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Devin A, Rigoulet M. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in eukaryotic cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 14:271-9. [PMID: 20021106 DOI: 10.1080/15376520490479620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria amount within a cell is modulated in response to energy demand. This involves a tight regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the coordinated expression of hundreds of genes, both at the nuclear and at the mitochondrial level. This review will focus on two aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis regulation: (i) In mammalian cells, physiological effectors, and the regulatory proteins that control the expression of the respiratory apparatus, will be considered, and different kinds of tissue will be addressed. (ii) In yeast, the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in response to growth conditions as well as the signaling pathway involved will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Devin
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS/Université Victor Segalen, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux cedex, 33077, France
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2
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Merante F, Mickle DA, Weisel RD, Li RK, Tumiati LC, Rao V, Williams WG, Robinson BH. Myocardial aerobic metabolism is impaired in a cell culture model of cyanotic heart disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:H1673-81. [PMID: 9815075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.5.h1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A human pediatric cardiomyocyte cell culture model of chronic cyanosis was used to assess the effects of low oxygen tension on mitochondrial enzyme activity to address the postoperative increase in lactate and decreased ATP in the myocardium and the high incidence of low-output failure with restoration of normal oxygen tension, after technically successful corrective cardiac surgery. Chronically hypoxic cells (PO2 = 40 mmHg for 7 days) exhibited significantly reduced activities for pyruvate dehydrogenase, cytochrome-c oxidase, succinate cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. The activity of NADH-cytochrome c reductase was unaffected. Lactate production and the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio were significantly greater in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Western and Northern analysis demonstrated a decrease in the levels of various mRNA and corresponding polypeptides in hypoxic cells. Thus hypoxia influences mitochondrial metabolism through acute and chronic adaptive mechanisms, reflecting allosteric (posttranscriptional) and transcriptional modulation. Transcriptional downregulation of key mitochondrial enzyme systems can explain the insufficient myocardial aerobic metabolism and low-output failure in children with cyanotic heart disease after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Merante
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, The Toronto Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Leary SC, Battersby BJ, Hansford RG, Moyes CD. Interactions between bioenergetics and mitochondrial biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1365:522-30. [PMID: 9711303 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the interaction between energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts. Metabolic rate was nearly constant throughout differentiation, although there was a shift in the relative importance of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, accompanied by increases in pyruvate dehydrogenase activation state and total activity. These changes in mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters observed during differentiation occurred in the absence of a hypermetabolic stress. A chronic (3 day) energetic stress was imposed on differentiated myotubes using sodium azide to inhibit oxidative metabolism. When used at low concentrations, azide inhibited more than 70% of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity without changes in bioenergetics (either lactate production or creatine phosphorylation) or mRNA for mitochondrial enzymes. Higher azide concentrations resulted in changes in bioenergetic parameters and increases in steady state COX II mRNA levels. Azide did not affect mtDNA copy number or mRNA levels for other mitochondrial transcripts, suggesting azide affects stability, rather than synthesis, of COX II mRNA. These results indicate that changes in bioenergetics can alter mitochondrial genetic regulation, but that mitochondrial biogenesis accompanying differentiation occurs in the absence of hypermetabolic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Leary
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada
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4
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Ongvarrasopone C, Kennedy JM. Developmentally regulated expression of cytochrome-c oxidase isoforms in regenerating rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85:246-53. [PMID: 9655782 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental expression of tissue-specific isoforms of cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) subunit VIII [heart (COX VIII-H) and liver (COX VIII-L)] and the influence of innervation were examined in regenerating fast [extensor digitorum longus (EDL)] and slow (soleus) muscles. In adult muscles, COX VIII-H was the predominant isoform. The COX VIII-L mRNA was expressed 3 days after induction of regeneration, and it progressively decreased after 7, 10, 14, and 30 days of regeneration in both muscles. In contrast, the expression of COX VIII-H mRNA accumulated as myogenesis proceeded to the myotube stage between 7 and 10 days of regeneration and progressively increased to near control levels by 30 days. The influence of innervation on the expression of COX VIII and alpha-actin isoforms was examined in control, innervated, and denervated regenerating muscles at 3 and 10 days. The relative expression of COX VIII-L mRNA in denervated regenerating EDL muscles was significantly greater, while that of COX VIII-H was significantly less than in innervated regenerating EDL muscles after 10 days of regeneration. Similarly, cardiac alpha-actin mRNA levels were elevated in denervated regenerating EDL muscles after 10 days of regeneration. In conclusion, motor innervation influences the transition from the COX VIII-L to COX VIII-H isoform during myogenesis in regenerating muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ongvarrasopone
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Kim K, Lecordier A, Bowman LH. Both nuclear and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase mRNA levels increase dramatically during mouse postnatal development. Biochem J 1995; 306 ( Pt 2):353-8. [PMID: 7887888 PMCID: PMC1136528 DOI: 10.1042/bj3060353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state levels of 13 of 16 cytochrome c oxidase (COX) mRNAs and mitochondrial DNA were measured during the postnatal development of mouse skeletal muscle, ventricle, kidney and brain as well as during the differentiation of mouse myoblasts into myofibres in cell culture. These experiments indicate that large co-ordinated increases in COX mRNA levels and isoform switching are important for the elaboration of this enzyme during postnatal development and demonstrate the importance of gene-regulatory mechanisms in controlling COX activity. On a per nucleus basis, the levels of the mitochondrial- and most nuclear-encoded COX mRNAs co-ordinately increase 3-10-fold during postnatal development, with the highest levels obtained in ventricle and skeletal muscle. However, concentrations of mitochondrial and nuclear COX mRNAs remain constant during the differentiation of myoblasts into fibres in cell culture. A gradual change from the liver to the heart isoform of COX subunit VIa mRNA occurs during postnatal development of skeletal muscle and ventricle and is nearly complete 3 days after the formation of myofibres in cell culture. Mitochondrial DNA increases proportionally with COX mRNAs during mouse postnatal development but not during myoblast differentiation in cell culture, in which mitochondrial DNA levels increase 5-fold and mitochondrial mRNA levels remain constant. This suggests that mitochondrial DNA replication may control mitochondrial RNA concentrations during postnatal development but not during myoblast differentiation in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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Lomax MI, Riggs PK, Womack JE. Structure and chromosomal location of the bovine gene for the heart muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:118-22. [PMID: 7766994 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated the bovine COX8H gene for the heart/muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit VIII from a library of bovine genomic DNA cloned into lambda EMBL3. Primer extension assays on bovine heart mRNA mapped the 5' ends of COX8H transcripts to a CA dinucleotide 62-bp upstream from the ATG codon. The gene thus spans 1565-bp and comprises two exons and one large intron of 1227 bp. Exon 1 encodes the 5' untranslated region, a 24-amino acid presequence, and the first 13 amino acids of the mature COX VIII-H protein. Exon 2 encodes the remainder of the cDNA: amino acids 14 to 46 plus the 66-bp 3' untranslated region. The exon-intron boundaries matched the consensus splice junction sequences. Two protein polymorphisms were seen: an Ala/Val polymorphism at position -6 in the presequence and the previously noted Lys/Arg polymorphism at residue 7 of the mature protein. A TaqI polymorphism occurs in the intron. The COX8H gene was mapped by bovine x rodent somatic cell hybrid mapping panels to bovine (BTA) Chromosome (Chr) 25 with 100% concordancy. BTA 25 is conserved relative to the long arm of human (HSA) Chr 11, which contains COX8, the gene for the single human COX VIII subunit that is homologous to the liver isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lomax
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Smith EO, Lomax MI. Structural organization of the bovine gene for the heart/muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1174:63-71. [PMID: 7687470 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90092-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The bovine gene for the nuclear-encoded heart/muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIa (COX6A1) was isolated from a library of bovine genomic DNA in lambda EMBL3 and sequenced. The gene spans 760 bp and comprises three exons and two small introns. Exon 1 encodes a 193 bp 5' untranslated region, a 12 amino acid presequence, and the first 12 amino acids of the mature COX VIa protein. Exon 2 encodes amino acids 13 to 58, and exon 3 amino acids 59 to 85 plus the 35 bp 3' untranslated region. Exons 2 and 3 are separated by a small intron of only 96 bp. All exon-intron boundaries matched the consensus splice junction sequences. COX6A1 transcripts are present in RNA from bovine heart but not brain. Primer extension and ribonuclease protection assays were used to map the 5' ends of COX6A1 transcripts in heart; both methods identified several clusters of transcription initiation sites, indicating that COX6A1 mRNA is heterogeneous at the 5' end. The proximal 5' flanking region is AT-rich and contains potential basal promoter elements, such as TATA and CCAAT boxes, associated with tissue-specific genes. A single consensus binding site for the muscle-specific transcription factor, MyoD1, was also located within this AT-rich region. The distal promoter region contained a perfect AP4 site plus potential binding sites for enhancer elements (NRF-1, Mt1, Mt3, and Mt4) proposed to regulate expression of genes for mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0616
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Takahashi M, McCurdy DT, Essig DA, Hood DA. delta-Aminolaevulinate synthase expression in muscle after contractions and recovery. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 1):219-23. [PMID: 8385933 PMCID: PMC1132505 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of haem has been postulated to be a key regulatory step in muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. We examined the expression of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase (ALAs), the regulatory enzyme of haem metabolism, in 10 Hz electrically stimulated and non-stimulated control rat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. ALAs activity and mRNA levels were measured at 0, 18 and 48 h of recovery after 3 h of acute stimulation, or after 7 days of stimulation (3 h/day). ALAs activity in control muscles averaged 7.8 +/- 0.8 nmol/h per g (n = 30). After 3 h of stimulation and during recovery, no change in ALAs activity occurred. ALAs mRNA during the same time was unchanged except at 48 h of recovery, when it increased 1.3-fold above control (P < 0.05). After 7 days of stimulation, ALAs activity was unchanged at 0 h, but increased at 18 and 48 h of recovery to 2.0- and 1.8-fold above control (P < 0.05). ALAs mRNA was also increased, but to a level averaging 1.6-fold above control (P < 0.05) at all times, indicating an increased mRNA stability or synthesis. No change in the haem-containing enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (CYTOX) activity occurred after 3 h of stimulation in the red section of the TA. After 7 days of stimulation, the increase in CYTOX activity averaged 1.7-fold above control (P < 0.05) at all times. Thus the induction of ALAs during recovery after 7 days was regulated by factors which not only change ALAs mRNA content, but which also affect ALAs mRNA at translational or post-translational steps. This induction occurred despite a 1.7-fold increase in CYTOX, implying that a precursor-product relationship does not always exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Department of Physical Education, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
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Hood DA, Simoneau JA, Kelly AM, Pette D. Effect of thyroid status on the expression of metabolic enzymes during chronic stimulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:C788-93. [PMID: 1329543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.4.c788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of thyroid status on the expression of cytochrome c oxidase (CYTOX) and the activities of citrate synthase (CS) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) were examined in chronically stimulated (10 Hz; 35 days) and contralateral, nonstimulated rat tibialis anterior muscle of hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and euthyroid animals. Stimulation increased CYTOX activity by 2.7-, 3.2-, and 4.9-fold in hyperthyroid, euthyroid, and hypothyroid animals, respectively, to similar absolute values. CS displayed similar increases. Stimulation reduced PFK activity in hypothyroid and euthyroid animals to 45% and 60% of control values. This effect was abolished with hyperthyroidism. Thus stimulation and thyroid hormone act antagonistically on PFK activity. Stimulation increased CYTOX subunit III (mitochondrially encoded) mRNA by 2.5- and 2.9-fold in hyperthyroid and euthyroid animals. Similar increases were observed in the nuclear-encoded mRNAs of CYTOX subunit VIc in euthyroid muscle. In hyperthyroid and euthyroid conditions, the mRNA changes paralleled the increases in enzyme activity. In hypothyroid muscle, the increase in mRNA was less for subunit VIc than III, suggesting that hypothyroidism upsets the coordinate expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Further, the increases in CYTOX activity exceeded that of both subunit mRNAs in hypothyroid muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hood
- Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Federal Republic of Germany
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Taanman JW, Herzberg NH, De Vries H, Bolhuis PA, Van den Bogert C. Steady-state transcript levels of cytochrome c oxidase genes during human myogenesis indicate subunit switching of subunit VIa and co-expression of subunit VIIa isoforms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1139:155-62. [PMID: 1319212 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state levels of the mitochondrial rRNAs, of mRNAs for mitochondrially and nuclear-encoded subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and for the beta subunit of ATP synthase were assessed by Northern blot hybridizations during the in vitro differentiation of human myoblasts. Transcript levels of the so-called liver-type form of subunit VIa of cytochrome c oxidase diminished during the course of differentiation, while transcription of the so-called heart-type form was induced. Transcripts for the liver-type form and for the heart-type form of subunit VIIa of cytochrome c oxidase were detected in all myogenic cultures; the levels of the heart-type form progressively increased during the course of differentiation. The levels of the other transcripts studied did not change substantially. The results suggest subunit switching of subunit VIa and co-expression of subunit VIIa isoforms during myogenesis. The differential changes in mRNA levels of the heart-type subunits VIa and VIIa and the differential changes in mRNA levels of the liver-type subunits VIa and VIIa demonstrate that different transcriptional regulation mechanisms are present for both heart-type genes as well as for both liver-type genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Taanman
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Lombardo MC, van der Zwaan JW, Brul S, Tager JM. A procedure for selecting mammalian cells with an impairment in oxidative phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1138:275-81. [PMID: 1314097 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial encephalomyopathies in man are characterized by heterogeneous defects leading to an impairment in the pathway of aerobic energy production. As a means of investigating the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying these disorders we have developed a procedure for selecting mammalian cell lines with features resembling the human pathological phenotypes. The principle of the selection is the use of a fluorescent amphiphilic dye, 2,4-(dimethylamino)-1-styrylmethylpyridiniumiodine, a cation showing two main features. Firstly, it is accumulated by mitochondria to an extent correlated with the magnitude of the electrochemical gradient of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Secondly, upon irradiation with UV light, it gives rise to formation of free radicals, which inflict damage to the cell. Mutant cells with an impairment in oxidative phosphorylation will have more chance to survive than wild type cells. The selection procedure was applied to a stock of mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells. After subcloning of the cells which survived the selection procedure, twenty-six independent clones were isolated. Eighteen of the clones had a partial deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase ranging from 30 to 60% of the activity in control cells. The properties of two of the clones are described. One clone has been cultured under non-selective conditions for at least 12 months with retention of the partial deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lombardo
- E.C. Slater Institute for Biochemical Research, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Kadenbach B, Reimann A. Chapter 10 Cytochrome c oxidase: tissue-specific expression of isoforms and regulation of activity. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Carrero-Valenzuela RD, Quan F, Lightowlers R, Kennaway NG, Litt M, Forte M. Human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb: characterization and mapping of a multigene family. Gene 1991; 102:229-36. [PMID: 1651883 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90082-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and sequence of a human heart cDNA coding for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit VIb (COX VIb). This cDNA extends 50 bp upstream from the region coding for the mature peptide. By Northern analysis, a single transcript of approx. 550 nucleotides (nt) has been identified in six human tissues. Southern analysis of human genomic DNA demonstrates the presence of multiple loci that show high homology to the cDNA. These loci cosegregate with either five or six different human chromosomes in human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Using the COX6b cDNA, genomic sequences representing two of these loci have been isolated and characterized. The nt sequence analysis suggests that both loci represent COX6b pseudogenes.
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Meola G. Hereditary human myopathies in muscle culture. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 1991; 12:257-68. [PMID: 1874604 DOI: 10.1007/bf02337773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article I illustrated the use of regenerating human muscle cultures for studying the hereditary human myopathies. Although some of the data are still controversial, they do point up the great potential of this "in vitro system". For hereditary myopathies due to developmentally regulated proteins that are expressed only at a more advanced stage of muscle differentiation, the use of highly differentiated nerve-muscle cocultures might contribute significantly to a better understanding of their developmental pathogenesis. More advanced techniques (permanent human muscle cell lines, heterokaryons, myoblast transfer, gene transfer, myogenic conversion of human non-muscle cells, cybrid clones) may provide a great deal of information at molecular level and may also have practical applications in the diagnosis or even in the treatment of hereditary human myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Meola
- Istituto di Clinica Neurologica, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Milano
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Wijburg FA, Wanders RJ, van Lie Peters EM, Vos GD, Loggers HG, Bolhuis PA, Herzberg NH, Ruitenbeek W, van Wilsem A, ten Houten R. NADH:Q1 oxidoreductase deficiency without lactic acidosis in a patient with Leigh syndrome: implications for the diagnosis of inborn errors of the respiratory chain. J Inherit Metab Dis 1991; 14:297-300. [PMID: 1770777 DOI: 10.1007/bf01811686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Wijburg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Amsterdam (AMC), The Netherlands
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