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Thabit MN, Elhamed AMA. Impaired selective attention in patients with severe primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: An event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2021; 6:260-264. [PMID: 34816057 PMCID: PMC8593519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is a very common problem in school age children. It is thought that PMNE represents a maturational lag in the central nervous system of those children. We did this case control study to assess the selective attention and resource allocation in those children using the P300 wave of the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and its relation to disease severity. Methods Forty four patients with PMNE and twenty three healthy controls were included in this study. Patients were diagnosed according to the criteria of international children's continence society and were classified into two groups; patients with frequent wetting (≥4 episodes/week), and patients with infrequent wetting (<4 episodes/week). ERPs were recorded at Fz, Cz, and Pz locations using odd-ball paradigm. N200 and P300 peak latencies (ms), and N200/P300 peak to peak amplitudes (µV) were measured. Results We found significant increase of P300 and N200/P300 interpeak latencies, and significant decrease of P300 amplitudes in frequent wetting group "severe" PMNE compared to healthy controls and infrequent wetting group. Conclusion Abnormal selective attention and resource allocation were found in patients with severe PMNE. Measures to improve selective attention might be helpful in treatment of patients with severe PMNE. Significance Impaired selective attention might play a role in pathogenesis of severe PMNE and the need for the various measures to improve selective attention may be further studied as a therapeutic tool for patients with severe PMNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Thabit
- Department of Neurology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abd Elhamed
- Department of Urology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Vadapalli R. Assessing functional connectivity of brain network in children with nocturnal enuresis using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurol India 2018; 66:1367-1369. [DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.241392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang M, Zhang K, Zhang J, Dong G, Zhang H, Du X. Abnormal Neural Responses to Emotional Stimuli but Not Go/NoGo and Stroop Tasks in Adults with a History of Childhood Nocturnal Enuresis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142957. [PMID: 26571500 PMCID: PMC4646674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common disorder in school-aged children. Previous studies have reported that children with NE exhibit structural, functional and neurochemical abnormalities in the brain, suggesting that children with NE may have cognitive problems. Additionally, children with NE have been shown to process emotions differently from control children. In fact, most cases of NE resolve with age. However, adults who had experienced NE during childhood may still have potential cognitive or emotion problems, and this possibility has not been thoroughly investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings In this work, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain functional changes in adults with a history of NE. Two groups, consisting of 21 adults with NE and 21 healthy controls, were scanned using fMRI. We did not observe a significant abnormality in activation during the Go/NoGo and Stroop tasks in adults with a history of NE compared with the control group. However, compared to healthy subjects, young adults with a history of NE mainly showed increased activation in the bilateral temporoparietal junctions, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex while looking at negative vs. neutral pictures. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that adults with a history of childhood NE have no obvious deficit in response inhibition or cognitive control but showed abnormal neural responses to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang K, Ma J, Lei D, Wang M, Zhang J, Du X. Task positive and default mode networks during a working memory in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and healthy controls. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:422-9. [PMID: 26086645 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocturnal enuresis is a common developmental disorder in children, and primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is the dominant subtype. METHODS This study investigated brain functional abnormalities that are specifically related to working memory in children with PMNE using function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in combination with an n-back task. Twenty children with PMNE and 20 healthy children, group-matched for age and sex, participated in this experiment. RESULTS Several brain regions exhibited reduced activation during the n-back task in children with PMNE, including the right precentral gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule extending to the postcentral gyrus. Children with PMNE exhibited decreased cerebral activation in the task-positive network, increased task-related cerebral deactivation during a working memory task, and longer response times. CONCLUSION Patients exhibited different brain response patterns to different levels of working memory and tended to compensate by greater default mode network deactivation to sustain normal working memory function. Our results suggest that children with PMNE have potential working memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Du Lei
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Connectome-Scale Assessments of Functional Connectivity in Children with Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:463708. [PMID: 26180801 PMCID: PMC4477104 DOI: 10.1155/2015/463708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is a common developmental disorder in children. Previous literature has suggested that PMNE not only is a micturition disorder but also is characterized by cerebral structure abnormalities and dysfunction. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the disease are not thoroughly understood. Graph theoretical analysis has provided a unique tool to reveal the intrinsic attributes of the connectivity patterns of a complex network from a global perspective. Resting-state fMRI was performed in 20 children with PMNE and 20 healthy controls. Brain networks were constructed by computing Pearson's correlations for blood oxygenation level-dependent temporal fluctuations among the 2 groups, followed by graph-based network analyses. The functional brain networks in the PMNE patients were characterized by a significantly lower clustering coefficient, global and local efficiency, and higher characteristic path length compared with controls. PMNE patients also showed a reduced nodal efficiency in the bilateral calcarine sulcus, bilateral cuneus, bilateral lingual gyri, and right superior temporal gyrus. Our findings suggest that PMNE includes brain network alterations that may affect global communication and integration.
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Albayrak S, Zengin K, Tanik S, Daar G, Ozdamar MY, Bakirtas H, Imamoglu MA, Gurdal M. Vitamin B12, folate and iron levels in primary nocturnal enuresis. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:87-90. [PMID: 25878620 PMCID: PMC4386163 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.311.6424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Folate, vitamin B12 and iron are important vitamin and minerals which play role in the development of nervous system. The aim of this study was looking at the presence of folate, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency among patients with Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and possible relation between the delay of central nervous system (CNS) development, PNE and folate, vitamin B12 and iron states. Methods: Consecutively applied forty patients with PNE (23 girls and 17 boys) and otherwise normal thirty control subjects (17 girls and 13 boys) were included in the study. Average ages (in range) of PNE and the control group were 9.2(6-12) years and 9.3 (6-12) years accordingly. Age, height, weight, complete blood count, blood vitamin B12, folate, ferritin and iron values of both groups were recorded and compared to each other. Results: Average vitamin B12 and folate levels of patients with PNE were significantly and statistically lower compared to those of the control group. Average blood iron of patients with PNE was significantly higher than that of the control group and also average ferritin level of the PNE group was detected to be higher than the control group but this relation was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Primary nocturnal enuresis is related to the delay in CNS maturation so it was thought that low vitamin B12 and folate which were found in patients with PNE may have role in the delay of CNS maturation. Additionally, further studies are needed to investigate the role of vitamin B12 and folate either alone or as combination in treatment of patients with PNE who have low vitamin B12and folate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahattin Albayrak
- Sebahattin Albayrak, MD. Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Kürsad Zengin
- Kürsad Zengin, MD. Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Serhat Tanik
- Serhat Tanik, MD. Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ghaniya Daar
- Ghaniya Daar, MD. Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.Department of Pediatrics
| | - Mustafa Yasar Ozdamar
- Mustafa Yasar Ozdamar, MD. Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.Department of Pediatric Surgery
| | - Hasan Bakirtas
- Hasan Bakirtas, MD. Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Mesut Gurdal
- Mesut Gurdal, MD. Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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Comorbidity of ADHD and incontinence in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:127-40. [PMID: 24980793 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ADHD and incontinence are common childhood disorders which co-occur at much higher rates than expected by chance. The aim of this review was to provide an overview both of the comorbidity of nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and faecal incontinence (FI) in children with ADHD; and, vice versa, of the co-occurrence of ADHD in children with NE, DUI and FI. Most clinical studies have focussed on the association of ADHD and NE. Population-based studies have shown that children with DUI have an even greater risk for ADHD than those with NE. While children with FI have the highest overall comorbidity rates of psychological disorders, these are heterogeneous with a wide range of internalising and externalising disorders--not necessarily of ADHD. Genetic studies indicate that ADHD and NE, DUI and FI do not share the same genetic basis. The comorbidity is conferred by non-genetic factors. Possible aetiological and pathogenetic links between ADHD and incontinence are provided by neurophysiological, imaging and pharmacological studies. The co-occurrence has clinical implications: children with ADHD and NE, DUI and FI are more difficult to treat, show lower compliance and have less favourable treatment outcomes for incontinence. Therefore, both groups of disorders have to be assessed and treated specifically.
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Lei D, Ma J, Shen X, Du X, Shen G, Liu W, Yan X, Li G. Changes in the brain microstructure of children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a diffusion tensor imaging study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31023. [PMID: 22363538 PMCID: PMC3281897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is a common disorder in school-aged children. Previous studies have suggested that a developmental delay might play a role in the pathology of children with PMNE. However, microstructural abnormalities in the brains of these children have not been thoroughly investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we evaluated structural changes in the brains of children with PMNE using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Two groups consisting of 26 children with PMNE and 26 healthy controls were scanned using magnetic resonance DTI. The diffusion parameters of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were subjected to whole-brain, voxel-wise group comparisons using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). When compared to healthy subjects, children with PMNE showed both a decrease in FA and an increase in MD in the thalamus. MD also increased in the frontal lobe, the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula; these areas are all involved in controlling micturition. The significant changes seen in the thalamus could affect both urine storage and arousal from sleep. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The microstructure abnormalities were observed in the thalamus, the medial frontal gyrus, the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula, which are involved in micturition control network. This indicates developmental delay in these areas may be the cause of PMNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, XinHua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, XinHua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (GL)
| | - Guohua Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengying Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (GL)
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Tascilar ME, Turkkahraman D, Oz O, Yucel M, Taskesen M, Eker I, Abaci A, Dundaroz R, Ulas UH. P300 auditory event-related potentials in children with obesity: is childhood obesity related to impairment in cognitive functions? Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12:589-95. [PMID: 21418454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate alterations in P300 auditory event-related potentials in children with obesity to detect changes in cognitive functions. METHOD A total of 50 children with obesity and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in the study. Laboratory tests were performed to detect dislipidemia and insulin resistance (IR). The latencies and amplitudes of P300 waves were measured in healthy and obese subjects with or without IR. The oddball paradigm was used in recordings of P300 auditory event-related potentials. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between groups regarding latency and amplitude of P300 component obtained from central (Cz) electrode. The grand means of P300 latency were longer, and amplitude decreased significantly in obese group compared to that of healthy controls. When the obese group was divided into two different subgroups, those with IR and without IR, the grand means of P300 latency were longer and the amplitude decreased significantly in subjects with IR compared to those without IR. CONCLUSION Both decreased amplitude and prolonged latency of P300 are associated with IR in children with obesity, which shows the impairment of neural activity associated with sensory and cognitive information processing in these children. Further studies are necessary to strengthen the current findings and to determine the exact mechanism of cognitive impairment in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Tascilar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Lei D, Ma J, Du X, Shen G, Tian M, Li G. Spontaneous brain activity changes in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a resting-state fMRI study. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 31:99-104. [PMID: 22038619 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is a common disorder in school-aged children. However, little is known about resting-state neural function in individuals with PMNE. In this work, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate changes in spontaneous brain activity in children with PMNE. We analyzed resting-state fMRI data using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and a resting-state fMRI data analysis toolkit (REST). Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) values were calculated to analyze spontaneous brain activity in 16 children with PMNE and 16 healthy controls. Children with PMNE exhibited significant differences in ALFF or ReHo in the left inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area, BA 10), and left midbrain. Abnormalities in BA 10 and the inferior frontal gyrus may affect children's decision-making with regard to voiding; abnormalities in the midbrain in PMNE children may influence the internal signal transmission in their bladder control network. Our data indicate that, in children with PMNE, several brain areas related to the micturate control network undergo developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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Lei D, Ma J, Du X, Shen G, Tian M, Li G. Altered brain activation during response inhibition in children with primary nocturnal enuresis: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2913-9. [PMID: 21998078 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocturnal enuresis is a common developmental disorder in children, and primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is the dominant subtype. The main purpose of this study was to investigate brain functional abnormalities specifically related to motor response inhibition in children with PNE using fMRI in combination with a Go/NoGo task. Twenty-two children with PNE and 22 healthy children, group-matched for age and sex, took part in this experiment. Although no significant between-group differences in task performance accuracy were observed, PNE patients showed significantly longer response times on average. There were several brain regions with reduced activation during motor response inhibition in children with PNE: the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right superior and middle frontal gyri, right inferior parietal lobe, bilateral cingulate gyri and insula. Our data indicate that response inhibition in children with PNE is associated with a relative lack of or delay in the maturation of prefrontal cortex circuitry that is known to suppress inappropriate responses. This result might give clues to understanding the pathophysiology of PNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Joinson C, Heron J, Butler R, Von Gontard A, Butler U, Emond A, Golding J. A United Kingdom population-based study of intellectual capacities in children with and without soiling, daytime wetting, and bed-wetting. Pediatrics 2007; 120:e308-16. [PMID: 17609308 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine differences in intellectual capacities between children with and without soiling, daytime wetting, and bed-wetting. METHODS This study was based on a population of >6000 children (age range: 7 years 6 months to 9 years 3 months; median: 7 years 6 months) from the United Kingdom-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Data on wetting and soiling were obtained from a questionnaire completed by parents. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition was administered at a research clinic. RESULTS Bed-wetting was associated with lower Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition IQ scores compared with control subjects, particularly performance IQ. This difference remained after exclusion of children with an IQ of <70 and adjustment for gender, stressful life events, and sociodemographic background. There were fewer differences in IQ scores between children with and without soiling or daytime wetting. Co-occurring wetting and soiling were associated with lower IQ scores than isolated soiling, daytime wetting, or bed-wetting, but this was mostly attributable to an overrepresentation of children with an IQ of <70 in the co-occurrence group. CONCLUSIONS It is hypothesized that the differences in intellectual capacities between children with and without bed-wetting are associated with maturational deficits of the central nervous system. There was less evidence for differences in intellectual capacities between children with and without soiling and daytime wetting. The central nervous system is involved to a lesser extent in soiling and daytime wetting, because peripheral influences from the bladder and gut play a greater role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Joinson
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Urol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.mou.0000172405.15632.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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