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Reducing CAUTI in patients with acute urinary retention in the critical care setting: A pilot study with electronic medical record analytics. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:135-141. [PMID: 35700927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study implemented and evaluated an algorithm protocol for management of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) among patients treated for acute urinary retention (AUR) in an intensive care unit. The algorithm protocol (1) instituted in and out catheterization before placing an IUC for retention; (2) encouraged more consistent use of medications for AUR; and (3) provided for prompt removal of IUCs placed for AUR. METHODS An uncontrolled pre- and post-test intervention approach was used to assess the impact of the algorithm on the treatment of AUR. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed data collected using 2 approaches: (1) electronic extracts from the electronic medical record (EMR) vs (2) manual chart reviews. RESULTS Findings suggest that the intervention decreased indwelling IUC days by 1.93 average days and increased medication prescription rates. An EMR extract identified fewer catheters per patient pre-intervention than a manual chart review, but otherwise the differences observed in the EMR extract and manual chart review were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS Implications for practitioners and administrators are that the algorithm protocol may reduce CAUTI risk and - provided consistent EMR documentation - EMR extracts may represent an efficient and effective approach for monitoring data when spreading the intervention.
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Çakıcı ÖU, Dinçer S. The effect of amino acids on the bladder cycle: a concise review. Amino Acids 2021; 54:13-31. [PMID: 34853916 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bladder maintains a cycle of filling, storing, and micturating throughout an individual's lifespan. The cycle relies on the ability of the bladder to expand without increasing the intravesical pressure, which is only possible with the controlled relaxation of well-complaint muscles and the congruously organized construction of the bladder wall. A competent bladder outlet, which functions in a synchronous fashion with the bladder, is also necessary for this cycle to be completed successfully without deterioration. In this paper, we aimed to review the contemporary physiological findings on bladder physiology and examine the effects of amino acids on clinical conditions affecting the bladder, with special emphasis on the available therapeutic evidence and possible future roles of the amino acids in the treatment of the bladder-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özer Ural Çakıcı
- Attending Urologist, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
- PhD Candidate in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sun S, Wang C, Zhang J, Sun P. Occurrence and Severity of Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort of General Anesthesia Plus Epidural Anesthesia vs. General Anesthesia in Abdominal Operation With Urinary Catheterization: A Randomized, Controlled Study. Front Surg 2021; 8:658598. [PMID: 34552958 PMCID: PMC8450512 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.658598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This randomized, controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of general anesthesia plus epidural anesthesia on catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) in patients who underwent abdominal operation with urinary catheterization. Methods: A total of 150 patients scheduled for abdominal operation under anesthesia with urinary catheterization were randomized to receive general anesthesia plus epidural anesthesia (N = 74, GA + EA group) or general anesthesia (N = 76, GA group). The occurrence and severity of CRBD, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded at 0 hour (h), 0.5, 1, and 3 h after tracheal extubation. Besides, postoperative adverse events were assessed. Results: The occurrence and severity of CRBD at 0, 0.5, 1, and 3 h were all reduced in GA + EA group compared to GA group (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, subgroup analyses showed that the reduction of occurrence and severity of CRBD in GA + EA group compared to GA group was more obvious in male patients and patients ≥50 years. Besides, SBP at 0, 0.5, 1, and 3 h, as well as DBP at 0, 0.5, and 3 h were all decreased in GA + EA group compared to GA group (all P < 0.05), while HR was increased at 0 h in GA + EA group compared to GA group (P = 0.034). Moreover, the occurrence of pain, severity of pain and occurrence of vomiting were similar between GA + EA group and GA group (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: General anesthesia plus epidural anesthesia decreases CRBD occurrence and severity with tolerable safety compared with general anesthesia in patients who undergo abdominal operation with urinary catheterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxiang Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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Relation between pelvic floor neurophysiological abnormalities and erectile dysfunction in patients with obstructed defecation. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-021-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Obstructed defecation is a common pelvic floor medical problem among adult population. Pelvic floor disorders were reported to be associated with sexual dysfunction including erectile dysfunction among male patients. The aim was to determine the relation between pelvic floor neurophysiological abnormalities and erectile dysfunction in male patients with obstructed defecation.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 65 married male patients with obstructed defecation and a control group consisted of 15 apparently healthy married males. Assessment of obstructed defecation severity was done by using modified obstructed defecation score, time of toileting and Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life questionnaire. Assessment of erectile functions was done using erectile function domain of International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire and Erectile Dysfunction-Effect on Quality of Life Questionnaire. Anal manometry and dynamic pelvis magnetic resonance imaging were done. Electrophysiological studies included pudendal nerve motor conduction study and needle electromyography of external anal sphincter, puborectalis and bulbocavernosus muscles.
Results
There were 32 patients (49.2%) who had erectile dysfunction. The maximum straining anal pressure was significantly higher among patients with erectile dysfunction. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was significantly delayed and the percentage of bilateral pudendal neuropathy was significantly higher among patients with erectile dysfunction. The percentage of electromyography evidence of denervation with chronic reinnervation in the external anal sphincter and bulbocavernosus muscles were significantly higher among patients with erectile dysfunction. Regression analysis detected three co-variables to be associated with significantly increasing the likelihood of development of erectile dysfunction. These were maximum straining anal pressure (odd ratio = 1.122), right pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (odd ratio = 3.755) and left pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (odd ratio = 3.770).
Conclusions
Erectile dysfunction is prevalent among patients with obstructed defecation. It is associated with characteristic pelvic floor electrophysiological abnormalities. Pelvic floor neurophysiological changes vary from minimal to severe neuromuscular abnormalities that usually accompanying erectile dysfunction. Pudendal neuropathy and increased maximum straining anal pressure are essential risk factors for increasing the likelihood of development of erectile dysfunction in patients with obstructed defecation.
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Previnaire JG, Alexander M. The sacral exam-what is needed to best care for our patients? Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 31934355 PMCID: PMC6946808 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-019-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacral reflexes are important to allow the SCI practitioner to gain information about the state of the sacral spinal cord segments. The presence of the bulbocavernosus and/or the anal wink reflex indicate an intact spinal reflex arc and reflex conal autonomic function (as part of the upper motor neuron syndrome); their absence defines a lower motor neuron syndrome. The assessment of sacral reflexes helps predict the type of bladder, bowel and sexual functions and the related therapeutic interventions. We suggest adding the sacral component of the International Standards for the Assessment of Autonomic Function after SCI (ISAFSCI) to the International Standards for the Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) examination so there can be a detailed description of these important functions. As an alternative, the performance of sacral reflexes should be routinely required as part of the neurologic examination after SCI. Whether the sacral motor neuron system is classified as upper or lower motor neuron injury is also quite useful and as such should be present in the ISCNSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcalee Alexander
- Department of PMR, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
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Kirshblum S, Eren F. Anal reflex versus bulbocavernosus reflex in evaluation of patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2020; 6:2. [PMID: 31934354 PMCID: PMC6946655 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-019-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The examination of sacral reflexes provides an important method to differentiate an upper motor neuron vs lower motor neuron spinal cord injury (SCI). Two common sacral mediated reflexes used as part of the neurological assessment include the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) and anal reflex. As the clinical information from these tests are similar, we suggest that the anal reflex provides a better first option as a non-invasive clinical assessment of sacral reflex status in clinical practice in SCI as the testing for the anal reflex is less intrusive and already being performed as part of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) by pinprick stimulation of the S4-5 dermatome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kirshblum
- Kessler Institution for Rehabilitation, West Orange, NJ USA
- 2Department of PM&R, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ USA
- 3Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ USA
| | - Fatma Eren
- 2Department of PM&R, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ USA
- 3Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ USA
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Ali RH, Gadallah NA, El Zohiery AK, Elwy M, Serag I. Neurophysiologic study in idiopathic overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 38:223-230. [PMID: 30311682 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent, mystifying disorder with a questionable neurogenic background. We aimed to investigate the possible subtle neuropathic affection underlying its pathogenesis. METHODS A cross-sectional cut off study was carried out on a series of 38 females with idiopathic OAB and 22 healthy matched female volunteers. The following was performed: symptom score questionnaire, determination of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML), sacral reflexes' latencies, pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, and needle electromyography of the external anal and urethral sphincters. RESULTS A highly significant prolongation of PNTMLs and sacral reflexes latencies among the patients group was detected (P ≥ 0.001). Pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials showed non- significance among the two studied groups (P ≥ 0.05). External anal sphincter neuropathic affection was detected in 27 patients (71%) and external urethral sphincter neuropathic affection was detected in 30 patients (78.9%). The clitoral anal reflex showed the highest sensitivity and specificity among the neurophysiologic tests used in assessing the neuropathic affection (86.7 and 83%, respectively), followed by PNTML (83.3 and 80%, respectively). CONCLUSION Pudendal neuropathy is the dominating possible attributing factor in the pathogenesis underlying idiopathic OAB. An integrated clinical, urodynamic, and electro-physiological assessment is recommended for evaluation of any overactive bladder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowaida H Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Gadallah
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer K El Zohiery
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elwy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ihab Serag
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Marola S, Ferrarese A, Gibin E, Capobianco M, Bertolotto A, Enrico S, Solej M, Martino V, Destefano I, Nano M. Anal sphincter dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: an observation manometric study. Open Med (Wars) 2016; 11:509-517. [PMID: 28352843 PMCID: PMC5329875 DOI: 10.1515/med-2016-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation, obstructed defecation, and fecal incontinence are frequent complaints in multiple sclerosis. The literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders is scant. Using anorectal manometry, we compared the anorectal function in patients with and without multiple sclerosis. 136 patients referred from our Center for Multiple Sclerosis to the Coloproctology Outpatient Clinic, between January 2005 and December 2011, were enrolled. The patients were divided into four groups: multiple sclerosis patients with constipation (group A); multiple sclerosis patients with fecal incontinence (group B); non-multiple sclerosis patients with constipation (group C); non-multiple sclerosis patients with fecal incontinence (group D). Anorectal manometry was performed to measure: resting anal pressure; maximum squeeze pressure; rectoanal inhibitory reflex; filling pressure and urge pressure. The difference between resting anal pressure before and after maximum squeeze maneuvers was defined as the change in resting anal pressure calculated for each patient. RESULTS Group A patients were noted to have greater sphincter hypotonia at rest and during contraction compared with those in group C (p=0.02); the rectal sensitivity threshold was lower in group B than in group D patients (p=0.02). No voluntary postcontraction sphincter relaxation was observed in either group A or group B patients (p=0.891 and p=0.939, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in the difference in resting anal pressure before and after maximum squeeze maneuvers suggests post-contraction sphincter spasticity, indicating impaired pelvic floor coordination in multiple sclerosis patients. A knowledge of manometric alterations in such patients may be clinically relevant in the selection of patients for appropriate treatments and for planning targeted rehabilitation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marola
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Ferrarese
- University of Turin, Section of General Surgery, San Luigi Gonzaga Teaching Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Gibin
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Capobianco
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Enrico
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Solej
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Valter Martino
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ines Destefano
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Nano
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital “San Luigi Gonzaga”, Section of General Surgery, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this integrative review is to identify the best nurse-managed continence care strategies among rehabilitation patients from the current body of evidence. DESIGN The newly designed 2015 Competency Model for Professional Rehabilitation Nursing serves as a conceptual framework to categorize evidence-based recommendations for continence care into the four domains of the model. METHODS A search of the evidence was completed in December 2015. Literature reviewed was limited to articles published from 2005-2015 in the English language. Search priority was given to systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. FINDINGS Nurse-led interventions include evidence-based clinical assessments with use of validated instruments following step-wise algorithms derived from clinical practice guidelines. The interprofessional team emphasizes role-based continence interventions with shared work to reach goals. Leadership recommendations call for administrative support and allocation of resources for continence care and also empower select bedside nurses to become continence champions. Finally, nurse-patient education and caregiver training target the promotion of successful living. System-based continence recommendations are identified to include rehab-oriented electronic documentation systems, written continence policies and procedures, and ongoing nursing education emphasizing accountability to high performance standards. CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation nurses are the team leaders in promoting continence in the rehabilitation setting. They are the cultivators of hope and foster resilience among patients to move forward despite acute or chronic illness and disability. This article is intended to support rehabilitation nurses in their review of clinical evidence in effort to move toward a more uniform approach to bowel and bladder management. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This review equips rehabilitation nurses who seek to improve their practice by identifying the best evidence-based approaches to continence care.
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Giant bladder (10,500 mL in volume) in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1327.e1-2. [PMID: 26786514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Reeves F, Everaerts W, Murphy DG, Kiers L, Peters J, Costello T, Corcoran NM, Costello AJ. Stimulation of the Neurovascular Bundle Results in Rhabdosphincter Contraction in a Proportion of Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy. Urology 2016; 87:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eltayeb AA, Shehata GA. Sphincter-saving anorectoplasty for correction of anorectal malformations. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-1633.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghaidaa A. Shehata
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Neurology; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
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Ay A, Demir A, Kismet K, Emir L, Ertas E. Idiopathic giant atonic bladder (6000 mL in volume) present for 15 years with no urinary symptoms. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E135-7. [PMID: 23671504 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urinary retention is common in patients with neurologic disorders. We present a case of asymptomatic idiopathic giant bladder from which 6000 mL urine was drained. This is the largest volume of bladder that we found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ay
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital 5th General Surgery Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Stav K, Lang E, Leibovici D, Lindner A, Rabey JM. Decreased Amplitude of Detrusor Overactivity by Repetitive Swallowing. J Urol 2012; 187:1717-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Stav
- Departments of Urology and Neurology (JMR), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erez Lang
- Departments of Urology and Neurology (JMR), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Leibovici
- Departments of Urology and Neurology (JMR), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arie Lindner
- Departments of Urology and Neurology (JMR), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jose Martin Rabey
- Departments of Urology and Neurology (JMR), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Burakgazi AZ, Alsowaity B, Burakgazi ZA, Unal D, Kelly JJ. Bladder dysfunction in peripheral neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2011; 45:2-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hagen EM, Faerestrand S, Hoff JM, Rekand T, Gronning M. Cardiovascular and urological dysfunction in spinal cord injury. Acta Neurol Scand 2011:71-8. [PMID: 21711260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A spinal cord injury (SCI) above the sixth thoracic vertebra interrupts the supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system causing an imbalance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. This article focuses on the symptoms, treatment and examination of autonomic disturbances of the cardiovascular and the urinary system after a SCI. METHODS A non-systematic literature search in the PubMed database. RESULTS Frequent complications in the acute phase of cervical and high thoracic SCI are bradyarrhythmias, hypotension, hypothermia/hyperthermia, increased neurogenic shock, vagovagal reflex, supraventricular/ventricular ectopic beats, vasodilatation and congestion. Serious complications in the chronic phase of SCI are orthostatic hypotension, impaired cardiovascular reflexes, autonomic dysreflexia (AD), reduced sensation of cardiac pain, loss of reflex cardiac acceleration, quadriplegic cardiac atrophy due to loss of left ventricular mass and pseudo-myocardial infarction. AD is associated with a sudden, uncontrolled sympathetic response, triggered by stimuli below the injury. It may cause mild symptoms like skin rash or slight headache, but also severe hypertension, cerebral haemorrhage and death. Early recognition and prompt treatment are important. Urinary autonomic dysfunctions include hyperreflexia or areflexia of detrusor and/or sphincter of the bladder. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SCI have a high risk of cardiovascular complications, AD and urinary autonomic dysfunction both in the acute phase and later, affecting their prognosis and quality of life. Knowledge of cardiovascular and urological complications after SCI is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hagen
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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The Effect of Sacral Nerve Modulation on Cerebral Evoked Potential Latency in Fecal Incontinence and Constipation. Ann Surg 2011; 254:90-6. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182196ff4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gottsch HP, Yang CC, Berger RE. A review of botulinum toxin use for chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Curr Urol Rep 2010; 11:265-70. [PMID: 20446070 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-010-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The inability of urologists to consistently and effectively treat men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), also known as chronic abacterial prostatitis, is a source of great frustration. Botulinum toxin (BTX), a potent neurotoxin, can act on most of the peripheral nerves of the pelvis through a variety of mechanisms. BTX injection therapy for CPPS treatment has shown modest improvements. BTX is ideal for integration into a multimodal treatment plan, which may help achieve pain relief in men with chronic pelvic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P Gottsch
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, BB-Wing, Floor 11, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356510, Seattle, WA 98195-6510, USA.
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Dowden BR, Wark HA, Normann RA. Muscle-selective block using intrafascicular high-frequency alternating current. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:339-47. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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