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Mavropalias G, Boppart M, Usher KM, Grounds MD, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Exercise builds the scaffold of life: muscle extracellular matrix biomarker responses to physical activity, inactivity, and aging. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:481-519. [PMID: 36412213 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for muscle force production and the regulation of important physiological processes during growth, regeneration, and remodelling. ECM remodelling is a tightly orchestrated process, sensitive to multi-directional tensile and compressive stresses and damaging stimuli, and its assessment can convey important information on rehabilitation effectiveness, injury, and disease. Despite its profound importance, ECM biomarkers are underused in studies examining the effects of exercise, disuse, or aging on muscle function, growth, and structure. This review examines patterns of short- and long-term changes in the synthesis and concentrations of ECM markers in biofluids and tissues, which may be useful for describing the time course of ECM remodelling following physical activity and disuse. Forces imposed on the ECM during physical activity critically affect cell signalling while disuse causes non-optimal adaptations, including connective tissue proliferation. The goal of this review is to inform researchers, and rehabilitation, medical, and exercise practitioners better about the role of ECM biomarkers in research and clinical environments to accelerate the development of targeted physical activity treatments, improve ECM status assessment, and enhance function in aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mavropalias
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Marni Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 South Fourth St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kayley M Usher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise-induced signaling pathways to counteracting cardiac apoptotic processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950927. [PMID: 36036015 PMCID: PMC9403089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world. One of the major causes of cardiac death is excessive apoptosis. However, multiple pathways through moderate exercise can reduce myocardial apoptosis. After moderate exercise, the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as IGF-1, IGF-1R, p-PI3K, p-Akt, ERK-1/2, SIRT3, PGC-1α, and Bcl-2 increases in the heart. While apoptotic proteins such as PTEN, PHLPP-1, GSK-3, JNK, P38MAPK, and FOXO are reduced in the heart. Exercise-induced mechanical stress activates the β and α5 integrins and subsequently, focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation activates the Akt/mTORC1 and ERK-1/2 pathways, leading to an anti-apoptotic response. One of the reasons for the decrease in exercise-induced apoptosis is the decrease in Fas-ligand protein, Fas-death receptor, TNF-α receptor, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase-8, and caspase-3. In addition, after exercise mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic factors such as Bid, t-Bid, Bad, p-Bad, Bak, cytochrome c, and caspase-9 are reduced. These changes lead to a reduction in oxidative damage, a reduction in infarct size, a reduction in cardiac apoptosis, and an increase in myocardial function. After exercising in the heart, the levels of RhoA, ROCK1, Rac1, and ROCK2 decrease, while the levels of PKCε, PKCδ, and PKCɑ are activated to regulate calcium and prevent mPTP perforation. Exercise has an anti-apoptotic effect on heart failure by increasing the PKA-Akt-eNOS and FSTL1-USP10-Notch1 pathways, reducing the negative effects of CaMKIIδ, and increasing the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Exercise plays a protective role in the heart by increasing HSP20, HSP27, HSP40, HSP70, HSP72, and HSP90 along with increasing JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. However, research on exercise and factors such as Pim-1, Notch, and FAK in cardiac apoptosis is scarce, so further research is needed. Future research is recommended to discover more anti-apoptotic pathways. It is also recommended to study the synergistic effect of exercise with gene therapy, dietary supplements, and cell therapy for future research.
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Xu F, Zheng Z, Yao M, Zhu F, Shen T, Li J, Zhu C, Yang T, Shao M, Wan Z, Fang C. A regulatory mechanism of a stepwise osteogenesis-mimicking decellularized extracellular matrix on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6171-6180. [PMID: 35766339 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cell-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) plays a vital role in controlling cell functions because of its similarity to the in vivo microenvironment. In the process of stem cell differentiation, the composition of the dECM is not constant but is dynamically remolded. However, there is little information regarding the dynamic regulation by the dECM of the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Herein, four types of stepwise dECMs (0, 7, 14, and 21 d-ECM) were prepared from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) undergoing osteogenic differentiation for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days after decellularization. In vitro experiments were designed to study the regulation of BMSC osteogenesis by dECMs. The results showed that all the dECMs could support the activity and proliferation of BMSCs but had different effects on their osteogenic differentiation. The 14d-ECM promoted the osteogenesis of BMSCs significantly compared with the other dECMs. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that the composition of dECMs changed over time. The 14d ECM had higher amounts of collagen type IV alpha 2 chain (COL4A2) than the other dECMs. Furthermore, COL4A2 was obviously enriched in the activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways. Thus, the 14d-ECM could promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which might be related to the high content of COL4A2 in the 14d-ECM by activating the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziran Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mianfeng Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feiya Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianru Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Mengying Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Zicheng Wan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changyun Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China. .,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Hansson B, Olsen LA, Nicoll JX, von Walden F, Melin M, Strömberg A, Rullman E, Gustafsson T, Fry AC, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Lundberg TR. Skeletal muscle signaling responses to resistance exercise of the elbow extensors are not compromised by a preceding bout of aerobic exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R83-R92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00022.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of a preceding bout of aerobic exercise (AE) on subsequent molecular signaling to resistance exercise (RE) of the elbow extensors. Eleven men performed unilateral elbow-extensor AE (~45 min at 70% peak workload) followed by unilateral RE (4 × 7 maximal repetitions) for both arms. Thus, one arm performed AE+RE interspersed with 15 min recovery, whereas the other arm conducted RE alone. Muscle biopsies were taken from the triceps brachii of each arm immediately before (PRE) and 15 min (POST1) and 3 h (POST2) after RE. Molecular markers involved in translation initiation, protein breakdown, mechanosignaling, and ribosome biogenesis were analyzed. Peak power during RE was reduced by 24% (±19%) when preceded by AE ( P < 0.05). Increases in PGC1a and MuRF1 expression were greater from PRE to POST2 in AE+RE compared with RE (18- vs. 3.5- and 4- vs. 2-fold, respectively, interaction, P < 0.05). Myostatin mRNA decreased in both arms ( P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr172) increased (2.5-fold), and 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) decreased (2.0-fold), after AE (interactions, P < 0.05). p70 S6K, yes-associated protein, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation were unaltered, whereas focal adhesion kinase decreased ~1.5-fold, and β1-integrin increased ~1.3- to 1.5-fold, (time effect, P < 0.05). Abundance of 45S pre-ribosomal (r)RNA (internally transcribed spacer, ITS) decreased (~30%) after AE (interaction, P < 0.05), whereas CMYC mRNA was greater in AE+RE compared with RE (12-fold, P < 0.05). POLR1B abundance increased after both AE+RE and RE. All together, our results suggest that a single bout of AE leads to an immediate decrease in signaling for translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis. Yet, this did not translate into altered RE-induced signaling during the 3-h postexercise recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hansson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luke A. Olsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Justin X. Nicoll
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, California
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Melin
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Strömberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Osness Human Performance Laboratories, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R. Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Graham ZA, Qin W, Harlow LC, Ross NH, Bauman WA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase signaling is decreased 56 days following spinal cord injury in rat gastrocnemius. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:502-9. [PMID: 26481700 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on aspects of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway 56 days post injury in rat gastrocnemius. SETTING This study was conducted in Bronx, NY, USA. METHODS Three-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to either a sham surgery (n=10) or complete T4 spinal cord transection (n=10). Rats were killed 56 days following surgery and the muscle was collected. Following homogenization, proteins of the FAK pathway were analyzed by western immunoblotting or reverse transcription-qPCR. In addition, cellular markers for proteins that target the degradation of FAK were investigated. RESULTS SCI resulted in significantly lower levels of total and phosphorylated FAK, cSrc and p70S6k, and a trend for increased FRNK protein expression. SCI did not change levels of the α7 or β1 integrin subunits, total or phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated Akt and TSC2 or total p70S6k. SCI resulted in a greater expression of total Akt. mRNA expression of FAK and the α7 or β1 integrins remained unchanged between sham and SCI groups. Caspase-3/7 activity and Trim72 mRNA and protein expression remained unchanged following SCI. CONCLUSION SCI results in diminished FAK signaling and is independent of ERK1/2 and Akt. SCI has no effect on mRNA levels for genes encoding components of the focal adhesion 56 days after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Graham
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Qin
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L C Harlow
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - N H Ross
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - W A Bauman
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - P M Gallagher
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - C P Cardozo
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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