Occupational balance and its association with life satisfaction in men and women with rheumatoid arthritis

Psychometric properties of the Arabic Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-A)

BACKGROUND

Occupational balance (OB) is a desirable outcome of rehabilitation because it is related to various health indices. The Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ) is a self-report measure of occupational balance.

AIMS/OBJECTIVES

To examine the test-retest reliability, participant-level content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity of an Arabic occupational balance questionnaire (OBQ11-A).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 103 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Test-retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients, participant-level content validity using percentage of agreement in survey questions, construct validity using factor analysis, internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha, and convergent validity by examining associations with quality-of-life.

RESULTS

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values for the total OBQ11-A scores and individual items were greater than 0.7 between the test and retest. The majority of respondents endorsed the relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of the OBQ11-A. Cronbach's alpha for the OBQ11-A total score was 0.899. Nine of the 11 OBQ11-A items had factor loadings greater than 0.7. Moderate associations were found between the total OBQ11-A scores and physical health (n = 101; ρ = .52, p < .001), psychological health (n = 101; ρ = .49, p < .001), social relationships (n = 101; ρ = .36, p < .001), and environmental domains (n = 101; ρ = .57, p < .001) of the quality-of-life measure.

CONCLUSIONS

OBQ11-A demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties for research purposes.

[Translation of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire in French and its Validation]

Background. Questionnaires measuring occupational balance have been created in recent years, but those available in French are limited. Purpose. This study aimed to translate and transculturally adapt the Occupational Balance Questionnaire and to examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the French version. Methodology. A cross-cultural validation was conducted with adults in Quebec (n = 69) and in French-speaking Switzerland (n = 47). Results. Internal consistency was good in both regions (α > 0.85). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory in Quebec (ICC = 0.629; p < 0.001), but a significant difference was found between the two measurement times in French-speaking Switzerland. Significant associations were found between the results of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire and those of the Life Balance Inventory (Quebec, r = 0.47; French-speaking Switzerland, r = 0.52). Implications. These initial results support the use of the OBQ-French in the general population of two French-speaking regions.

Validity and Reliability of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) in a U.S. Sample of Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

IMPORTANCE

Although occupational balance (OB) is a construct of importance to occupational therapy, existing OB assessments have not been validated in clinical populations.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the validity and reliability of the 11-item version of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) in U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes.

DESIGN

Data were analyzed from adults with Type 1 diabetes enrolled in a larger longitudinal study examining the relationships among blood glucose, emotion, and functioning. Dimensionality of the OBQ11 was assessed with item response theory (IRT); convergent validity was tested by examining whether associations between the OBQ11 and other constructs were consistent with a priori hypotheses.

SETTING

Three outpatient clinical sites in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

Data from 208 U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes were included in the analyses (42% Latino, 29% White, 14% African American, 7% multiethnic, and 8% other).

OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Assessments administered include the OBQ11, Patient Health Questionnaire (depression), and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Overall, results from IRT models and correlational tests supported the reliability and validity of the OBQ11. For instance, higher scores on the OBQ11 were significantly associated with better self-ratings of diabetes management behaviors (r = .28, p < .001), lower depression symptoms (r = -.53, p < .001), and greater positive affect (r = .32, p < .001). A single-factor generalized partial credit model fit the OBQ11 acceptably well, supporting its unidimensionality.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The OBQ11 may be a reliable and valid measure of OB appropriate for use in clinical populations such as adults with diabetes. What This Article Adds: OB is not often formally assessed by occupational therapists in the United States, even though the contributions of OB to health and well-being are core components of the philosophy of occupational therapy. The current evidence supports the validity of the OBQ11 in a clinical population of adults with Type 1 diabetes and demonstrates significant associations between OB and health management behaviors. Study results may encourage greater consideration and assessment of OB in occupational therapy clinical practice in the United States.

Longitudinal Changes in Occupational Balance among Baby Boomers in Japan (1996-2016)

In Japan, the proportion of the older adult population-the post-war baby boomer generation-is increasing rapidly and presenting new problems, such as suicide among baby boomers and the burden of family care. The purpose of this study was to clarify how baby boomers changed their occupational balance between their 40s and 60s. This study used public statistical data from the Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities published by the Statistics Bureau of Japan to analyze the longitudinal characteristics of the time allocation of baby boomers. The findings of this study showed gender differences in occupational balance among the study population. The occupational balance of men changed due to occupational transition after mandatory retirement, but that of women did not change significantly. Longitudinally examining the time allocation changes of one generation revealed that the readjustment of occupational balance is necessary during life role changes, such as retirement. Moreover, if this readjustment is not carried out properly, individuals will experience role overload and loss.

Quality of life, sense of coherence and occupational balance one year after an occupational therapy intervention for people with depression and anxiety disorders

BACKGROUND

Quality of life (QOL), sense of coherence (SOC) and occupational balance (OB) have been found to increase after rehabilitation among people living with depression and anxiety. However, these aspects have not been investigated over time in participants with different paid work situations, such as being on sick leave or not.

OBJECTIVE

To describe and compare the self-rated QOL, SOC and OB after participation in occupational therapy in three groups of people with depression and anxiety disorders based on their work situation during the study period: continuous sick leave, return to work and continuous work.

METHODS

Forty-seven women and seven men, 19-60 years old with depression and anxiety were followed over time. They completed questionnaires on QOL, SOC and OB on four occasions. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences between the groups were identified. All groups improved in at least one of the studied areas over time: the sick leave group in OB; the return-to-work group in QOL and OB; and the Work group in QOL and SOC.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate variations in QOL, SOC and OB between people with different work situations over time after occupational therapy. Studies with larger samples are, however, warranted.

The Spanish version of Occupational Balance Questionnaire: psychometric properties and normative data in a representative sample of adults

BACKGROUND

The Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ) is an instrument that assesses occupational balance (OB). It has been transculturality adapted and validated in different countries, showing adequate psychometric properties. To date, no general population-based cut-off points for OB have been developed.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the psychometric proprieties of the Spanish version OBQ (OBQ-E) and to estimate reference norms and the cut-off for OBQ-E in a representative sample of Spanish adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 797 adults were included in this validity study. Internal consistency, intra and test-retest reliability of OBQ-E were examined. To obtain the convergent validity and the divergent validity, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) were used respectively, compared with OBQ-E. To determine extreme and moderate disturbed OB stratified by age, sex, and educational level were used the 5 and 15% percentiles of OBQ-E.

RESULTS

The OBQ-E showed good internal consistency (α-Cronbach = 0.87), intraclass reliability (ICC = 0.87), and test-retest reliability (rho = 0.83). Convergent (SLS) and divergent (HAD) validity were moderate (rho = 0.39 and rho = -0.46, respectively). The lowest extreme disturbed OB cut-off point in men (17.2) and in women (24) appeared at the primary education level, under 40 years of age (men) and 40-65 years of age (women).

CONCLUSIONS

The OBQ-E presents adequate psychometric properties, and its normative data can be used as a reference to assess and monitor the occupational balance in the general Spanish population.KEY MESSAGESThe 'Occupational Balance Questionnaire' (OBQ), stands out as a specific measure of the concept of Occupational Balance, considered as satisfaction with the number and variation of occupations in which the person participates.The OBQ is a short and simple instrument that can be a useful tool for use in population-based and epidemiological studies to monitor OB and explore the associated factors or implications of disturbed OB.The Spanish version of the OBQ (OBQ-E) seems to be a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the perception of balance between occupations, related to health and well-being in the Spanish adult population.

A hybrid decision-making framework to manage occupational stress in project-based organizations

According to recent studies in the field of human resource management (HRM), especially in project-based organizations (PBOs), stress is recognized as a factor that has a paramount significance on the performance of staff. Previous studies in organizational stress management have mainly focused on identifying job stressors and their effects on organizations. Contrary to the previous studies, this paper aims to propose a comprehensive decision-support system that includes identifying stressors, assessing organizational stress levels, and providing solutions to improve the performance of the organization. A questionnaire is designed and distributed among 170 senior managers of a major project-based organization in the field of the energy industry in Iran to determine organizational stressors. Based on the questionnaire results and considering the best worst method (BWM) as an approach to determine the weighting vector, the importance degree of each stressor is calculated. In the next stage, a decision-support model is developed to assess the stress level of a PBO through fuzzy inference systems (FIS). Some main advantages of the proposed hybrid decision-support model include (i) achieving high-reliable results by not-so-time-consuming computational volume and (ii) maintaining flexibility in adding new criteria to assess the occupational stress levels in PBOs. Based on the obtained results, six organizational stressors, including job incongruity, poor organizational structure, poor project environment, work overload, poor job promotion, and type A behavior, are identified. It is also found that the level of organizational stress is not ideal. Finally, some main recommendations are proposed to manage occupational stresses at the optimum level in the considered sector.

Translation and initial validation of the occupational balance questionnaire to Arabic—Occupational Balance Questionnaire-A

Introduction

Occupational balance (OB) is related to many health indicators, including quality of life. The Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) was developed to measure OB, and to date, no Arabic translations of the questionnaire exist. The aim of the study was to describe the translation process of OBQ11 to Arabic and to evaluate its content validity, internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent validity.

Methods

OBQ11 was translated to Arabic (OBQ11-A) following standard guidelines. Content validity feedback was obtained from ten Arabic-speaking occupational therapists and in a cognitive debriefing with seven volunteers. In addition, OBQ11-A and the Family Quality of Life Survey-2006 were administered to 67 Arabic-speaking participants from a larger study about OB among parents.

Results

High level of agreement was found on the content of OBQ11-A from the occupational therapists. Cognitive debriefing interviews indicated that OBQ11-A was easy to understand. Cronbach’s alpha for the total OBQ11-A score was 0.864 indicating good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis showed acceptable factor loadings for all items. The total scores showed positive statistically significant associations with Family Quality of Life Scores ( r = 0.561, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

OBQ11-A may prove useful for assessing OB in Arabic-speaking populations. Further research is needed to establish its reliability.

Exploring the associations among occupational balance and health of adults with and without inflammatory arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Occupational balance is a person's subjective perception of the amount and variation of their everyday activities. Evidence suggests an association between occupational balance and health. However, the impact of arthritis on occupational balance and its association with health is unclear. This exploratory study examined associations between occupational balance and measures of health, and between-group differences, in adults with and without inflammatory arthritis (IA).

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, participants completed the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11), SF-36 Health Survey (Physical and Mental Component Scores) and provided demographic information. Telomere lengths were analyzed from dried blood spots.

RESULTS

143 adults participated (67 with IA, 76 healthy comparison (HC) group). Occupational balance was higher in the HC group than the IA group (mean difference = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.0, 5.9, p = 0.01), but this difference was not statistically significant when adjusted for physical health. The association between occupational balance and physical health was stronger in the IA group (R² = .17, p = .001) than in the HC group (R² = .05, p = .05). Occupational balance was associated with mental health (R² = .26, p < .001) but not associated with telomere length (R² = .02, p = .24).

CONCLUSION

Occupational balance is associated with mental health for all participants and associated with physical health and disease activity in participants with IA. Attention to assessment of and strategies for improving occupational balance in rehabilitation practice and arthritis self-management programs may contribute to sustaining physical and mental health.

Organizational and social work environment factors, occupational balance and no or negligible stress symptoms among Swedish principals - a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Few studies have assessed the mental health of principals, or studied associations with both organizational and social work environment factors and occupational balance. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate associations between supporting and demanding organizational and social work environment factors, occupational balance and stress symptoms in principals.

METHODS

A total of 4309 surveys (2316 from the first round, 1992 from the second round), representing 2781 Swedish principals who had responded to at least one of two surveys, were included in the present study. The surveys include questions about socio-demographic factors, occupational balance, overtime work, and supporting and demanding organizational and social work environment factors, as well as questions about personal stress and exhaustion. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to specify a repeated measures model with a dichotomous outcome (binary logistic regression) and multiple independent factors. Data from two surveys were combined, taking into account dependent observations due to the fact that many study subjects had participated in both surveys.

RESULTS

Associations were found between occupational balance (Q1: OR 2.52, 95% CI 2.03-3.15; Q2: OR 4.95, 95% CI 3.86-6.35; Q3: OR 9.29, 95% CI 6.99-12.34), overtime work (Once a week: OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.10-2.08; Sometimes a week: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03-1.66), supportive private life (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.36-1.66), supportive colleagues at the leadership level (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14-1.36), supportive management (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.28) and no or negligible stress symptoms. In addition, role demands (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63-0.83), having a container function (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64-0.82), collaboration with employees (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.89), role conflicts (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.89) and having a buffer function (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.97) were associated with lower likelihood to rate no or negligible stress symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The occupational balance of principals is strongly associated with no or negligible stress symptoms, and thus is a promising venue for promoting well-being. Improvements should be made to several factors in the organizational and social work environments to improve principals' chances of having occupational balance, and therefore better mental health.

Exploring perceived occupational balance in women with fibromyalgia. A descriptive study

BACKGROUND

People with chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia may experience occupational limitations and imbalances in their basic and instrumental occupations of daily living, leisure, work, and social participation.

OBJECTIVE

To describe occupational balance in persons with fibromyalgia and to analyze whether it is associated with self-reported disability and self-efficacy to manage symptoms.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out. Individuals with fibromyalgia were invited to participate. Occupational balance was assessed with the Occupational Balance Questionnaire; self-reported disability was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, WHODAS 2.0-12; and self-efficacy was evaluated with the 8-item version of the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with a forward stepwise procedure.

RESULTS

One hundred women with fibromyalgia were included. Occupational balance was 26.96 ± 12.09; however, scores differed between the mild disability group and the moderate disability group (33.11 ± 9.99 vs. 20.29 ± 10.61, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that self-reported disability and self-reported pain management explained 58.1% of the variance in occupational balance.

CONCLUSION

Women with fibromyalgia showed low occupational balance. Self-reported disability and self-reported pain management were associated with occupational balance.

SIGNIFICANCE

Occupational therapy practitioners can design intervention programs focussing on occupational balance and self-efficacy to manage symptoms.