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Parvin N, Kumar V, Mandal TK, Joo SW. Advancements in Nanoporous Materials for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:226. [PMID: 39194664 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of biomedical applications. This review begins by providing an overview of the various types of nanoporous materials, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, and nanoporous gold. The synthesis method for each material, their current research trends, and prospects are discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review delves into the functionalization and surface modification techniques employed to tailor nanoporous materials for specific biomedical imaging applications. This section covers chemical functionalization, bioconjugation strategies, and surface coating and encapsulation methods. Additionally, this review examines the diverse biomedical imaging techniques enabled by nanoporous materials, such as fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging. The mechanisms underlying these imaging techniques, their diagnostic applications, and their efficacy in clinical settings are thoroughly explored. Through an extensive analysis of recent research findings and emerging trends, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanoporous materials in advancing biomedical imaging and diagnostics. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches, innovative synthesis techniques, and functionalization strategies offers promising avenues for the development of next-generation imaging agents and diagnostic tools with enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargish Parvin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Vineet Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tapas Kumar Mandal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jahan MN, Alam MA, Rahman MM, Hoque SM, Ahmad H. Mesoporous Fe 3O 4/SiO 2/poly(2-carboxyethyl acrylate) composite polymer particles for pH-responsive loading and targeted release of bioactive molecules. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23560-23573. [PMID: 39071478 PMCID: PMC11276395 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
pH-responsive polymer microspheres undergoing reversible changes in their surface properties have been proved useful for drug delivery to targeted sites. This paper is aimed at preparing pH-responsive polymer-modified magnetic mesoporous SiO2 particles. First, mesoporous magnetic (Fe3O4) core-particles are prepared using a one-pot solvothermal method. Then, magnetic Fe3O4 particles are covered with a C[double bond, length as m-dash]C functional mesoporous SiO2 layer before seeded emulsion polymerization of 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (2-CEA). The composite polymer particles are named Fe3O4/SiO2/P(2-CEA). The average diameters of the Fe3O4 core and Fe3O4/SiO2/P(2-CEA) composite polymer particles are 414 and 595 nm, respectively. The mesoporous (pore diameter = 3.41 nm) structure of Fe3O4/SiO2/P(2-CEA) composite polymer particles is confirmed from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis. The synthesized Fe3O4/SiO2/P(2-CEA) composite polymer exhibited pH-dependent changes in volume and surface charge density due to deprotonation of the carboxyl group under alkaline pH conditions. The change in the surface properties of Fe3O4/SiO2/P(2-CEA) composite polymer particles following pH change is confirmed from the pH-dependent sorption of cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic methyl orange (MO) dye molecules. The opening of the pH-responsive P(2-CEA) gate valve at pH 10.0 allowed the release of loaded vancomycin up to 99% after 165 min and p-acetamido phenol (p-AP) up to 46% after 225 min. Comparatively, the amount of release is lower at pH 8.0 but still suitable for drug delivery applications. These results suggested that the mesoporous Fe3O4/SiO2 composite seed acted as a microcapsule, while P(2-CEA) functioned as a gate valve across the porous channel. The prepared composite polymer can therefore be useful for treating intestine/colon cancer, where the pH is comparatively alkaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Laboratory of Polymer Colloids and Nanomaterials, Rajshahi University Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Research Laboratory of Polymer Colloids and Nanomaterials, Rajshahi University Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahabur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Research Laboratory of Polymer Colloids and Nanomaterials, Rajshahi University Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, Pabna University of Science and Technology 6600 Pabna Bangladesh
| | - S Manjura Hoque
- Materials Science Division, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Research Laboratory of Polymer Colloids and Nanomaterials, Rajshahi University Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
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La JA, Lee H, Kim D, Ko H, Kang T. Enhanced Molecular Interaction of 3D Plasmonic Nanoporous Gold Alloys by Electronic Modulation for Sensitive Molecular Detection. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7025-7032. [PMID: 38832667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional gold and its alloyed nanoporous structures possess high surface areas and strong local electric fields, rendering them ideal substrates for plasmonic molecular detection. Despite enhancing plasmonic properties and altering molecular interactions, the effect of alloy composition on molecular detection capability has not yet been explored. Here, we report molecular interactions between nanoporous gold alloys and charged molecules by controlling the alloy composition. We demonstrate enhanced adsorption of negatively charged molecules onto the alloy surface due to positively charged gold atoms and a shifted d-band center through charge transfer between gold and other metals. Despite similar EM field intensities, nanoporous gold with silver (Au/Ag) achieves SERS enhancement factors (EF) up to 6 orders of magnitude higher than those of other alloys for negatively charged molecules. Finally, nanoporous Au/Ag detects amyloid-beta at concentrations as low as approximately 1 fM, with SERS EF up to 10 orders of magnitude higher than that of a monolayer of Au nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju A La
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchoul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungduk Ko
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomoleuclar Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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Cai T, Shang K, Wang X, Qi X, Liu R, Wang X. Integration of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Nanoporous Gold for Electrochemical Detection of Glutamate. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1023. [PMID: 38131783 PMCID: PMC10741451 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, a non-essential amino acid produced by fermentation, plays a significant role in disease diagnosis and food safety. It is important to enable the real-time monitoring of glutamate concentration for human health and nutrition. Due to the challenges in directly performing electrochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of glutamate, this study leverages the synergistic effect of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and nanoporous gold (NPG) to achieve the indirect and accurate detection of glutamate within the range of 50 to 700 μM by measuring the generated quantity of NADH during the enzymatic reaction. The proposed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance characteristics, including a detection sensitivity of 1.95 μA mM-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.82 μM. The anti-interference tests indicate an average recognition error ranging from -3.85% to +2.60%, spiked sample recovery rates between 95% and 105%, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.97% for three replicate experiments. Therefore, the GLDH-NPG/GCE biosensor presented in this work exhibits excellent accuracy and repeatability, providing a novel alternative for rapid glutamate detection. This research contributes significantly to enhancing the precise monitoring of glutamate concentration, thereby offering more effective guidance and control for human health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.C.); (K.S.); (X.W.); (X.Q.); (R.L.)
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5
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Artmann E, Schmider T, Jacob T, Engstfeld AK. Facet-Dependent Formation and Adhesion of Au Oxide and Nanoporous Au on Poly-Oriented Au Single Crystals. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300428. [PMID: 37435757 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous Au (NPG) has different properties compared to bulk Au, making it an interesting material for numerous applications. To modify the structure of NPG films for specific applications, e. g., the porosity, thickness, and homogeneity of the films, a fundamental understanding of the structure formation is essential. Here, we focus on NPG prepared via electrochemical reduction from Au oxide formed during high voltage (HV) electrolysis on poly-oriented Au single crystal (Au POSC) electrodes. These POSCs consist of a metal bead, with faces with different crystallographic orientations and allow screening of the influence of crystallographic orientation on the structure formation for different facets in one experiment. The HV electrolysis is performed between 100 ms and 30 s at 300 V and 540 V. The amount of Au oxide formed is determined by electrochemical measurements and the structural properties are investigated by scanning electron and optical microscopy. We show that the formation of Au oxide is mostly independent of the crystallographic orientation, except for thick layers, while the macroscopic structure of the NPG films depends on experimental parameters such as the Au oxide precursor thickness and the crystallographic orientation of the substrate. Possible reasons for the frequently observed exfoliation of the NPG films are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Artmann
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmider
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Islam MS, Banik S, Collinson MM. Recent Advances in Bimetallic Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2515. [PMID: 37764545 PMCID: PMC10535497 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocomposites and nanoparticles have received tremendous interest recently because they often exhibit better properties than single-component materials. Improved electron transfer rates and the synergistic interactions between individual metals are two of the most beneficial attributes of these materials. In this review, we focus on bimetallic nanoporous gold (NPG) because of its importance in the field of electrochemical sensing coupled with the ease with which it can be made. NPG is a particularly important scaffold because of its unique properties, including biofouling resistance and ease of modification. In this review, several different methods to synthesize NPG, along with varying modification approaches are described. These include the use of ternary alloys, immersion-reduction (chemical, electrochemical, hybrid), co-electrodeposition-annealing, and under-potential deposition coupled with surface-limited redox replacement of NPG with different metal nanoparticles (e.g., Pt, Cu, Pd, Ni, Co, Fe, etc.). The review also describes the importance of fully characterizing these bimetallic nanocomposites and critically analyzing their structure, surface morphology, surface composition, and application in electrochemical sensing of chemical and biochemical species. The authors attempt to highlight the most recent and advanced techniques for designing non-enzymatic bimetallic electrochemical nanosensors. The review opens up a window for readers to obtain detailed knowledge about the formation and structure of bimetallic electrodes and their applications in electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryanne M. Collinson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA; (M.S.I.); (S.B.)
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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V Moskaleva
- University of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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8
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Artmann E, Forschner L, Schüttler KM, Al-Shakran M, Jacob T, Engstfeld AK. Nanoporous Au Formation on Au Substrates via High Voltage Electrolysis. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200645. [PMID: 36328970 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous Au (NPG) films have promising properties, making them suitable for various applications in (electro)catalysis or (bio)sensing. Tuning the structural properties, such as the pore size or the surface-to-volume ratio, often requires complex starting materials such as alloys, multiple synthesis steps, lengthy preparation procedures or a combination of these factors. Here we present an approach that circumvents these difficulties, enabling for a rapid and controlled preparation of NPG films starting from a bare Au electrode. In a first approach a Au oxide film is prepared by high voltage (HV) electrolysis in a KOH solution, which is then reduced either electrochemically or in the presence of H2 O2 . The resulting NPG structures and their electrochemically active surface areas strongly depend on the reduction procedure, the concentration and temperature of the H2 O2 -containing KOH solution, as well as the applied voltage and temperature during HV electrolysis. Secondly, the NPG film can be prepared directly by applying voltages that result in anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis (aCGDE). By carefully adjusting the corresponding parameters, the surface area of the final NPG film can be specifically controlled. The structural properties of the electrodes are investigated by means of XPS, SEM and electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Artmann
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Forschner
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Sondhi P, Lingden D, Bhattarai JK, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Applications of Nanoporous Gold in Therapy, Drug Delivery, and Diagnostics. METALS 2023; 13:78. [PMID: 39238564 PMCID: PMC11376205 DOI: 10.3390/met13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has promising applications in therapeutic delivery. The promises arise from its high surface area-to-volume ratio, ease of tuning shape and size, ability to be modified by organic molecules including drugs, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, np-Au nanostructures can generate the photothermal effect. This effect can be used either for controlled release of drugs of therapeutic importance or for destroying cancer cells by heating locally. Despite the enormous potential, the research on the therapeutical use of the np-Au is still in its early stage. In this review, we discuss the current progress and future directions of np-Au for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Sondhi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Dhanbir Lingden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jay K Bhattarai
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Company, Saint Louis, MO 63042, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Usman M, Sarwar Y, Abbasi R, Ishaq HM, Iftikhar M, Hussain I, Demirdogen RE, Ihsan A. Nanogold morphologies with the same surface chemistry provoke a different innate immune response: An in-vitro and in-vivo study. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100419. [PMID: 36038134 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have unique optical properties with less antigenicity, and their physicochemical properties have strong relation with an immunological response at bio-interface including antigenicity. An interpretation of this correlation would significantly impact on the clinical and theranostic applications of GNMs. Herein, we studied the effect of GNMs morphology on the cytotoxicity (in-vitro), innate immune responses, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (in-vivo studies) using gold nano-cups (GNCs), porous gold nanospheres (PGNSs) and solid gold nano particles (SGNPs) coated with the same ligand to ensure similar surface chemistry. The cytotoxicity was assessed via sulfo-rhodamine B (SRB) assay, and the cytotoxicity data showed that morphological features at nanoscale dimensions like surface roughness and hollowness etc. have a significant impact on cellular viability. The biochemical and histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues also showed that all GNMs did not show any toxicity even at high concentration (100 μL). The relative quantification of cytokine gene expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6, and 1L-17 (against each morphology) was checked after in-vivo activation in mice. Among the different nanogold morphologies, PVP stabilized GNCs (PVP-GNCs) showed the highest release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might be due to their high surface energy and large surface area for exposure as compared to other nanogold morphologies studied. The pro-inflammatory cytokine release could be suppressed by coating with some anti-inflammatory polymer, i.e., inulin. The in-vitro results of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1) cytokines also suggested that all GNMs may induce activation of macrophages and Th1 immune response. The in-vivo activation results showed a decrease in mRNA expression of the cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6 and 1L-17). Based on these findings, we proposed that the shape and morphology of GNMs control their immune response at nano-bio interface, and it must be considered while designing their role for different biomedical applications like immuno-stimulation and bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Iftikhar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering (SBA-SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Ruken Esra Demirdogen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Turkey
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Al Mannai A, Al-Ansari T, Saoud KM. Quantification of Serum Exosome Biomarkers Using 3D Nanoporous Gold and Spectrophotometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6347. [PMID: 36080806 PMCID: PMC9460504 DOI: 10.3390/s22176347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes may provide biomarkers for cancer treatment. Using sputtering technology, an affinity-based device to capture exosomes was developed using nanoporous substrate (NPG)-coated silicon microscopy. Immunology-based techniques detect and purify exosomes using gold coating with a specific antigen. Inverted fluorescent microscopy was used to detect target exosomes quantitatively utilizing fluorescent nanospheres as the label. We quantified the expression of CD63 surface protein markers on exosomes from conditioned culture media of breast cancer cells. The exosomes that targeted specific proteins with controls were statistically analyzed and compared to those that targeted non-specific proteins. Results from SEM showed that the exosomes were circular, between 30 and 150 nanometers in size. The porous gold substrates captured more exosomes than the nonporous substrates. Nitric acid treatments at different times resulted in a variety of pore sizes. Despite the increase in the size of the pores, the number of exosomes found in the porous gold substrate treated for 10 min nearly doubled compared to the one treated for 5 min. In this work, a fluorescence biosensor was developed to detect breast cancer exosomes using nanoporous gold substrates (NPG). Assay and model exosomes of specific breast cancer cells showed that exosomes exhibit diagnostic surface protein markers, reflecting the protein profile of their parent cells. Furthermore, the specific binding between the exosome surface antibodies and the targets identified the CD63 biomarkers on the exosome, suggesting these markers' diagnostic potential. This study can accelerate exosome research in determining tumor-related exosomes and develop novel cancer diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera Al Mannai
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34111, Qatar
| | - Tareq Al-Ansari
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34111, Qatar
| | - Khaled M. Saoud
- Liberal Arts and Science Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Doha P.O. Box 8095, Qatar
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12
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Cost-Effective Nanoporous Gold Obtained by Dealloying Metastable Precursor, Au33Fe67, Reveals Excellent Methanol Electro-Oxidation Performance. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report nanoporous gold (NPG) as an economic, efficient, and stable alternative electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. The said sample was successfully prepared from an Fe-rich metastable Au33Fe67 supersaturated solid solution acting as the precursor, which was formed into ribbons by the phenomenon of rapid solidification using melt-spinning technique. The as-quenched ribbon was then chemically dealloyed in 1 M HCl at 70 °C for different durations of time. A homogeneous, free-standing, and mechanically stable NPG sample was obtained with tunable ligament shape and size. The morphology and composition were characterized by using SEM with EDS, while the structure by XRD. The sample was examined as an electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation profiting off its large surface area; cyclic voltammetry (CV) was the technique employed for electrochemical studies. In a basic solution of methanol and KOH, the sample displays a low peak potential of 0.47 V vs. Ag/AgCl for methanol electro-oxidation with a high peak current density of 0.43 mA/cm2. In addition, it demonstrates outstanding stability and high poisoning tolerance. It is noteworthy that the fabrication process of the NPG sample from start to end was intentionally opted to be sustainable, cost-effective, rapid, and feasible. The usage of critical raw materials was avoided. As a whole, the properties and results put forth by the NPG sample make it an inexpensive, sustainable, and excellent alternative as an electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation.
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Petrucci R, Bortolami M, Di Matteo P, Curulli A. Gold Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Phenolic Antioxidants Detection: Recent Advances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:959. [PMID: 35335772 PMCID: PMC8950254 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants play a central role in the development and production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to reduce oxidative processes in the human body. Among them, phenolic antioxidants are considered even more efficient than other antioxidants. They are divided into natural and synthetic. The natural antioxidants are generally found in plants and their synthetic counterparts are generally added as preventing agents of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of fats, oils, and lipid-containing foods: All of them can exhibit different effects on human health, which are not always beneficial. Because of their relevant bioactivity and importance in several sectors, such as agro-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, it is crucial to have fast and reliable analysis Rmethods available. In this review, different examples of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors used for the rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds are analyzed and discussed, evidencing the important role of gold nanomaterials, and including systems with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes, etc. Moreover, a selection of gold nanomaterials involved in the designing of this kind of (bio)sensor is reported and critically analyzed. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting phenolic antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences of Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Unità Operativa di Support, Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Lu J, Yang J, Gu J, Yang J, Gao Z, Su L, Tao X, Yuan M, Yang L. Mono-(6-diethylenetriamine-6-deoxy)- β-cyclodextrin Supramolecular Fluorescent Switch Constructed Based on Au 3+ and I –. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ultrasonic pre-treatment of Bacillus velezensis for improved electrogenic response in a single chambered microbial fuel cell. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:18. [PMID: 34926122 PMCID: PMC8674389 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Various microbial strains and techniques are being used to improve power production in microbial fuel cells. Cow dung is a peculiar source of anaerobic and micro-aerophilic organisms that were employed in this study to isolate exo-electrogenic microorganisms. To validate their exo-electrogenic nature, all eight visually distinct bacterial single-cell colonies were tested using the ferrocyanide reduction assay, which resulted in the selection of one bacterial strain AD1-ELB with the ability to reduce ferrocyanide for further biochemical, physiological and electrochemical characterization. The selected strain AD1-ELB was identified as Bacillus velezensis by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. When used in a single-chambered MFC, the isolated AD1-ELB strain produced a maximum open-circuit voltage of 455 mV with a maximum current density of 51.78 µA/cm2 and maximum power density of 4.33 µW/cm2 on the 16th day. Bacillus velezensis AD1-ELB strain was treated with low-frequency ultrasound (40 kHz) for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min to assess the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on an isolated pure culture-based microbial fuel cell. A 3-min exposure to low-frequency ultrasonic therapy resulted in an increase in maximum power of 4.33 µW/cm2 with a current density of 51.78 µA/cm2 in the MFC, which decreases significantly after 4 and 5 min. Thus, the overall power density achieved was 1.89 times greater than in MFCs with untreated strain. These findings support the use of low-frequency ultrasonic stimulation to improve the performance of microbial fuel cell devices and are restricted to the pure, single-cell strain AD1-ELB, with the potential for variation if some other isolated strain is utilized, hence requiring further study to determine its relative variations.
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