations. Numerical RF and thermal simulations for realistic exposure scenarios with anatomical body models are currently the only practical way to obtain the requisite local information on magnetic and electric field distributions as well as tissue temperature. In this article, safety regulations and the fundamental characteristics of RF field distributions in ultra-high-field systems are reviewed. Numerical methods for computation of RF fields as well as typical requirements for the analysis of realistic multi-channel RF exposure scenarios including anatomical body models are highlighted. In recent years, computation of the local tissue temperature has become of increasing interest, since a more accurate safety assessment is expected because temperature is directly related to tissue damage. Regarding thermal simulation, bio-heat transfer models and approaches for taking into account the physiological response of the human body to RF exposure are discussed. In addition, suitable methods are presented to validate calculated RF and thermal results with measurements. Finally, the concept of generalized simulation-based specific absorption rate (SAR) matrix models is discussed. These models can be incorporated into local SAR monitoring in multi-channel MR systems and allow the design of RF pulses under constraints for local SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Fiedler
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark E Ladd
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Bitz
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Electromagnetic Theory and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, FH Aachen - University of Applied Sciences, 52066 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Ertürk MA, Wu X, Eryaman Y, Van de Moortele PF, Auerbach EJ, Lagore RL, DelaBarre L, Vaughan JT, Uğurbil K, Adriany G, Metzger GJ. Toward imaging the body at 10.5 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:434-443. [PMID: 27770469 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the potential of performing body imaging at 10.5 Tesla (T) compared with 7.0T through evaluating the transmit/receive performance of similarly configured dipole antenna arrays. METHODS Fractionated dipole antenna elements for 10.5T body imaging were designed and evaluated using numerical simulations. Transmit performance of antenna arrays inside the prostate, kidneys and heart were investigated and compared with those at 7.0T using both phase-only radiofrequency (RF) shimming and multi-spoke pulses. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparisons were also performed. A 10-channel antenna array was constructed to image the abdomen of a swine at 10.5T. Numerical methods were validated with phantom studies at both field strengths. RESULTS Similar power efficiencies were observed inside target organs with phase-only shimming, but RF nonuniformity was significantly higher at 10.5T. Spokes RF pulses allowed similar transmit performance with accompanying local specific absorption rate increases of 25-90% compared with 7.0T. Relative SNR gains inside the target anatomies were calculated to be >two-fold higher at 10.5T, and 2.2-fold SNR gain was measured in a phantom. Gradient echo and fast spin echo imaging demonstrated the feasibility of body imaging at 10.5T with the designed array. CONCLUSION While comparable power efficiencies can be achieved using dipole antenna arrays with static shimming at 10.5T; increasing RF nonuniformities underscore the need for efficient, robust, and safe parallel transmission methods. Magn Reson Med 77:434-443, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arcan Ertürk
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yiğitcan Eryaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Edward J Auerbach
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Russell L Lagore
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lance DelaBarre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Thomas Vaughan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering in The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Padormo F, Beqiri A, Hajnal JV, Malik SJ. Parallel transmission for ultrahigh-field imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1145-61. [PMID: 25989904 PMCID: PMC4995736 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of MRI systems operating at or above 7 T has provided researchers with a new window into the human body, yielding improved imaging speed, resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. In order to fully realise the potential of ultrahigh-field MRI, a range of technical hurdles must be overcome. The non-uniformity of the transmit field is one of such issues, as it leads to non-uniform images with spatially varying contrast. Parallel transmission (i.e. the use of multiple independent transmission channels) provides previously unavailable degrees of freedom that allow full spatial and temporal control of the radiofrequency (RF) fields. This review discusses the many ways in which these degrees of freedom can be used, ranging from making more uniform transmit fields to the design of subject-tailored RF pulses for both uniform excitation and spatial selection, and also the control of the specific absorption rate. © 2015 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Padormo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Arian Beqiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shaihan J Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Deniz CM, Alon L, Brown R, Zhu Y. Subject- and resource-specific monitoring and proactive management of parallel radiofrequency transmission. Magn Reson Med 2016; 76:20-31. [PMID: 26198052 PMCID: PMC4721949 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop a practical comprehensive package for proactive management of parallel radiofrequency (RF) transmission. METHODS With a constrained optimization framework and predictive models from a prescan based multichannel calibration, we presented a method supporting design and optimization of parallel RF excitation pulses that accurately obey the forward/reflected peak and average power limits of the RF power amplifiers in parallel transmit imaging experiments and Bloch simulations. Moreover, local SAR limits were incorporated into the parallel RF excitation pulses using electromagnetic field simulations. Virtual transmit coils concept for minimization of reflected power (effecting subject-specific matching) was additionally demonstrated by leveraging experimentally calibrated power models. RESULTS Incorporation of experimentally calibrated power prediction models resulted in accurate compliance with prescribed hardware and global specific absorption rate (SAR) limits. Incorporation of spatial average 10 g SAR models, facilitated by simplifying numerical approximations, provided assurance of patient safety. RF pulses designed with various constraints demonstrated excellent excitation fidelity-the normalized root-mean-square error of the simulated excitation profiles was 2.6% for the fully constrained pulses, comparable to that of the unconstrained pulses. An RF shimming example showed a reduction of the reflected-to-forward power ratio to 1.7% from a conventional approach's 8.1%. CONCLUSION Using the presented RF pulse design method, effective proactive management of the multifaceted power and SAR limits was demonstrated in experimental and simulation studies. Magn Reson Med 76:20-31, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem M. Deniz
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU WIRELESS, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- RF Test Labs, Inc. New York, NY, USA
| | - Leeor Alon
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU WIRELESS, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- RF Test Labs, Inc. New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAIR) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU WIRELESS, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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9
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Boulant N, Wu X, Adriany G, Schmitter S, Uğurbil K, Van de Moortele PF. Direct control of the temperature rise in parallel transmission by means of temperature virtual observation points: Simulations at 10.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:249-56. [PMID: 25754685 PMCID: PMC4561040 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A method using parallel transmission to mitigate B1+ inhomogeneity while explicitly constraining the temperature rise is reported and compared with a more traditional SAR-constrained pulse design. METHODS Finite difference time domain simulations are performed on a numerical human head model and for a 16-channel coil at 10.5 Tesla. Based on a set of presimulations, a virtual observation point compression model for the temperature rise is derived. This compact representation is then used in a nonlinear programming algorithm for pulse design under explicit temperature rise constraints. RESULTS In the example of a time-of-flight sequence, radiofrequency pulse performance in some cases is increased by a factor of two compared with SAR-constrained pulses, while temperature rise is directly and efficiently controlled. Pulse performance can be gained by relaxing the SAR constraints, but at the expense of a loss of direct control on temperature. CONCLUSION Given the importance of accurate safety control at ultrahigh field and the lack of direct correspondence between SAR and temperature, this work motivates the need for thorough thermal studies in normal in vivo conditions. The tools presented here will possibly contribute to safer and more efficient MR exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boulant
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin, Unirs, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kamil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Carluccio G, Bruno M, Collins CM. Predicting long-term temperature increase for time-dependent SAR levels with a single short-term temperature response. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:2195-203. [PMID: 26096947 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Present a novel method for rapid prediction of temperature in vivo for a series of pulse sequences with differing levels and distributions of specific energy absorption rate (SAR). THEORY AND METHODS After the temperature response to a brief period of heating is characterized, a rapid estimate of temperature during a series of periods at different heating levels is made using a linear heat equation and impulse-response (IR) concepts. Here the initial characterization and long-term prediction for a complete spine exam are made with the Pennes' bioheat equation where, at first, core body temperature is allowed to increase and local perfusion is not. Then corrections through time allowing variation in local perfusion are introduced. RESULTS The fast IR-based method predicted maximum temperature increase within 1% of that with a full finite difference simulation, but required less than 3.5% of the computation time. Even higher accelerations are possible depending on the time step size chosen, with loss in temporal resolution. Correction for temperature-dependent perfusion requires negligible additional time and can be adjusted to be more or less conservative than the corresponding finite difference simulation. CONCLUSION With appropriate methods, it is possible to rapidly predict temperature increase throughout the body for actual MR examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Bruno
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Wu X, Schmitter S, Auerbach EJ, Uğurbil K, Van de Moortele PF. A generalized slab-wise framework for parallel transmit multiband RF pulse design. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1444-56. [PMID: 25994797 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose a new slab-wise framework to design parallel transmit multiband pulses for volumetric simultaneous multislice imaging with a large field of view along the slice direction (FOVs). THEORY AND METHODS The slab-wise framework divides FOVs into a few contiguous slabs and optimizes pulses for each slab. Effects of relevant design parameters including slab number and transmit B1 (B1+) mapping slice placement were investigated for human brain imaging by designing pulses with global or local SAR control based on electromagnetic simulations of a 7T head RF array. Pulse design using in vivo B1+ maps was demonstrated and evaluated with Bloch simulations. RESULTS RF performance with respect to SAR reduction or B1+ homogenization across the entire human brain improved with increasing slabs; however, this improvement was nonlinear and leveled off at ∼12 slabs when the slab thickness reduced to ∼12 mm. The impact of using different slice placements for B1+ mapping was small. CONCLUSION Compared with slice-wise approaches where each of the many imaging slices requires both B1+ mapping and pulse optimization, the proposed slab-wise design framework attained comparable RF performance while drastically reducing the number of required pulses; therefore, it can be used to increase time efficiency for B1+ mapping, pulse calculation, and sequence preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward J Auerbach
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Massire A, Vignaud A, Robert B, Le Bihan D, Boulant N, Amadon A. Parallel-transmission-enabled three-dimensional T2-weighted imaging of the human brain at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:2195-203. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexis Amadon
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin; UNIRS Gif-sur-Yvette France
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