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D’Amico D, Fiore R, Caporossi D, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Dimauro I, Barone R. Function and Fiber-Type Specific Distribution of Hsp60 and αB-Crystallin in Skeletal Muscles: Role of Physical Exercise. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020077. [PMID: 33494467 PMCID: PMC7911561 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Skeletal muscle represents about 40% of the body mass in humans and it is a copious and plastic tissue, rich in proteins that are subject to continuous rearrangements. Physical exercise is considered a physiological stressor for different organs, in particular for skeletal muscle, and it is a factor able to stimulate the cellular remodeling processes related to the phenomenon of adaptation. All cells respond to various stress conditions by up-regulating the expression and/or activation of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although their expression is induced by several stimuli, they are commonly recognized as HSPs due to the first experiments showing their increased transcription after application of heat shock. These proteins are molecular chaperones mainly involved in assisting protein transport and folding, assembling multimolecular complexes, and triggering protein degradation by proteasome. Among the HSPs, a special attention needs to be devoted to Hsp60 and αB-crystallin, proteins constitutively expressed in the skeletal muscle, where they are known to be important in muscle physiopathology. Therefore, here we provide a critical update on their role in skeletal muscle fibers after physical exercise, highlighting the control of their expression, their biological function, and their specific distribution within skeletal muscle fiber-types. Abstract Skeletal muscle is a plastic and complex tissue, rich in proteins that are subject to continuous rearrangements. Skeletal muscle homeostasis can be affected by different types of stresses, including physical activity, a physiological stressor able to stimulate a robust increase in different heat shock proteins (HSPs). The modulation of these proteins appears to be fundamental in facilitating the cellular remodeling processes related to the phenomenon of training adaptations such as hypertrophy, increased oxidative capacity, and mitochondrial activity. Among the HSPs, a special attention needs to be devoted to Hsp60 and αB-crystallin (CRYAB), proteins constitutively expressed in the skeletal muscle, where their specific features could be highly relevant in understanding the impact of different volumes of training regimes on myofiber types and in explaining the complex picture of exercise-induced mechanical strain and damaging conditions on fiber population. This knowledge could lead to a better personalization of training protocols with an optimal non-harmful workload in populations of individuals with different needs and healthy status. Here, we introduce for the first time to the reader these peculiar HSPs from the perspective of exercise response, highlighting the control of their expression, biological function, and specific distribution within skeletal muscle fiber-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D’Amico
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Roberto Fiore
- Postgraduate School of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
| | - Rosario Barone
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
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2
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Marino Gammazza A, Macaluso F, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Barone R. Hsp60 in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Biogenesis and Homeostasis: From Physical Exercise to Skeletal Muscle Pathology. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120224. [PMID: 30469470 PMCID: PMC6315887 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp60 is a molecular chaperone classically described as a mitochondrial protein with multiple roles in health and disease, participating to the maintenance of protein homeostasis. It is well known that skeletal muscle is a complex tissue, rich in proteins, that is, subjected to continuous rearrangements, and this homeostasis is affected by many different types of stimuli and stresses. The regular exercise induces specific histological and biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle fibers, such as hypertrophy and an increase of mitochondria activity and oxidative capacity. The current literature is lacking in information regarding Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle fiber biogenesis and regeneration during exercise, and in disease conditions. Here, we briefly discuss the functions of Hsp60 in skeletal muscle fibers during exercise, inflammation, and ageing. Moreover, the potential usage of Hsp60 as a marker for disease and the evaluation of novel treatment options is also discussed. However, some questions remain open, and further studies are needed to better understand Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle homeostasis during exercise and in pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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3
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Thakur SS, Swiderski K, Ryall JG, Lynch GS. Therapeutic potential of heat shock protein induction for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0528. [PMID: 29203713 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and severe of the muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited myopathies caused by different genetic mutations leading to aberrant expression or complete absence of cytoskeletal proteins. Dystrophic muscles are prone to injury, and regenerate poorly after damage. Remorseless cycles of muscle fibre breakdown and incomplete repair lead to progressive and severe muscle wasting, weakness and premature death. Many other conditions are similarly characterized by muscle wasting, including sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, sepsis, denervation, burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Muscle trauma and loss of mass and physical capacity can significantly compromise quality of life for patients. Exercise and nutritional interventions are unlikely to halt or reverse the conditions, and strategies promoting muscle anabolism have limited clinical acceptance. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that help proteins fold back to their original conformation and restore function. Since many muscle wasting conditions have pathophysiologies where inflammation, atrophy and weakness are indicated, increasing HSP expression in skeletal muscle may have therapeutic potential. This review will provide evidence supporting HSP induction for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savant S Thakur
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Ryall
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Kennedy TL, Swiderski K, Murphy KT, Gehrig SM, Curl CL, Chandramouli C, Febbraio MA, Delbridge LMD, Koopman R, Lynch GS. BGP-15 Improves Aspects of the Dystrophic Pathology in mdx and dko Mice with Differing Efficacies in Heart and Skeletal Muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3246-3260. [PMID: 27750047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe and progressive striated muscle wasting disorder that leads to premature death from respiratory and/or cardiac failure. We have previously shown that treatment of young dystrophic mdx and dystrophin/utrophin null (dko) mice with BGP-15, a coinducer of heat shock protein 72, ameliorated the dystrophic pathology. We therefore tested the hypothesis that later-stage BGP-15 treatment would similarly benefit older mdx and dko mice when the dystrophic pathology was already well established. Later stage treatment of mdx or dko mice with BGP-15 did not improve maximal force of tibialis anterior (TA) muscles (in situ) or diaphragm muscle strips (in vitro). However, collagen deposition (fibrosis) was reduced in TA muscles of BGP-15-treated dko mice but unchanged in TA muscles of treated mdx mice and diaphragm of treated mdx and dko mice. We also examined whether BGP-15 treatment could ameliorate aspects of the cardiac pathology, and in young dko mice it reduced collagen deposition and improved both membrane integrity and systolic function. These results confirm BGP-15's ability to improve aspects of the dystrophic pathology but with differing efficacies in heart and skeletal muscles at different stages of the disease progression. These findings support a role for BGP-15 among a suite of pharmacological therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee L Kennedy
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Stefan M Gehrig
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Claire L Curl
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Chanchal Chandramouli
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - René Koopman
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria.
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5
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Brinkmeier H, Ohlendieck K. Chaperoning heat shock proteins: Proteomic analysis and relevance for normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:875-95. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology; National University of Ireland; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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6
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Marshall JL, Kwok Y, McMorran BJ, Baum LG, Crosbie-Watson RH. The potential of sarcospan in adhesion complex replacement therapeutics for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4210-29. [PMID: 23601082 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three adhesion complexes span the sarcolemma and facilitate critical connections between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton: the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes and α7β1 integrin. Loss of individual protein components results in a loss of the entire protein complex and muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, lethal wasting disease characterized by repetitive cycles of myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Protein-replacement therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Recently, we demonstrated that sarcospan facilitates protein-protein interactions amongst the adhesion complexes and is an important potential therapeutic target. Here, we review current protein-replacement strategies, discuss the potential benefits of sarcospan expression, and identify important experiments that must be addressed for sarcospan to move to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Hsp72 preserves muscle function and slows progression of severe muscular dystrophy. Nature 2012; 484:394-8. [PMID: 22495301 DOI: 10.1038/nature10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene that result in the absence of the membrane-stabilizing protein dystrophin. Dystrophin-deficient muscle fibres are fragile and susceptible to an influx of Ca(2+), which activates inflammatory and muscle degenerative pathways. At present there is no cure for DMD, and existing therapies are ineffective. Here we show that increasing the expression of intramuscular heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) preserves muscle strength and ameliorates the dystrophic pathology in two mouse models of muscular dystrophy. Treatment with BGP-15 (a pharmacological inducer of Hsp72 currently in clinical trials for diabetes) improved muscle architecture, strength and contractile function in severely affected diaphragm muscles in mdx dystrophic mice. In dko mice, a phenocopy of DMD that results in severe spinal curvature (kyphosis), muscle weakness and premature death, BGP-15 decreased kyphosis, improved the dystrophic pathophysiology in limb and diaphragm muscles and extended lifespan. We found that the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA, the main protein responsible for the removal of intracellular Ca(2+)) is dysfunctional in severely affected muscles of mdx and dko mice, and that Hsp72 interacts with SERCA to preserve its function under conditions of stress, ultimately contributing to the decreased muscle degeneration seen with Hsp72 upregulation. Treatment with BGP-15 similarly increased SERCA activity in dystrophic skeletal muscles. Our results provide evidence that increasing the expression of Hsp72 in muscle (through the administration of BGP-15) has significant therapeutic potential for DMD and related conditions, either as a self-contained therapy or as an adjuvant with other potential treatments, including gene, cell and pharmacological therapies.
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8
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Paepe BD, Creus KK, Weis J, Bleecker JLD. Heat shock protein families 70 and 90 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy: balancing muscle protection and destruction. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 22:26-33. [PMID: 21855341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are important factors in skeletal muscle physiology and stress response. We examined the effects of chronic inflammation on the distribution of heat shock protein families 70 and 90 using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, in muscle biopsies from 33 idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients [aged 26-66 (dermatomyositis), 17-78 (polymyositis) and 57-80 (sporadic inclusion body myositis) years], and seven Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (aged 3-19 years). Our results reveal the multifaceted role played by chaperones in inflammatory muscle tissue. On the one hand, regenerating, atrophic and vacuolated muscle fibers displayed upregulation of both protein families. Higher levels of chaperones in challenged fibers point to the myocyte's attempt to restore and regenerate. On the other hand, heat shock proteins of the 90 family were strongly upregulated in macrophages and cytotoxic T-cells actively invading nonnecrotic muscle fibers of sporadic inclusion body myositis and polymyositis, probably conferring enhanced myocytotoxic capacity. Our data provide positive arguments for exploring heat shock protein 90-based therapy in inflammatory muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel De Paepe
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Reference Center, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
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9
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Pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 activity negatively modulates myogenic differentiation and cell survival in C2C12 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:265-80. [PMID: 21739150 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein90 (HSP90) plays an essential role in maintaining stability and activity of its clients. HSP90 is involved in cell differentiation and survival in a variety of cell types. To elucidate the possible role of HSP90 in myogenic differentiation and cell survival, we examined the time course of changes in the expression of myogenic regulatory factors, intracellular signaling molecules, and anti-/pro-apoptotic factors when C2C12 cells were cultured in differentiation condition in the presence of a HSP90-specific inhibitor, geldanamycin. Furthermore, we examined the effects of geldanamycin on muscle regeneration in vivo. Our results showed that geldanamycin inhibited myogenic differentiation with decreased expression of MyoD, myogenin and reduced phosphorylation levels of Akt1. Geldanamycin had little effect on the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 but reduced the phosphorylation levels of JNK. Along with myogenic differentiation, geldanamycin increased apoptotic nuclei with decreased expression of Bcl-2. The skeletal muscles forced to regenerate in the presence of geldanamycin were of poor repair with small regenerating myofibers and increased connective tissues. Together, our findings suggest that HSP90 may modulate myogenic differentiation and may be involved in cell survival.
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10
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Gardan-Salmon D, Dixon JM, Lonergan SM, Selsby JT. Proteomic assessment of the acute phase of dystrophin deficiency in mdx mice. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2763-73. [PMID: 21409400 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of a functional dystrophin protein and is modeled by the mdx mouse. The mdx mouse suffers an early necrotic bout in the hind limb muscles lasting from approximately 4 to 7 weeks. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which dystrophin deficiency changed the proteome very early in the disease process. In order to accomplish this, proteins from gastrocnemius from 6-week-old C57 (n = 6) and mdx (n = 6) mice were labeled with fluorescent dye and subjected to two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Resulting differentially expressed spots were excised and protein identity determined via MALDI-TOF followed by database searching using MASCOT. Proteins of the immediate energy system and glycolysis were generally down-regulated in mdx mice compared to C57 mice. Conversely, expression of proteins involved in the Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain were increased in dystrophin-deficient muscle compared to control. Expression of cytoskeletal components, including tubulins, vimentin, and collagen, were increased in mdx mice compared to C57 mice. Importantly, these changes are occurring at only 6 weeks of age and are caused by acute dystrophin deficiency rather than more chronic injury. These data may provide insight regarding early pathologic changes occurring in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gardan-Salmon
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2356 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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11
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Mosqueira M, Willmann G, Ruohola-Baker H, Khurana TS. Chronic hypoxia impairs muscle function in the Drosophila model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). PLoS One 2010; 5:e13450. [PMID: 20975992 PMCID: PMC2958114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive myopathy caused by mutations in the DMD gene leading to a deficiency of the dystrophin protein. Due to ongoing muscle necrosis in respiratory muscles late-stage DMD is associated with respiratory insufficiency and chronic hypoxia (CH). To understand the effects of CH on dystrophin-deficient muscle in vivo, we exposed the Drosophila model for DMD (dmDys) to CH during a 16-day ascent to the summit of Mount Denali/McKinley (6194 meters above sea level). Additionally, dmDys and wild type (WT) flies were also exposed to CH in laboratory simulations of high altitude hypoxia. Expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix GeneChips® and validated using qPCR. Hypoxic dmDys differentially expressed 1281 genes, whereas the hypoxic WT flies differentially expressed 56 genes. Interestingly, a number of genes (e.g. heat shock proteins) were discordantly regulated in response to CH between dmDys and WT. We tested the possibility that the disparate molecular responses of dystrophin-deficient tissues to CH could adversely affect muscle by performing functional assays in vivo. Normoxic and CH WT and dmDys flies were challenged with acute hypoxia and time-to-recover determined as well as subjected to climbing tests. Impaired performance was noted for CH-dmDys compared to normoxic dmDys or WT flies (rank order: Normoxic-WT ≈ CH-WT> Normoxic-dmDys> CH-dmDys). These data suggest that dystrophin-deficiency is associated with a disparate, pathological hypoxic stress response(s) and is more sensitive to hypoxia induced muscle dysfunction in vivo. We hypothesize that targeting/correcting the disparate molecular response(s) to hypoxia may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Mosqueira
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Willmann
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tejvir S. Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Proteomic profiling of x-linked muscular dystrophy. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2010; 30:267-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-009-9197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Hu Z, Yang B, Lu W, Zhou W, Zeng L, Li T, Wang X. HSPB2/MKBP, a novel and unique member of the small heat-shock protein family. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2125-33. [PMID: 18615620 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although proteins belonging to the sHSP superfamily are diverse in sequence and size, most share characteristic features, including 1) a small molecular mass of 12-43 kDa, 2) a conserved alpha-crystallin domain of 80-100 residues, 3) formation of large oligomers, 4) a dynamic quaternary structure, and 5) induction by stress conditions and chaperone activity in suppressing protein aggregation. HSPB2/MKBP (myotonic dystrophy kinase-bind-protein) retains the structural motif of the alpha-crystallin family of HSPs but shows a unique nature compared with canonical family members, characterized by gene allocation, specific binding partners in skeletal muscle, and unique stress responsiveness. MKBP may be involved in the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy and contribute to the neuropathology in both Alzheimer's disease and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Marques MJ, Ventura Machado R, Minatel E, Santo Neto H. Disodium cromoglycate protects dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers from leakiness. Muscle Nerve 2008; 37:61-7. [PMID: 17724738 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In dystrophin-deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne dystrophy, the lack of dystrophin leads to sarcolemma breakdown and muscle degeneration. We verified that cromolyn, a mast-cell stabilizer agent, stabilized dystrophic muscle fibers using Evans blue dye as a marker of sarcolemma leakiness. Mdx mice (n=8; 14 days of age) received daily intraperitoneal injections of cromolyn (50 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Untreated mdx mice (n=8) were injected with saline. Cryostat cross-sections of the sternomastoid, tibialis anterior, and diaphragm muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Cromolyn dramatically reduced Evans blue dye-positive fibers in all muscles (P<0.05; Student's t-test) and led to a significant increase in the percentage of fibers with peripheral nuclei. This study supports the protective effects of cromolyn in dystrophic muscles and further indicates its action against muscle fiber leakiness in muscles that are differently affected by the lack of dystrophin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Cromolyn Sodium/pharmacology
- Cromolyn Sodium/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Female
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ions/metabolism
- Male
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Sarcolemma/drug effects
- Sarcolemma/genetics
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Marques
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
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Doran P, Gannon J, O'Connell K, Ohlendieck K. Aging skeletal muscle shows a drastic increase in the small heat shock proteins αB-crystallin/HspB5 and cvHsp/HspB7. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:629-40. [PMID: 17761354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most heat shock proteins operate as molecular chaperones and play a central role in the maintenance of normal cellular function. In skeletal muscle, members of the alpha-crystallin domain-containing family of small heat shock proteins are believed to form a cohort of essential stress proteins. Since alphaB-crystallin (alphaBC/HspB5) and the cardiovascular heat shock protein (cvHsp/HspB7) are both implicated in the molecular response to fibre transformation and muscle wasting, it was of interest to investigate the fate of these stress proteins in young adult versus aged muscle. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, now generally referred to as sarcopenia, is one of the most striking features of the senescent organism. In order to better understand the molecular pathogenesis of age-related muscle wasting, we have performed a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis, immunoblotting and confocal microscopy study of aged rat gastrocnemius muscle. Fluorescent labelling of the electrophoretically separated soluble muscle proteome revealed an overall relatively comparable protein expression pattern of young adult versus aged fibres, but clearly an up-regulation of alphaBC and cvHsp. This was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis, which showed a dramatic age-induced increase in these small heat shock proteins. Immunodecoration of other major stress proteins showed that they were not affected or less drastically changed in their expression in aged muscle. These findings indicate that the increase in muscle-specific small heat shock proteins constitutes an essential cellular response to fibre aging and might therefore be a novel therapeutic option to treat sarcopenia of old age.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Doran
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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16
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Doran P, Gannon J, O'Connell K, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic profiling of animal models mimicking skeletal muscle disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1169-84. [PMID: 21136766 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades of biomedical research, animal models of neuromuscular diseases have been widely used for determining pathological mechanisms and for testing new therapeutic strategies. With the emergence of high-throughput proteomics technology, the identification of novel protein factors involved in disease processes has been decisively improved. This review outlines the usefulness of the proteomic profiling of animal disease models for the discovery of new reliable biomarkers, for the optimization of diagnostic procedures and the development of new treatment options for skeletal muscle disorders. Since inbred animal strains show genetically much less interindividual differences as compared to human patients, considerably lower experimental repeats are capable of producing meaningful proteomic data. Thus, animal model proteomics can be conveniently employed for both studying basic mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis and the effects of drugs, genetic modifications or cell-based therapies on disease progression. Based on the results from comparative animal proteomics, a more informed decision on the design of clinical proteomics studies could be reached. Since no one animal model represents a perfect pathobiochemical replica of all of the symptoms seen in complex human disorders, the proteomic screening of novel animal models can also be employed for swift and enhanced protein biochemical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Doran
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Co. Kildare, Ireland
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17
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Doran P, Martin G, Dowling P, Jockusch H, Ohlendieck K. Proteome analysis of the dystrophin-deficient MDX diaphragm reveals a drastic increase in the heat shock protein cvHSP. Proteomics 2006; 6:4610-21. [PMID: 16835851 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most commonly inherited neuromuscular disorder in humans. Although the primary genetic deficiency of dystrophin in X-linked muscular dystrophy is established, it is not well-known how pathophysiological events trigger the actual fibre degeneration. We have therefore performed a DIGE analysis of normal diaphragm muscle versus the severely affected x-linked muscular dystrophy (MDX) diaphragm, which represents an established animal model of dystrophinopathy. Out of 2398 detectable 2-D protein spots, 35 proteins showed a drastic differential expression pattern, with 21 proteins being decreased, including Fbxo11-protein, adenylate kinase, beta-haemoglobin and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and 14 proteins being increased, including cvHSP, aldehyde reductase, desmin, vimentin, chaperonin, cardiac and muscle myosin heavy chain. This suggests that lack of sarcolemmal integrity triggers a generally perturbed protein expression pattern in dystrophin-deficient fibres. However, the most significant finding was the dramatic increase in the small heat shock protein cvHSP, which was confirmed by 2-D immunoblotting. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed elevated levels of cvHSP in MDX fibres. An immunoblotting survey of other key heat shock proteins showed a differential expression pattern in MDX diaphragm. Stress response appears to be an important cellular mechanism in dystrophic muscle and may be exploitable as a new approach to counteract muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Doran
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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18
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Lynch GS. Novel therapies for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Abstract
The heat shock proteins are families of proteins with known activities that include chaperoning nascent peptides within the cell and cytoprotection. Most work on the nervous system has related to the role of heat shock proteins in neuroprotection from either hypoxic-ischemic or traumatic injury. The role of these proteins during normal physiological activity and injury is still under investigation. Heat shock proteins in neuromuscular disease have been investigated to some extent but were largely neglected until recently. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence linking heat shock proteins with neuromuscular disease and to provide some insight into the roles or functions of these proteins in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Nishimura
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer Street, Sepulveda, California 91343, USA.
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20
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Lagrota-Cândido J, Canella I, Savino W, Quirico-Santos T. Expression of extracellular matrix ligands and receptors in the muscular tissue and draining lymph nodes of mdx dystrophic mice. Clin Immunol 1999; 93:143-51. [PMID: 10527690 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1999.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mdx mouse, an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, develops an X-linked recessive inflammatory myopathy. During onset of disease and height of myonecrosis, mdx mice also display important changes in the microenvironment of lymphoid tissues. Draining lymph nodes showed reduced cellularity and atrophy accompanied by intense immunolabeling for fibronectin, laminin, and type-IV collagen. Following clinical amelioration of dystrophy, mdx mice showed enhanced cellularity and a consistent increase in the absolute numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells expressing alpha4(high) and alpha5(high) extracellular matrix receptors. Furthermore, infiltrating cells in the proximity of myonecrosis expressed alpha4, alpha5, and alpha6 integrin chains during both height of myonecrosis and muscular tissue regeneration. Such results indicate that during distinct phases of muscular dystrophy, altered expression of extracellular matrix ligands and receptors may be influencing myonecrosis by promoting adhesion and migration of mononuclear cells into the altered skeletal muscle and toward local draining lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lagrota-Cândido
- Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, 24001 970, Brazil
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21
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Polla BS, Bachelet M, Dall'ava J, Vignola AM. Heat shock proteins in inflammation and asthma: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28:527-9. [PMID: 9645586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Ingalls CP, Warren GL, Armstrong RB. Dissociation of force production from MHC and actin contents in muscles injured by eccentric contractions. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1998; 19:215-24. [PMID: 9583362 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005368831198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin contents and maximum isometric tetanic force (Po) in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles following eccentric contraction-induced injury. Po and protein contents were measured in injured (n = 80) and contralateral control (n = 80) EDL muscles at the following time points after in vivo injury: sham, 0, 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 14, and 28 days. Po was reduced by 37 +/- 2.3% to 49 +/- 3.8% (p < or = 0.05), while MHC and actin contents were unaltered from 0 to 3 days after injury. Whereas Po partially recovered between 3 and 5 days (from -49 +/- 3.8% to -35 +/- 3.6%), MHC and actin contents in the injured muscles declined by 19 +/- 4.9% and 20 +/- 5.3%, respectively, by 5 days compared with control muscles. Decrements in Po were similar to the reductions in MHC and actin contents at 14 (approximately 24%) and 28 (approximately 11%) days. Evaluation of myofibrillar and soluble protein fractions indicated significant reductions in the content of major proteins at 5 and 14 days. Immunoblots of heat shock protein 72 revealed elevations starting at 0.25 days, peaking during 1-3 days, and declining after 5 days. These findings indicate that decreased contractile protein content is not related to the initial decrease in Po. However, decreased MHC and actin contents could account for 58% of the Po reduction at 5 days, and for nearly all the decrements in Po from 14 to 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ingalls
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843-4243, USA.
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23
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Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Totsuka T, Kato K. Pathological changes in levels of three small stress proteins, alphaB crystallin, HSP 27 and p20, in the hindlimb muscles of dy mouse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1406:162-8. [PMID: 9573353 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using three different analyses, we investigated the levels of the three small stress proteins alphaB crystallin, HSP 27 and p20 in the slow-twitch soleus muscle and fast-twitch tibialis anterior muscle of normal and dy mice. All of these analyses (immunoassay, Western blot and immunohistochemistry) showed markedly increased levels of these stress proteins in fast-twitch type muscle (tibialis anterior muscle) of dy mouse. In contrast, the levels of alphaB crystallin, HSP 27 and p20 of dy mouse were reduced in slow-twitch type muscle (soleus muscle). Manipulation of this protective response may reduce injury and may have potential therapeutic application in congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), which possesses a deficiency of laminin-alpha2 chain in muscle fiber basement similar to dy mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakuma
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Heat-shock/stress proteins are constitutive and stress-inducible proteins, regulated by a number of factors including developmental processes. The 90-kD heat-shock protein (hsp90) and ubiquitin are up-regulated in regenerating fibers and diseased fibers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the heat-shock response in regenerating fibers is developmentally regulated or disease-associated. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis were employed to compare the expression of hsp90 and ubiquitin in normal immature muscle from infants and regenerating fibers in polymyositis and dermatomyositis with the basal expression in normal mature muscle from adults. A significant up-regulation of hsp90 and ubiquitin in regenerating fibers and developing infantile fibers suggests that hsp90 and ubiquitin, during myogenesis, are largely regulated by the activation of developmental mechanisms rather than being primarily disease-related. Modulation of the stress response may promote myogenesis and provide a new therapeutic approach in myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bornman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, RAU-University, Johannesburg, South Africa
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25
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Abstract
Inflammation provides those searching in the field with a number of "models" allowing them to study, in vivo, in humans and in animals, the regulation and the functions of HSP, which are being considered as a new and promising marker for the severity and the prognosis of inflammatory diseases. HSP are differentially regulated according to the type of inflammation, whether acute or chronic, whether self-limiting (inflammatory cell elimination by apoptosis) or self-perpetuating (inflammatory cell death by necrosis). We propose that mitochondria are a key organelle in determining the outcome of inflammation, because they are both the cellular "switchboard" for apoptosis and a selective target for the protective effects of HSP against the cytotoxic effects of TNF alpha and ROS. On the other hand, HSP exert multiple protective effects in inflammation, including self/non-self discrimination, enhancement of immune responses, immune protection, thermotolerance and protection against the cytotoxicity of inflammatory mediators. The latter protective effects against the deleterious effects of the mediators of inflammation, including ROS and cytokines, open new avenues for the development of original anti-inflammatory therapies, such as non-toxic inducers of a complete HS response. It may well be that the "beneficial effects of fever" already described by Hippocrates actually relate to increased HSP expression during fever, and to their protective effects....
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Polla
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Respiratoire, UFR Cochin Port-Royal, Université Paris V, France
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