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Ibrahim H, Retailleau K, Hornby F, Maignel J, Beard M, Daly DM. A Novel Catalytically Inactive Construct of Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) Directly Inhibits Visceral Sensory Signalling. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:30. [PMID: 38251246 PMCID: PMC10820156 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is a potent neurotoxin that silences cholinergic neurotransmission through the cleavage of the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Previous studies have shown that, in addition to its paralytic effects, BoNT/A can inhibit sensory nerve activity. The aim of this study was to identify how BoNT/A inhibits afferent signalling from the bladder. To investigate the role of SNAP-25 cleavage in the previously reported BoNT/A-dependent inhibition of sensory signalling, we developed a recombinant form of BoNT/A with an inactive light chain, rBoNT/A (0), unable to paralyse muscle. We also developed recombinant light chain (LC)-domain-only proteins to better understand the entry mechanisms, as the heavy chain (HC) of the protein is responsible for the internalisation of the light chain. We found that, despite a lack of catalytic activity, rBoNT/A (0) potently inhibited the afferent responses to bladder distension to a greater degree than catalytically active rBoNT/A. This was also clear from the testing of the LC-only proteins, as the inactive rLC/A (0) protein inhibited afferent responses significantly more than the active rLC/A protein. Immunohistochemistry for cleaved SNAP-25 was negative, and purinergic and nitrergic antagonists partially and totally reversed the sensory inhibition, respectively. These data suggest that the BoNT/A inhibition of sensory nerve activity in this assay is not due to the classical well-characterised 'double-receptor' mechanism of BoNT/A, is independent of SNAP25 cleavage and involves nitrergic and purinergic signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodan Ibrahim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Campus, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
- Ipsen, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK; (F.H.); (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna Marie Daly
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Campus, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Yang SQ, Peng L, Lin LD, Chen YZ, Liu MZ, Zhang C, Chen JW, Luo DY. Identification of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network as biomarkers for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:12155-12170. [PMID: 37925174 PMCID: PMC10683623 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a long-lasting and incapacitating disease, and the exact factors that affect its onset and advancement are still uncertain. Thus, the main aim was to explore new biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for IC/BPS. Next-generation high-throughput sequencing experiments were performed on bladder tissues. Based on the interactions between circRNA and miRNA, as well as miRNA and mRNA, candidates were selected to build a network of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were utilized to build a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to pinpoint the hub genes associated with IC/BPS. The expression levels of circRNA and miRNA in the network were confirmed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was applied to confirm the stability of the lipopolysaccharide-induced IC/BPS model, and the effect of overexpression of circ.5863 by lentivirus on inflammation. Ten circRNA-miRNA interactions involving three circRNAs and six miRNAs were identified, and IFIT3 and RSAD2 were identified as hub genes in the resulting PPI network with 19 nodes. Circ.5863 showed a statistically significant decrease in the constructed model, which is consistent with the sequencing results, and overexpression via lentiviral transfection of circ.5863 was found to alleviate inflammation damage. In this study, a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was successfully constructed, and IFIT3 and RSAD2 were identified as hub genes. Our findings suggest that circ.5863 can mitigate inflammation damage in IC/BPS. The identified marker genes may serve as valuable targets for future research aimed at developing diagnostic tools and more effective therapies for IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qin Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Le-De Lin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhuo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Zhu Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - De-Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Wang X, Wang WX. Cell-Type-Dependent Dissolution of CuO Nanoparticles and Efflux of Cu Ions following Cellular Internalization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12404-12415. [PMID: 35946305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CuO nanoparticles (NPs) show promising applications in biosensors, waste treatment, and energy materials, but the growing manufacture of CuO NPs also leads to the concerns for their potential environmental and health risks. However, the cellular fates of CuO NPs such as Cu ion dissolution, transformation, and efflux remain largely speculative. In the present study, we for the first time combined the gold-core labeling and Cu ion bioimaging technologies to reveal the intracellular fates of CuO NPs in different cells following cellular internalization of NPs. We demonstrated that the dissolution rate of CuO NPs depended on the cell type. Following CuO dissolution, limited transformation of Cu(II) to Cu(I) occurred within the cellular microenvironment. Instead, Cu(II) was rapidly eliminated from the cells, and such rapid efflux in different cells was highly dependent on the GSH-mediated pathway and lysosome exocytosis. The labile Cu(I) level in the two cancerous cell lines was immediately regulated upon Cu exposure, which explained their tolerance to Au@CuO NPs. Overall, our study demonstrated a very rapid turnover of Cu in the cells following CuO internalization, which subsequently determined the cellular toxicity of CuO. The results will have important implications for assessing the health risk of CuO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 519000, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 519000, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Carotti V, Rigalli JP, van Asbeck-van der Wijst J, G J Hoenderop J. Interplay between purinergic signalling and extracellular vesicles in health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115192. [PMID: 35905971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is a receptor-mediated process characterized by the binding of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides to purinergic receptors, which results in the activation intracellular signalling pathways, and, ultimately, leads to changes in cell physiology. Purinergic signalling has been related to the regulation of important physiological processes (e.g., renal electrolyte reabsorption; platelet aggregation; immune response). In addition, it has been associated with pathophysiological situations such as cancer and inflammation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by all cells of the organism, which play a key role in cell-cell communication. In this regard, EVs can mediate effects on target cells located at distant locations. Within their cargo, EVs contain molecules with the potential to affect purinergic signalling at the target cells and tissues. Here, we review the studies addressing the regulation of purinergic signalling by EVs based on the cell type or tissue where the regulation takes place. In this regard, EVs are found to play a major role in modulating the extracellular ATP levels and, specially, adenosine. This has a clear impact on, for instance, the inflammatory and immune response against cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss the data available on the regulation of EV secretion and its cargo by purinergic signalling. Here, a major role of the purinergic receptor P2X7 and again, an impact on processes such as inflammation, immune response and cancer pathogenesis has been established. Finally, we highlight uninvestigated aspects of these two regulatory networks and address their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carotti
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny van Asbeck-van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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BoNT/A in the Urinary Bladder-More to the Story than Silencing of Cholinergic Nerves. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010053. [PMID: 35051030 PMCID: PMC8780360 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A) is an FDA and NICE approved second-line treatment for overactive bladder (OAB) in patients either not responsive or intolerant to anti-cholinergic drugs. BoNT/A acts to weaken muscle contraction by blocking release of the neurotransmitter acetyl choline (ACh) at neuromuscular junctions. However, this biological activity does not easily explain all the observed effects in clinical and non-clinical studies. There are also conflicting reports of expression of the BoNT/A protein receptor, SV2, and intracellular target protein, SNAP-25, in the urothelium and bladder. This review presents the current evidence of BoNT/A’s effect on bladder sensation, potential mechanisms by which it might exert these effects and discusses recent advances in understanding the action of BoNT in bladder tissue.
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Wang X, Wang WX. Cu-based nanoparticle toxicity to zebrafish cells regulated by cellular discharges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118296. [PMID: 34627961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transport of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is critical in determining their potential toxicity, but the transformation of metal ions released from the internalized NPs is largely unknown. Cu-based NPs are the only metallic-based NPs that are reported to induce higher toxicity compared with their corresponding ions, likely due to their unique cellular turnover. In the present study, we developed a novel gold core to differentiate the particulate and ionic Cu in the Cu2O microparticles (MPs), and the kinetics of bioaccumulation, exocytosis, and cytotoxicity of Au@Cu2O MPs to zebrafish embryonic cells were subsequently studied. We demonstrated that the internalized MPs were rapidly dissolved to Cu ions, which then undergo lysosome-mediated exocytosis. The uptake rate of smaller MPs (130 nm) was lower than that of larger ones (200 nm), but smaller MPs were dissolved much quickly in cells and therefore activated the exocytosis more quickly. The rapid release of Cu ions resulted in an immediate toxic action of Cu2O MPs, while the cell deaths mainly occurred by necrosis. During this process, the buffering ability of glutathione greatly alleviated the Cu toxicity. Therefore, although the turnover of intracellular Cu at a sublethal exposure level was hundred times faster than the basal values, labile Cu(I) concentration increased by only 2 times at most. Overall, this work provided new insights into the toxicity of copper NPs, suggesting that tolerance to Cu-based NPs depended on their ability to discharge the released Cu ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Peng L, Li BY, Wang W, Gao XS, Zeng X, Luo DY. Identification of key genes in human urothelial cells corresponding to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis model. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:1720-1729. [PMID: 34245600 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The cellular functions of bladder urothelial cells in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) have not been well revealed and understood. Thus, the study aims to identify key genes and significant pathways in urothelium corresponding to IC/BPS in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cystitis model and provide novel clues related to diagnosis and treatment of IC/BPS. METHODS Human urothelial cells (HUCs) were incubated with LPS (50 μg/ml for 24 h). Microarray was applied to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HUCs under LPS treatment and the control group. DEGs in the two groups were identified and then used for enrichment analysis. Subsequently, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network based on DEGs was constructed. Lastly, the top five key genes were identified through the Cytoscape (version 3.7.2) using the "Clustering Coefficient" algorithm. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one DEGs (96 upregulated genes and 75 downregulated genes) were identified between the LPS treatment and control group. The established PPI network was composed of 169 nodes and 678 edges. Moreover, C19orf33, TRIM31, MUC21, ELF3, and IFI27 were identified as hub genes in the PPI network. Subsequently, a statistically increased expression level of TRIM31 and ELF3 was validated by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in bladder tissues from 20 patients with IC/BPS. CONCLUSIONS TRIM31 and ELF3 may be the two hub genes in urothelium corresponding to IC/BPS. More studies are warranted to further validate the findings. The identified marker genes may be useful targets for further studies to develop diagnostic tools and more effective therapies for a broader group of women with IC/PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Peng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo-Ya Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Gao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - De-Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Okuyama E, Kawatani M, Hashimoto J, Tanimoto K, Hashimoto M, Matsumoto‐Miyai K. The nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway inhibits the bladder ATP release in response to a physiological or pathological stimulus. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14938. [PMID: 34288526 PMCID: PMC8290832 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of ATP from the epithelium of the urinary bladder (urothelium) in response to mechanical/chemical stimuli contributes to the visceral sensation in the micturition reflex. The nitric oxide (NO)-mediated induction of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been detected in urothelial cells and may inhibit the micturition reflex. However, the function of the NO-cGMP pathway in the regulation of urothelial ATP release remains poorly understood in contrast to its effects on smooth muscles or primary afferent nerves. Therefore, we investigated the relevance of the NO-cGMP pathway to ATP release on the mucosal side in the present study. The administration of l-arginine (NO precursor) or NOC 12 (NO donor) significantly reduced ATP release to the mucosal side at a physiologically normal urine storage pressure (5 cmH2 O). L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) significantly increased the distention-induced release of ATP. The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, which increases cGMP levels, inhibited distention-induced ATP release. Furthermore, sildenafil significantly reduced ATP release in response to the administration of lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest that the NO-cGMP pathway inhibited urothelial ATP release during the storage phase under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Okuyama
- Department of RadiologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Masahito Kawatani
- Department of NeurophysiologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Junichi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive RehabilitationOsaka Prefecture UniversityHabikinoOsakaJapan
| | - Keisuke Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive RehabilitationOsaka Prefecture UniversityHabikinoOsakaJapan
| | - Manabu Hashimoto
- Department of RadiologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
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Chaves MM, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling: a new front-line determinant of resistance and susceptibility in leishmaniasis. Biomed J 2021; 45:109-117. [PMID: 34175493 PMCID: PMC9133308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that causes several clinical manifestations. Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause this disease. Spread across five continents, leishmaniasis is a particular public health problem in developing countries. Leishmania infects phagocytic cells such as macrophages, where it induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release at the time of infection. ATP activates purinergic receptors in the cell membranes of infected cells and promotes parasite control by inducing leukotriene B4 release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, uridine triphosphate induces ATP release, exacerbating the immune response. However, ATP may also undergo catalysis by ectonucleotidases present in the parasite membrane, generating adenosine, which activates P1 receptors and induces the production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandin E2 and IL-10. These mechanisms culminate in Leishmania's survival. Thus, how Leishmania handles extracellular nucleotides and the activation of purinergic receptors determines the control or the dissemination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo B Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Machado ER, Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Grosveld GC, d’Azzo A. Lysosomes and Cancer Progression: A Malignant Liaison. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642494. [PMID: 33718382 PMCID: PMC7952443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During primary tumorigenesis isolated cancer cells may undergo genetic or epigenetic changes that render them responsive to additional intrinsic or extrinsic cues, so that they enter a transitional state and eventually acquire an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. Among these changes is the alteration of the cell metabolic/catabolic machinery that creates the most permissive conditions for invasion, dissemination, and survival. The lysosomal system has emerged as a crucial player in this malignant transformation, making this system a potential therapeutic target in cancer. By virtue of their ubiquitous distribution in mammalian cells, their multifaced activities that control catabolic and anabolic processes, and their interplay with other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), lysosomes function as platforms for inter- and intracellular communication. This is due to their capacity to adapt and sense nutrient availability, to spatially segregate specific functions depending on their position, to fuse with other compartments and with the PM, and to engage in membrane contact sites (MCS) with other organelles. Here we review the latest advances in our understanding of the role of the lysosomal system in cancer progression. We focus on how changes in lysosomal nutrient sensing, as well as lysosomal positioning, exocytosis, and fusion perturb the communication between tumor cells themselves and between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we describe the potential impact of MCS between lysosomes and other organelles in propelling cancer growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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