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Manjarres Z, Calvo M, Pacheco R. Regulation of Pain Perception by Microbiota in Parkinson Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:7-36. [PMID: 37863655 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain perception involves current stimulation in peripheral nociceptive nerves and the subsequent stimulation of postsynaptic excitatory neurons in the spinal cord. Importantly, in chronic pain, the neural activity of both peripheral nociceptors and postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system is influenced by several inflammatory mediators produced by the immune system. Growing evidence has indicated that the commensal microbiota plays an active role in regulating pain perception by either acting directly on nociceptors or indirectly through the modulation of the inflammatory activity on immune cells. This symbiotic relationship is mediated by soluble bacterial mediators or intrinsic structural components of bacteria that act on eukaryotic cells, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, T cells, enterochromaffin cells, and enteric glial cells. The molecular mechanisms involve bacterial molecules that act directly on neurons, affecting their excitability, or indirectly on non-neuronal cells, inducing changes in the production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators. Importantly, Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorder that affects mainly the dopaminergic neurons implicated in the control of voluntary movements, involves not only a motor decline but also nonmotor symptomatology, including chronic pain. Of note, several recent studies have shown that Parkinson disease involves a dysbiosis in the composition of the gut microbiota. In this review, we first summarize, integrate, and classify the molecular mechanisms implicated in the microbiota-mediated regulation of chronic pain. Second, we analyze the changes on the commensal microbiota associated to Parkinson disease and propose how these changes affect the development of chronic pain in this pathology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The microbiota regulates chronic pain through the action of bacterial signals into two main locations: the peripheral nociceptors and the postsynaptic excitatory neurons in the spinal cord. The dysbiosis associated to Parkinson disease reveals increased representation of commensals that potentially exacerbate chronic pain and reduced levels of bacteria with beneficial effects on pain. This review encourages further research to better understand the signals involved in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host communication to get the clues for the development of probiotics with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulmary Manjarres
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Margarita Calvo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
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Pethő G, Kántás B, Horváth Á, Pintér E. The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17143. [PMID: 38138971 PMCID: PMC10743356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level. In the past decade, an exponentially increasing amount of data has been published on the association between epigenetic changes and the pathomechanism of pain, including its most challenging form, neuropathic pain. Epigenetic regulation of the chromatin by writer, reader, and eraser proteins has been revealed for diverse protein targets involved in the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain. They include receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, inflammasome proteins, etc. Most work has been invested in clarifying the epigenetic downregulation of mu opioid receptors and various K+ channels, two types of structures mediating neuronal inhibition. Conversely, epigenetic upregulation has been revealed for glutamate receptors, growth factors, and lymphokines involved in neuronal excitation. All these data cannot only help better understand the development of neuropathic pain but outline epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers whose pharmacological inhibition may represent a novel option in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Pethő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Str. 17., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
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Jorge CO, Melo-Aquino BD, Santos DFDSD, Oliveira MCGD. Muscle pain induced by static contraction is modulated by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and ankyrin 1 receptors. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common symptom in many diseases of the somatosensory
nervous system, which severely affects the patient’s quality of life.
Epigenetics are heritable alterations in gene expression that do not cause
permanent changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can affect gene
expression and function and can also mediate crosstalk between genes and the
environment. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic modifications, including
DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA, and RNA modification, are
involved in the development and maintenance of NP. In this review, we focus on
the current knowledge of epigenetic modifications in the development and
maintenance of NP. Then, we illustrate different facets of epigenetic
modifications that regulate gene expression and their crosstalk. Finally, we
discuss the burgeoning evidence supporting the potential of emerging epigenetic
therapies, which has been valuable in understanding mechanisms and offers novel
and potent targets for NP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzhi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
- Sun Yet-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun
Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Simin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuhu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Jun Zhou, Department of Anesthesiology, The
Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630,
China.
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Comparison of Different In Vivo Animal Models of Brachial Plexus Avulsion and Its Application in Pain Study. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8875915. [PMID: 33273909 PMCID: PMC7676973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8875915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are high-energy trauma that can result in serious functional problems in the affected upper extremities, and brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) could be considered the most severe type of them. The booming occurrence rate of BPA brings up devastating impact on patients' life. Complications of muscle atrophy, neuropathic pain, and denervation-associated psychological disorders are major challenges in the treatment of BPA. Animal models of BPA are good vehicles for this kind of research. Full understanding of the current in vivo BPA models, which could be classified into anterior approach avulsion, posterior approach avulsion, and closed approach avulsion groups, could help researchers select the appropriate type of models for their studies. Each group of the BPA model has its distinct merits and demerits. An ideal BPA model that can inherit the advantages and make up for the disadvantages is still required for further exploration.
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Ouyang B, Chen D, Hou X, Wang T, Wang J, Zou W, Song Z, Huang C, Guo Q, Weng Y. Normalizing HDAC2 Levels in the Spinal Cord Alleviates Thermal and Mechanical Hyperalgesia After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Promotes GAD65 and KCC2 Expression. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:346. [PMID: 31024248 PMCID: PMC6468568 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a worldwide health concern with poor treatment outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests that histone hypoacetylation is involved in development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Thus, many natural and synthetic histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitors were tested and exhibited a remarkable analgesic effect against neuropathic pain in animals. However, studies evaluating specific subtypes of HDACs contributing to neuropathic pain are limited. In this study, using the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, we found that mRNA and protein levels of HDAC2 were increased in the lumbar spinal cord of rats after sciatic nerve injury. Intrathecal injection of TSA, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, suppressed the increase in HDAC2 protein but not mRNA, and showed a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect. By introducing HDAC2-specific shRNA into the spinal cord via a lentivirus vector, we confirmed that HDAC2 mediates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury. Further examination found two essential participants in neuropathic pain in the inhibitory circuit of the central nervous system: GAD65 and KCC2 were increased in the spinal cord of CCI rats after HDAC2 knockdown. Thus, our research confirmed that HDAC2 was involved in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, GAD65 and KCC2 were the possible downstream targets of HDAC2 in pain modulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Ouyang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinran Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tongxuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongbin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Wang X, Shen X, Xu Y, Xu S, Xia F, Zhu B, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu H, Wang F. The etiological changes of acetylation in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic hypersensitivity. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918798408. [PMID: 30105933 PMCID: PMC6144590 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918798408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common chronic pain condition with mechanisms far clearly
been elucidated. Mounting preclinical and clinical studies have shown
neuropathic pain is highly associated with histone acetylation modification,
which follows expression regulation of various pain-related molecules such as
mGluR1/5, glutamate aspartate transporter, glutamate transporter-1, GAD65,
Nav1.8, Kv4.3, μ-opioid receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic
factor, and certain chemokines. As two types of pivotal enzymes involved in
histone acetylation, histone deacetylases induce histone deacetylation to
silence gene expression; in contrast, histone acetyl transferases facilitate
histone acetylation to potentiate gene transcription. Accordingly, upregulation
or blockade of acetylation may be a promising intervention direction for
neuropathic pain treatment. In fact, numerous animal studies have suggested
various histone deacetylase inhibitors, Sirt (class III histone deacetylases)
activators, and histone acetyl transferases inhibitors are effective in
neuropathic pain treatment via targeting specific epigenetic sites. In this
review, we summarize the characteristics of the molecules and mechanisms of
neuropathy-related acetylation, as well as the acetylation upregulation and
blockade for neuropathic pain therapy. Finally, we will discuss the current drug
advances focusing on neuropathy-related acetylation along with the underlying
treatment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingli Xu
- 2 Nursing Center, Operating Room, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Xia
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Zhu
- 3 Department of Nursing Science, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,3 Department of Nursing Science, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,4 Group of Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology, Division of Neuroscience, The Bonoi Academy of Science and Education, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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