Slowing the loss of physical function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with edaravone: Post hoc analysis of ALSFRS-R item scores in pivotal study MCI186-19

Current neuroprotective therapies and future prospects for motor neuron disease

Four medications with neuroprotective disease-modifying effects are now in use for motor neuron disease (MND). With FDA approvals for tofersen, relyvrio and edaravone in just the past year, 2022 ended a quarter of a century when riluzole was the sole such drug to offer to patients. The acceleration of approvals may mean we are witnessing the beginning of a step-change in how MND can be treated. Improvements in understanding underlying disease biology has led to more therapies being developed to target specific and multiple disease mechanisms. Consideration for how the pipeline of new therapeutic agents coming through in clinical and preclinical development can be more effectively evaluated with biomarkers, advances in patient stratification and clinical trial design pave the way for more successful translation for this archetypal complex neurodegenerative disease. While it must be cautioned that only slowed rates of progression have so far been demonstrated, pre-empting rapid neurodegeneration by using neurofilament biomarkers to signal when to treat, as is currently being trialled with tofersen, may be more effective for patients with known genetic predisposition to MND. Early intervention with personalized medicines could mean that for some patients at least, in future we may be able to substantially treat what is considered by many to be one of the most distressing diseases in medicine.

"Calcium bombs" as harbingers of synaptic pathology and their mitigation by magnesium at murine neuromuscular junctions

Excitotoxicity is thought to be an important factor in the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Evidence from human and animal studies also indicates that early signs of ALS include degeneration of motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), before degeneration of motor neuron cell bodies. Here we used a model of excitotoxicity at NMJs in isolated mouse muscle, utilizing the organophosphorus (OP) compound omethoate, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. Acute exposure to omethoate (100 μM) induced prolonged motor endplate contractures in response to brief tetanic nerve stimulation at 20-50 Hz. In some muscle fibers, Fluo-4 fluorescence showed association of these contractures with explosive increases in Ca²⁺ ("calcium bombs") localized to motor endplates. Calcium bombs were strongly and selectively mitigated by increasing Mg²⁺ concentration in the bathing medium from 1 to 5 mM. Overnight culture of nerve-muscle preparations from Wld^S mice in omethoate or other OP insecticide components and their metabolites (dimethoate, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol) induced degeneration of NMJs. This degeneration was also strongly mitigated by increasing [Mg²⁺] from 1 to 5 mM. Thus, equivalent increases in extracellular [Mg²⁺] mitigated both post-synaptic calcium bombs and degeneration of NMJs. The data support a link between Ca²⁺ and excitotoxicity at NMJs and suggest that elevating extracellular [Mg²⁺] could be an effective intervention in treatment of synaptic pathology induced by excitotoxic triggers.

Ethnical Disparities in Response to Edaravone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the weakness of voluntary muscles due to the loss of motor neurons. Symptoms ultimately culminate in the form of respiratory failure due to the involvement of the diaphragm. Unfortunately, there is no known cure for this disease. Hence, supportive therapy is the only available option in most terminal cases. However, Riluzole and Edaravone (EDA) are the only two known drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating this condition. In 2017, EDA was approved for the treatment of ALS. It is hypothesized that Riluzole and EDA work via a mechanism involving antioxidants, which nullifies the oxidative stress believed to be involved in ALS. However, most studies in several countries have found a wide range of disparities in the efficacy of this drug. In this review, we aim to summarize the differences in results from epidemiological studies across 10 different countries and hypothesize the potential causes of these differences.

Therapeutic Targets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Focus on Ion Channels and Skeletal Muscle

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease caused by progressive loss of motor neurons, which severely compromises skeletal muscle function. Evidence shows that muscle may act as a molecular powerhouse, whose final signals generate in patients a progressive loss of voluntary muscle function and weakness leading to paralysis. This pathology is the result of a complex cascade of events that involves a crosstalk among motor neurons, glia, and muscles, and evolves through the action of converging toxic mechanisms. In fact, mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to oxidative stress, is one of the mechanisms causing cell death. It is a common denominator for the two existing forms of the disease: sporadic and familial. Other factors include excitotoxicity, inflammation, and protein aggregation. Currently, there are limited cures. The only approved drug for therapy is riluzole, that modestly prolongs survival, with edaravone now waiting for new clinical trial aimed to clarify its efficacy. Thus, there is a need of effective treatments to reverse the damage in this devastating pathology. Many drugs have been already tested in clinical trials and are currently under investigation. This review summarizes the already tested drugs aimed at restoring muscle-nerve cross-talk and on new treatment options targeting this tissue.