1
|
Budé LMI, Steensma BR, Zivkovic I, Raaijmakers AJE. The coax monopole antenna: A flexible end-fed antenna for ultrahigh field transmit/receive arrays. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:361-373. [PMID: 38376359 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The coax monopole antenna is presented for body imaging at 7 T. The antenna is fed at one end, eliminating the possibility of cable-coil coupling and simplifying cable routing. Additionally, its flexibility improves loading to the subject. METHODS Like the coax dipole antenna, an interruption in the shield of the coaxial cable allows the current to extend to the outside of the shield, generating a B1 + field. Matching is achieved using a single inductor at the distal side, and a cable trap enforces the desired antenna length. Finite difference time domain simulations are employed to optimize the design parameters. Phantom measurements are conducted to determine the antenna's B1 + efficiency and to find the S-parameters in straight and bent positions. Eight-channel simulations and measurements are performed for prostate imaging. RESULTS The optimal configuration is a length of 360 mm with a gap position of 40 mm. Simulation data show higher B1 + levels for the coax monopole (20% in the prostate), albeit with a 5% lower specific absorbance rate efficiency, compared to the fractionated dipole antenna. The S11 of the coax monopole exhibits remarkable robustness to loading changes. In vivo prostate imaging demonstrates B1 + levels of 10-14 μT with an input power of 8 × 800 W, which is comparable to the fractionated dipole antenna. High-quality images and acceptable coupling levels were achieved. CONCLUSION The coax monopole is a novel, flexible antenna for body imaging at 7 T. Its simple design incorporates a single inductor at the distal side to achieve matching, and one-sided feeding greatly simplifies cable routing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne M I Budé
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart R Steensma
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irena Zivkovic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J E Raaijmakers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Özen AC, Russe MF, Lottner T, Reiss S, Littin S, Zaitsev M, Bock M. RF-induced heating of interventional devices at 23.66 MHz. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023:10.1007/s10334-023-01099-7. [PMID: 37195365 PMCID: PMC10386938 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-field MRI systems are expected to cause less RF heating in conventional interventional devices due to lower Larmor frequency. We systematically evaluate RF-induced heating of commonly used intravascular devices at the Larmor frequency of a 0.55 T system (23.66 MHz) with a focus on the effect of patient size, target organ, and device position on maximum temperature rise. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess RF-induced heating, high-resolution measurements of the electric field, temperature, and transfer function were combined. Realistic device trajectories were derived from vascular models to evaluate the variation of the temperature increase as a function of the device trajectory. At a low-field RF test bench, the effects of patient size and positioning, target organ (liver and heart) and body coil type were measured for six commonly used interventional devices (two guidewires, two catheters, an applicator and a biopsy needle). RESULTS Electric field mapping shows that the hotspots are not necessarily localized at the device tip. Of all procedures, the liver catheterizations showed the lowest heating, and a modification of the transmit body coil could further reduce the temperature increase. For common commercial needles no significant heating was measured at the needle tip. Comparable local SAR values were found in the temperature measurements and the TF-based calculations. CONCLUSION At low fields, interventions with shorter insertion lengths such as hepatic catheterizations result in less RF-induced heating than coronary interventions. The maximum temperature increase depends on body coil design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Caglar Özen
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Frederik Russe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lottner
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Reiss
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Littin
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Zaitsev
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bock
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steensma BR, Sadeghi-Tarakameh A, Meliadò EF, van den Berg CAT, Klomp DWJ, Luijten PR, Metzger GJ, Eryaman Y, Raaijmakers AJE. Tier-based formalism for safety assessment of custom-built radio-frequency transmit coils. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4874. [PMID: 36368912 PMCID: PMC10411033 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to propose a tier-based formalism for safety assessment of custom-built radio-frequency (RF) coils that balances validation effort with the effort put in determinating the safety factor. The formalism has three tier levels. Higher tiers require increased effort when validating electromagnetic simulation results but allow for less conservative safety factors. In addition, we propose a new method to calculate modeling uncertainty between simulations and measurements and a new method to propagate uncertainties in the simulation into a safety factor that minimizes the risk of underestimating the peak specific absorption rate (SAR). The new safety assessment procedure was completed for all tier levels for an eight-channel dipole array for prostate imaging at 7 T and an eight-channel dipole array for head imaging at 10.5 T, using data from two different research sites. For the 7 T body array, the validation procedure resulted in a modeling uncertainty of 77% between measured and simulated local SAR distributions. For a situation where RF shimming is performed on the prostate, average power limits of 2.4 and 4.5 W/channel were found for tiers 2 and 3, respectively. When the worst-case peak SAR among all phase settings was calculated, power limits of 1.4 and 2.7 W/channel were found for tiers 2 and 3, respectively. For the 10.5 T head array, a modeling uncertainty of 21% was found based on B1 + mapping. For the tier 2 validation, a power limit of 2.6 W/channel was calculated. The demonstrated tier system provides a strategy for evaluating modeling inaccuracy, allowing for the rapid translation of novel coil designs with conservative safety factors and the implementation of less conservative safety factors for frequently used coil arrays at the expense of increased validation effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Romke Steensma
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ettore Flavio Meliadò
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R Luijten
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yigitcan Eryaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander J E Raaijmakers
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harrevelt SD, Roos THM, Klomp DWJ, Steensma BR, Raaijmakers AJE. Simulation-based evaluation of SAR and flip angle homogeneity for five transmit head arrays at 14 T. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 36:245-255. [PMID: 37000320 PMCID: PMC10140109 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various research sites are pursuing 14 T MRI systems. However, both local SAR and RF transmit field inhomogeneity will increase. The aim of this simulation study is to investigate the trade-offs between peak local SAR and flip angle uniformity for five transmit coil array designs at 14 T in comparison to 7 T. METHODS Investigated coil array designs are: 8 dipole antennas (8D), 16 dipole antennas (16D), 8 loop coils (8D), 16 loop coils (16L), 8 dipoles/8 loop coils (8D8L) and for reference 8 dipoles at 7 T. Both RF shimming and kT-points were investigated by plotting L-curves of peak SAR levels vs flip angle homogeneity. RESULTS For RF shimming, the 16L array performs best. For kT-points, superior flip angle homogeneity is achieved at the expense of more power deposition, and the dipole arrays outperform the loop coil arrays. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION For most arrays and regular imaging, the constraint on head SAR is reached before constraints on peak local SAR are violated. Furthermore, the different drive vectors in kT-points alleviate strong peaks in local SAR. Flip angle inhomogeneity can be alleviated by kT-points at the expense of larger power deposition. For kT-points, the dipole arrays seem to outperform loop coil arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seb D Harrevelt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas H M Roos
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart R Steensma
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J E Raaijmakers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu F. A hybrid FDTD/MoM algorithm with a conformal Huygens' equivalent surface for MRI RF coil design and analysis. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 102:1-8. [PMID: 36963640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate design and analysis of radiofrequency (RF) coils are crucial for ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. To improve the numerical accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) simulations, we propose a hybrid finite difference time domain (FDTD)/method of moments (MoM) method. Unlike conventional cuboid-like Huygens' equivalent surfaces (HES), we proposed to use a conformal HES to interface the EM data of the FDTD and MoM zone. The shape and size of the conformal surface can be adjusted to fit different RF coil models, thus broadening the application range of the hybrid FDTD/MoM method. Two numerical models: an 8-channel ellipse array, and an 8-channel bent dipole array, are simulated and compared with the conventional HES counterpart. Numerical results demonstrate the capability of the conformal HES method in the analysis of RF coils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Williams SN, McElhinney P, Gunamony S. Ultra-high field MRI: parallel-transmit arrays and RF pulse design. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36410046 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca4b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the field of multiple or parallel radiofrequency (RF) transmission for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently the use of ultra-high field (UHF) MRI at 7 tesla and above is gaining popularity, yet faces challenges with non-uniformity of the RF field and higher RF power deposition. Since its introduction in the early 2000s, parallel transmission (pTx) has been recognized as a powerful tool for accelerating spatially selective RF pulses and combating the challenges associated with RF inhomogeneity at UHF. We provide a survey of the types of dedicated RF coils used commonly for pTx and the important modeling of the coil behavior by electromagnetic (EM) field simulations. We also discuss the additional safety considerations involved with pTx such as the specific absorption rate (SAR) and how to manage them. We then describe the application of pTx with RF pulse design, including a practical guide to popular methods. Finally, we conclude with a description of the current and future prospects for pTx, particularly its potential for routine clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney N Williams
- Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McElhinney
- Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shajan Gunamony
- Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,MR CoilTech Limited, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hardy BM, Banik R, Yan X, Anderson AW. Bench to bore ramifications of inter-subject head differences on RF shimming and specific absorption rates at 7T. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 92:187-196. [PMID: 35842192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study shows how inter-subject variation over a dataset of 72 head models results in specific absorption rate (SAR) and B1+ field homogeneity differences using common shim scenarios. METHODS MR-CT datasets were used to segment 71 head models into 10 tissue compartments. These head models were affixed to the shoulders and neck of the virtual family Duke model and placed within an 8 channel transmit surface-loop array to simulate the electromagnetic fields of a 7T imaging experiment. Radio frequency (RF) shimming using the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and Circularly Polarized shim weights over the entire brain and select slices of each model was simulated. Various SAR metrics and B1+ maps were calculated to demonstrate the contribution of head variation to transmit inhomogeneity and SAR variability. RESULTS With varying head geometries the loading for each transmit loop changes as evidenced by changes in S-parameters. The varying shim conditions and head geometries are shown to affect excitation uniformity, spatial distributions of local SAR, and SAR averaging over different pulse sequences. The Gerchberg-Saxton RF shimming algorithm outperforms circularly polarized shimming for all head models. Peak local SAR within the coil most often occurs nearest the coil on the periphery of the body. Shim conditions vary the spatial distribution of SAR. CONCLUSION The work gives further support to the need for fast and more subject specific SAR calculations to maintain safety. Local SAR10g is shown to vary spatially given shim conditions, subject geometry and composition, and position within the coil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hardy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Science Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Rana Banik
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Xinqiang Yan
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Adam W Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stelter JK, Ladd ME, Fiedler TM. Numerical comparison of local transceiver arrays of fractionated dipoles and microstrip antennas for body imaging at 7 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4722. [PMID: 35226966 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinally orientated dipoles and microstrip antennas have both demonstrated superior results as RF transmit elements for body imaging at 7 T MRI, and are as of today the most commonly used transmit elements. In this study, the performances of the two antenna concepts were compared for use in local RF antenna arrays by numerical simulations. Antenna elements investigated are the fractionated dipole and the microstrip line with meander structures. Phantom simulations with a single antenna element were performed and evaluated with regard to specific absorption rate (SAR) efficiency in the center of the subject. Simulations of array configurations with 8 and 16 elements were performed with anatomical body models. Both antenna elements were combined with a loop coil to compare hybrid configurations. Singular value decomposition of the B1+ fields, RF shimming, and calculation of the voxel-wise power and SAR efficiencies were performed in regions of interest with varying sizes to evaluate the transmit performance. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was evaluated to estimate the receive performance. Simulated data show similar transmit profiles for the two antenna types in the center of the phantom (penetration depth > 20 mm). For body imaging, no considerable differences were determined for the different antenna configurations with regard to the transmit performance. Results show the advantage of 16 transmit channels compared with today's commonly used 8-channel systems (minimum RF shimming excitation error of 4.7% (4.3%) versus 2.7% (2.8%) for the 8-channel and 16-channel configurations with the microstrip antennas in a (5 cm)3 cube in the center of a male (female) body model). Highest SNR is achieved for the 16-channel configuration with fractionated dipoles. The combination of either fractionated dipoles or microstrip antennas with loop coils is more favorable with regard to the transmit performance compared with only increasing the number of elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Stelter
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark E Ladd
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Fiedler
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schoen N, Seifert F, Petzold J, Metzger GJ, Speck O, Ittermann B, Schmitter S. The Impact of Respiratory Motion on Electromagnetic Fields and Specific Absorption Rate in Cardiac Imaging at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:2645-2661. [PMID: 35906923 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present electromagnetic simulation setups for detailed analyses of respiration's impact on B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ and E-fields, local specific absorption rate (SAR) and associated safety-limits for 7T cardiac imaging. METHODS Finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic field simulations were performed at five respiratory states using a breathing body model and a 16-element 7T body transceiver RF-coil array. B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ and SAR are analyzed for fixed and moving coil configurations. SAR variations are investigated using phase/amplitude shimming considering (i) a local SAR-controlled mode (here SAR calculations consider RF amplitudes and phases) and (ii) a channel-wise power-controlled mode (SAR boundary calculation is independent of the channels' phases, only dependent on the channels' maximum amplitude). RESULTS Respiration-induced variations of both B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ amplitude and phase are observed. The flip angle homogeneity depends on the respiratory state used for B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ shimming; best results were achieved for shimming on inhale and exhale simultaneously ( | Δ C V | < 35 % $$ \mid \Delta CV\mid <35\% $$ ). The results reflect that respiration impacts position and amplitude of the local SAR maximum. With the local-SAR-control mode, a safety factor of up to 1.4 is needed to accommodate for respiratory variations while the power control mode appears respiration-robust when the coil moves with respiration (SAR peak decrease: 9% exhale→inhale). Instead, a spatially fixed coil setup yields higher SAR variations with respiration. CONCLUSION Respiratory motion does not only affect the B 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ distribution and hence the image contrast, but also location and magnitude of the peak spatial SAR. Therefore, respiration effects may need to be included in safety analyses of RF coils applied to the human thorax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schoen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Seifert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Petzold
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Oliver Speck
- Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tenbergen CJA, Metzger GJ, Scheenen TWJ. Ultra-high-field MR in Prostate cancer: Feasibility and Potential. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 35:631-644. [PMID: 35579785 PMCID: PMC9113077 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-022-01013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiparametric MRI of the prostate at clinical magnetic field strengths (1.5/3 Tesla) has emerged as a reliable noninvasive imaging modality for identifying clinically significant cancer, enabling selective sampling of high-risk regions with MRI-targeted biopsies, and enabling minimally invasive focal treatment options. With increased sensitivity and spectral resolution, ultra-high-field (UHF) MRI (≥ 7 Tesla) holds the promise of imaging and spectroscopy of the prostate with unprecedented detail. However, exploiting the advantages of ultra-high magnetic field is challenging due to inhomogeneity of the radiofrequency field and high local specific absorption rates, raising local heating in the body as a safety concern. In this work, we review various coil designs and acquisition strategies to overcome these challenges and demonstrate the potential of UHF MRI in anatomical, functional and metabolic imaging of the prostate and pelvic lymph nodes. When difficulties with power deposition of many refocusing pulses are overcome and the full potential of metabolic spectroscopic imaging is used, UHF MR(S)I may aid in a better understanding of the development and progression of local prostate cancer. Together with large field-of-view and low-flip-angle anatomical 3D imaging, 7 T MRI can be used in its full strength to characterize different tumor stages and help explain the onset and spatial distribution of metastatic spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn J A Tenbergen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi CH, Hong SM, Felder J, Tellmann L, Scheins J, Kops ER, Lerche C, Shah NJ. A Novel J-Shape Antenna Array for Simultaneous MR-PET or MR-SPECT Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:1104-1113. [PMID: 34860648 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3132576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous MR-PET/-SPECT is an emerging technology that capitalises on the invaluable advantages of both modalities, allowing access to numerous sensitive tracers and superior soft-tissue contrast alongside versatile functional imaging capabilities. However, to optimise these capabilities, concurrent acquisitions require the MRI antenna located inside the PET/SPECT field-of-view to be operated without compromising any aspects of system performance or image quality compared to the stand-alone instrumentation. Here, we report a novel gamma-radiation-transparent antenna concept. The end-fed J-shape antenna is particularly adept for hybrid ultra-high field MR-PET/-SPECT applications as it enables all highly attenuating materials to be placed outside the imaging field-of-view. Furthermore, this unique configuration also provides advantages in stand-alone MR applications by reducing the amount of coupling between the cables and the antenna elements, and by lowering the potential specific absorption rate burden. The use of this new design was experimentally verified according to the important features for both ultra-high field MRI and the 511 keV transmission scan. The reconstructed attenuation maps evidently showed much lower attenuation ( ∼ 15 %) for the proposed array when compared to the conventional dipole antenna array since there were no high-density components. In MR, it was observed that the signal-to-noise ratio from the whole volume obtained using the proposed array was comparable to that acquired by the conventional array which was also in agreement with the simulation results. The unique feature, J-shape array, would enable simultaneous MR-PET/-SPECT experiments to be conducted without unduly compromising any aspects of system performance and image quality compared to the stand-alone instrumentation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sadeghi-Tarakameh A, Jungst S, Lanagan M, DelaBarre L, Wu X, Adriany G, Metzger GJ, Van de Moortele PF, Ugurbil K, Atalar E, Eryaman Y. A nine-channel transmit/receive array for spine imaging at 10.5 T: Introduction to a nonuniform dielectric substrate antenna. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:2074-2088. [PMID: 34825735 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to introduce a new antenna element with improved transmit performance, named the nonuniform dielectric substrate (NODES) antenna, for building transmit arrays at ultrahigh-field. METHODS We optimized a dipole antenna at 10.5 Tesla by maximizing the B 1 + -SAR efficiency in a phantom for a human spine target. The optimization parameters included permittivity variation in the substrate, substrate thickness, antenna length, and conductor geometry. We conducted electromagnetic simulations as well as phantom experiments to compare the transmit/receive performance of the proposed NODES antenna design with existing coil elements from the literature. RESULTS Single NODES element showed up to 18% and 30% higher B 1 + -SAR efficiency than the fractionated dipole and loop elements, respectively. The new element is substantially shorter than a commonly used dipole, which enables z-stacked array formation; it is additionally capable of providing a relatively uniform current distribution along its conductors. The nine-channel transmit/receive NODES array achieved 7.5% higher B 1 + homogeneity than a loop array with the same number of elements. Excitation with the NODES array resulted in 33% lower peak 10g-averaged SAR and required 34% lower input power than the loop array for the target anatomy of the spine. CONCLUSION In this study, we introduced a new RF coil element: the NODES antenna. NODES antenna outperformed the widely used loop and dipole elements and may provide improved transmit/receive performance for future ultrahigh field MRI applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadeghi-Tarakameh
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Steve Jungst
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mike Lanagan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lance DelaBarre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ergin Atalar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yigitcan Eryaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Leeuwen CC, Steensma BR, Klomp DWJ, van den Berg CAT, Raaijmakers AJE. The Coax Dipole: A fully flexible coaxial cable dipole antenna with flattened current distribution for body imaging at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:528-540. [PMID: 34411327 PMCID: PMC9292881 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The coax dipole antenna, a flexible antenna for body imaging at 7T is presented. Similar to the high impedance coil, this coaxial cable antenna is fed on the central conductor and through gaps in the shield, the current passes to the outside of the antenna to generate B1 field. This could achieve more favorable current distributions and better adaptation to the body curvature. Methods Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations are performed to optimize the positions of the gaps in the shield for a flat current profile. Lumped inductors are added to each end to reduce losses. The performance of a single antenna is compared to a fractionated dipole using B1 maps and MR thermometry. Finally, an array of eight coax dipoles is evaluated in simulations and used for in‐vivo scanning. Results An optimal configuration is found with gaps located at 10 cm from the center and inductor values of 28 nH. In comparison to the fractionated dipole antenna, in single antenna phantom measurements the coax dipole achieves similar B1 amplitude with 18% lower peak temperature. In simulations, the eight‐channel array of coax dipoles improved B1 homogeneity by 18%, along with small improvements in transmit efficiency and specific absorption rate (SAR). MRI measurements on three volunteers show more consistent performance for the coax dipoles. Conclusion The coax dipole is a novel antenna design with a flattened current distribution resulting in beneficial properties. Also, the flexible design of the coax dipoles allows better adaptation to the body curvature and can potentially be used for a wide range of imaging targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carel C van Leeuwen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart R Steensma
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander J E Raaijmakers
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A novel vision for mathematical model between electromagnetic radiation and thermodynamic parameters in biochemistry frame. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Gandji NP, Sica CT, Lanagan MT, Woo MK, DelaBarre L, Radder J, Zhang B, Lattanzi R, Adriany G, Ugurbil K, Yang QX. Displacement current distribution on a high dielectric constant helmet and its effect on RF field at 10.5 T (447 MHz). Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3292-3303. [PMID: 34272898 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigating the designs and effects of high dielectric constant (HDC) materials in the shape of a conformal helmet on the enhancement of RF field and reduction of specific absorption rate at 10.5 T for human brain studies. METHODS A continuous and a segmented four-piece HDC helmet fit to a human head inside an eight-channel fractionated-dipole array were constructed and studied with a phantom and a human head model using computer electromagnetic simulations. The simulated transmit efficiency and receive sensitivity were experimentally validated using a phantom with identical electric properties and helmet-coil configurations of the computer model. The temporal and spatial distributions of displacement currents on the HDC helmets were analyzed. RESULTS Using the continuous HDC helmet, simulation results in the human head model demonstrated an average transmit efficiency enhancement of 66%. A propagating displacement current was induced on the continuous helmet, leading to an inhomogeneous RF field enhancement in the brain. Using the segmented four-piece helmet design to reduce this effect, an average 55% and 57% enhancement in the transmit efficiency and SNR was achieved in human head, respectively, along with 8% and 28% reductions in average and maximum local specific absorption rate. CONCLUSION The HDC helmets enhanced the transmit efficiency and SNR of the dipole array coil in the human head at 10.5 T. The segmentation of the helmet to disrupt the continuity of circumscribing displacement currents in the helmet produced a more uniform distribution of the transmit field and lower specific absorption rate in the human head compared with the continuous helmet design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid P Gandji
- Center for NMR Research, Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher T Sica
- Center for NMR Research, Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T Lanagan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myung-Kyun Woo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lance DelaBarre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jerahmie Radder
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Advance Imaging Research Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Riccardo Lattanzi
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kazemivalipour E, Sadeghi-Tarakameh A, Atalar E. Eigenmode analysis of the scattering matrix for the design of MRI transmit array coils. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1727-1741. [PMID: 33034125 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To obtain efficient operation modes of transmit array (TxArray) coils using a general design technique based on the eigenmode analysis of the scattering matrix. METHODS We introduce the concept of modal reflected power and excitation eigenmodes, which are calculated as the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of SH S, where the superscript H denotes the Hermitian transpose. We formulate the normalized reflected power, which is the ratio of the total reflected power to the total incident power of TxArray coils for a given excitation signal as the weighted sum of the modal reflected power. By minimizing the modal reflected power of TxArray coils, we increase the excitation space with a low total reflection. The algorithm was tested on 4 dual-row TxArray coils with 8 to 32 channels. RESULTS By minimizing the modal reflected power, we designed an 8-element TxArray coil to have a low reflection for 7 out of 8 dimensions of the excitation space. Similarly, the minimization of the modal reflected power of a 16-element TxArray coil enabled us to enlarge the dimension of the excitation space by 50% compared with commonly employed design techniques. Moreover, we demonstrated that the low total reflected power for some critical excitation modes, such as the circularly polarized mode, can be achieved for all TxArray coils even with a high level of coupling. CONCLUSION Eigenmode analysis is an efficient method that intuitively provides a quantitative and compact representation of the coil's power transmission capabilities. This method also provides insight into the excitation modes with low reflection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kazemivalipour
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alireza Sadeghi-Tarakameh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergin Atalar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Accelerating the co-simulation method for the design of transmit array coils for MRI. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 34:165-178. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-020-00858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Lakshmanan K, Cloos M, Brown R, Lattanzi R, Sodickson DK, Wiggins GC. The "Loopole" Antenna: A Hybrid Coil Combining Loop and Electric Dipole Properties for Ultra-High-Field MRI. CONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE. PART B, MAGNETIC RESONANCE ENGINEERING 2020; 2020:8886543. [PMID: 34140840 PMCID: PMC8207246 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To revisit the "loopole," an unusual coil topology whose unbalanced current distribution captures both loop and electric dipole properties, which can be advantageous in ultra-high-field MRI. METHODS Loopole coils were built by deliberately breaking the capacitor symmetry of traditional loop coils. The corresponding current distribution, transmit efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were evaluated in simulation and experiments in comparison to those of loops and electric dipoles at 7 T (297 MHz). RESULTS The loopole coil exhibited a hybrid current pattern, comprising features of both loops and electric dipole current patterns. Depending on the orientation relative to B0, the loopole demonstrated significant performance boost in either the transmit efficiency or SNR at the center of a dielectric sample when compared to a traditional loop. Modest improvements were observed when compared to an electric dipole. CONCLUSION The loopole can achieve high performance by supporting both divergence-free and curl-free current patterns, which are both significant contributors to the ultimate intrinsic performance at ultra-high field. While electric dipoles exhibit similar hybrid properties, loopoles maintain the engineering advantages of loops, such as geometric decoupling and reduced resonance frequency dependence on sample loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Lakshmanan
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martijn Cloos
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Lattanzi
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel K. Sodickson
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tech4Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham C. Wiggins
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|